This document discusses dimensions of development including definitions from various authors. It provides learning objectives for understanding concepts of development and community development. It examines definitions of development from Tayebwa, Todaro, Perroux, and Rogers which largely agree that development is a multi-dimensional process involving social, economic, and political changes to improve life. Community development is defined as a participatory process to address shared community concerns. National and global development challenges are also reviewed.

1. Lesson 4 – Dimensions of
Development
SITTI L. APADAN
NSTP 2 Facilitator

2. Learning Objectives
At the end of the session, the students would be able to:
 Explain the concept of development and community development;
 Reflect on the developmental issues of global and national arena;
 Enumerate the different development agenda in all levels
 Compare and contrast these agenda; and
 Contextualize these agenda in their own community.

3. Development Defined
 Development is a concept and multi-facetted
phenomena;
 There are numerous definitions of development.
Different authors have advanced more or less
the same arguments pertaining to this rather
wide concept. Below, are some of commonly
used definitions:
 TAYEBWA (1992:261) states that development is a
broad term which should not be limited to mean
economic development, economic welfare or
material well-being. As per Tayebwa,
development in general includes improvements
in economic, social and political aspects of
whole society like security, culture, social
activities and political institutions.

4. Development Defined
 According to TODARO (1981:56) refers to development as a multi-
dimensional process involving the reorganization and reorientation of the
entire economic and social systems. He continues to argue that
development is a physical reality and a state of mind in which society has,
through some combinations of social, economic and political process
secured the way of obtaining better life.
 According to PERROUX (1978:65), defines development as "the
combination of mental and social changes among the population which
decide to increase its real and global products, cumulatively and in
sustainable manner."

5. Development Defined
 ROGERS (1990:30) adds "development is a long participatory process of
social change in the society whose objective is the material and social
progress for the majority of population through a better understanding of
their environment"

6. Development Defined
How do you
compare the
contentions of
the 4 authors?

7. Development Defined
 Like Tayebwa, Todaro’s definition is applauded for its wider
view of the development concept as related to social,
economic as well as political changes in the society.
 Perroux and Rogers underscores that development must
be community-driven and participatory in nature.
 To deduce, development is a participatory multi-
dimensional process involving qualitative and quantitative
changes in social, political and economic domains of
society and it is undertaken essentially to lead to a better
state of life.
https://www.memoireonline.com/04/12/5617/m_The-sociological-study-on-environmental-
conservation-as-a-means-of-achieving-sustainable-development

8. Community Development Defined
 The United Nations popularized the term
community development to mean “the process
by which the efforts of the people themselves
are united with those of government authorities
to improve the economic, social and cultural
conditions of the communities into life of the
nation, and to enable them to contribute fully to
national progress.
 Refers to planned action to address the
common concerns of people who share a
geographic locality, cultural and philosophical
solidarity or essential social, economic and
spiritual relations.

9. Community Development
 The goal is the solution
of specific community
problems and needs for
the development of the
community and benefit
of its people with the
participation of the
target beneficiaries
themselves.

10. Learning Exercise
 Look for other definitions of development by prominent authors. Read and analyze their
definition. Submit a 5 liner sentence of your own understanding of the definition. Follow
the template below:
 Definition of Development by (Name of author): __________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________.
 My own understanding of the definition: ____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
Note: No points for students not following instructions.

11. Our World Today
 We are meeting at a time of immense challenges to sustainable
development;
 Billions of citizens continue to live in poverty and are denied a life of dignity;
 There are rising inequalities within and among countries. There are
enormous disparities of opportunity, wealth and power;
 Gender inequality remains a key challenge;
 Unemployment, particularly youth unemployment is a major concern;
 Global health threats, more frequent and intense natural disasters, spiraling
conflict, violent extremism, terrorism and related humanitarian crises and
force displacement of people threaten to reverse much of the
development progress made in recent decades.

12. Our World Today
 Natural resource depletion and adverse impacts of environmental
degradation, including desertification, drought, land degradation, fresh
water scarcity and loss of biodiversity add to and exacerbate the list of
challenges which humanity faces.
 Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time and its
adverse impacts undermine the ability of all countries to achieve
sustainable development.
 Increase in global temperature, sea level rise, ocean acidification and
other climate change impacts are seriously affecting coastal areas and low
lying coastal countries including many least developed countries.

13. Our World Today
 The past decade however was also a time of immense opportunity.
Significant progress has been made in meeting many development
challenges.
 Within the past generation, hundreds of millions of people have emerged
from extreme poverty;
 Access to education has greatly increased for both boys and girls;
 The spread of information and communications technology and global
interconnectedness has great potential to accelerate human progress, to
bridge the digital divide and to develop knowledge societies;
 as does scientific and technological innovation across areas as diverse as
medicine and energy.

14. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf

15. Learning Exercise
 Review the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations.
Select 5 goals and give an indicator. An indicator would mean as a sign or
marker that measure how close the goal is to its attainment.
Ex. Goal No. 1 – End poverty in all its forms
Indicator: Family income must be above the minimum wage; or
Family must be free from all forms of debt.
Note: Indicator must be 1 liner sentence only. No points for corresponding
items that does not follow instructions.

16. Issues Identified by NEDA in the
Ambisyon 2040 Vision
“There are many hurdles in the Filipinos’ path
toward achieving their own vision of life in the year
2040. No matter how modest the vision of the
poorest of Filipinos, it can still seem out of reach for
those who have no means to lift themselves out of
poverty. Almost all the participants of this study
mention the most urgent constraints as: the lack of
jobs, poor healthcare, petty corruption, and
government inefficiencies.”
http://2040.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Vision2040_final.pdf

17. National Issues
 There are no jobs (walang trabaho). Whether
employed or not, participants always mention
the shortage of jobs as a critical barrier to the
likelihood of achieving their goals. People are
willing to work—the poor in particular would
take any paid work they can get–but these
are simply not available.
 A good job is a stable one.
 A good job pays a living wage.
 It is too expensive to look for work.
 Transportation costs are too high.
 Jobs-education mismatch.

18. National Issues
 Government inefficiencies. The sentiments about
government services are widely shared:
masyadong maraming kuskos balungos,
mabusisi, puro proseso. Since they are powerless
in the transaction — government aid and
services are hidden behind employees
(compliance officers) who act as gatekeepers
—ordinary citizens are left with few choices: try
to comply to every requirement, resort to paying
bribes and facilitation fees, or give up
altogether.
 Red tape and inefficiencies keep services away
from the poor.
 Quality of service in government offices.

19. National Issues
 Small -scale corruption. All corruption is bad
regardless of scale, but often only the big
corruption stories are covered by the news—
the complex scams that siphon off millions in
government funds. Petty corruption, the ones
on a personal level, remains undiscussed by
national media and does not attract as much
public attention. Yet it is precisely this kind of
corruption, perpetrated by the rank-and-file in
government, sometimes at the behest of local
officials, that victimizes the poorest of our
countrymen.

20. National Issues
 Poor healthcare. Women in the
discussions often raise the problem of
access to quality healthcare. They are
concerned about their children’s welfare
and the impact an illness has on the
income of the entire household.
Catastrophic health events can drive a
family into debt and poverty, sometimes
permanently.
 Lack of access.
 No support for prevention/maintenance.
 Public facilities have no supplies.

21. Vision for the Country
1. Prosperity and Justice for All. Walang naghihikahos, walang naghihirap,
maginhawa ang buhay ng lahat. Nakakakain tatlong beses sa isang araw,
nabibili ang kailangan,nabibili ang gusto.
 Job security
 A living wage
 Good jobs in the country
 Career growth, savings, and retirement
 Entrepreneurship

22. Vision for the Country
2. Health. Walang namamatay sa sakit dahil sa
kawalan ng pera.
Community and family with social protection
3. Education. Lahat ng anak ay nakapagtapos ng
pag-aaral.
Availability of Inexpensive College

23. Vision for the Country
4. Just and fair society. Pantay-pantay ang
pagtingin ng sistema ng hustisya. Pagkakaroon ng
hustisyang panlipunan.
Governed with order and unity
Positive politics
Citizen-centered government
Attention to the regions

24. Vision for the Country
5. Families stay together. Hindi kailangang mangibang-bansa at
mawalay sa pamilya upang makapagtrabaho ng maayos. Kapiling ng
mga magulang ang kanilang mga anak.
 Vibrant, culturally diverse, and resilient communities. Protektado
ang karapatan ng lahat ng uri ng tao. Kayang bumangon mula
sa kalamidad. Napangangalagaan ang iba’t ibang kultura sa
Pilipinas.
 Communities without conflict
 Communities resilient against disasters
 Livable cities

25. Vision for the Country
Vision for self
“In 2040, all Filipinos will enjoy a stable and comfortable
lifestyle, secure in the knowledge that we have enough for
our daily needs and unexpected expenses, that we can
plan and prepare for our own and our children’s futures.
Our families live together in a place of our own, we have
the freedom to go where we desire, protected and
enabled by a clean, efficient, and fair government.”

26. Vision for the Country
Vision for country
“By 2040, the Philippines shall be a prosperous,
predominantly middle-class society where no one
is poor. Our peoples will enjoy long and healthy
lives, are smart and innovative, and will live in a
high-trust society.
http://2040.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Vision2040_final.pdf

27. Learning Exercise
 Compare and contrast the 2 development agenda discussed in this
chapter. Read and analyze the NEDA’s National Development Goals
(Ambisyon 2040) and align these goals to the UN’s Sustainable
Development Goals. Number 1 is given to you as bonus.
Ex.
NEDA UN
1. Prosperity and Justice for All Goal 1 – No poverty
Goal 2 – Zero hunger

28. Requirement – News Clippings
(for 4th and 5th session on Dev’t. Perspective)
Read a news paper, magazine (printed or non-printed materials) that tells
about a national/ local activities, projects or programs. Cut the photos and
the article narrating the implementation of the said initiative. Identify to which
UN’s SDG and NEDA’s Goal it is aligned. Justify your answer by writing a 5-liner
sentence only. Each student is required to present at least 2 clippings.
Paste your clippings in an A4 size bond paper bearing the news clippings with
photos. Type your answer (5-liner essay) using Times New Roman, size 12, single
space. For students who are only using mobile phones, you may just take
photo of your work (clippings) and upload it in the Blackboard LMS.
Note: Points will be deducted for students not following instructions.