The document discusses several topics related to computer use and security, including privacy issues, computer crimes, security measures, ergonomics, and health concerns. Specifically, it defines privacy and discusses issues around large databases and private networks. It also defines computer security and different types of computer crimes. The document outlines some security measures like passwords, antivirus software, firewalls, and backups. It defines ergonomics and its importance in reducing fatigue. Finally, it discusses the importance of considering mental and physical health for computer users.

1. Jennifer ‘Jannah’ Contreras
(LECTURER)

2. Learning Outcomes
Appreciate individual rights to privacy and
related issues
Understand the importance of information and
computer security
Define Computer Crime and discuss measures
of security that are available
Explain Ergonomics and its importance
Discuss the importance of mental and physical
health of computer users
Appreciate the need for green PC 2
At the end of this lesson, Students will be able to:

3. Privacy and Issues
• PRIVACY is the ability of an individual or group to
seclude themselves or information about
themselves and thereby reveal themselves
selectively
• The boundaries and content of what is considered
private differ among cultures and individuals, but
share basic common themes.
• Privacy is sometimes related
to anonymity, the wish to
remain unnoticed or
unidentified in the public
realm.

4. Privacy
• Privacy is a fundamental human right and a
cornerstone of a democratic society. With the
• development of new information and
communication technologies, the ability of the
state and
• the private sector to collect, record and "mine"
personal information has grown exponentially.

5. 10-5
Privacy
• Computer ethics provide guidelines for
computer use
• Ethics issues
– Privacy
– Accuracy
– Property
– Access

6. 10-6
Large Databases
• Data collected daily
• Data gatherers
– Information resellers or information brokers
– Information profiles are created
• Concerns
– Identify theft
– Mistaken identity

7. 10-7
Private Networks
• Employers monitor
email
– Legally done
– Snoopware Software
• Online services right to
censor content
– Screen and reject
messages
– Terminate user
accounts

8. 10-8
Internet and Web
• Illusion of anonymity
– Not concerned about privacy when surfing the
Internet
– Not concerned about privacy when sending e-
mail
• History file
• Cookies
– Traditional
– Ad network or adware cookies

9. Security
• Information security means protecting
information and information systems from
unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption,
modification, or destruction

10. Difference
• Information security is concerned with the
confidentiality, integrity and availability of data
regardless of the form the data may take:
electronic, print, or other forms.
• Computer security can focus on ensuring the
availability and correct operation of a computer
system without concern for the information stored
or processed by the computer.

11. Security
• Governments, military, corporations, financial
institutions, hospitals, and private businesses
amass a great deal of confidential information
about their employees, customers, products,
research, and financial status.
• Most of this information is now collected,
processed and stored on electronic computers
and transmitted across networks to other
computers.

12. 10-12
Computer Criminals
• Employees
• Outside users
• Hackers and crackers
• Organized crime
• Terrorists

13. Computer Crime and Measures of Security
• Computer related crime
The use of a computer is integral to committing the
offence. Examples are offences such as computer-
related forgery (where false data are put forward as
authentic) and computer related fraud (the fraudulent
interference with or manipulation of data to cause
property loss).
• Computer crime
This is a general label for offences in which a computer
is the object of the offence or he tool for its commission.
• E-crime
A general label for offences committed using an
electronic data storage or communications device.

14. Computer Crime and Measures of Security
• Internet crime
Refers to crimes which the use of the internet is a key
feature and includes content-related offences such as
possession of child pornography, or in some countries, the
dissemination of hate or racist material.
• Cybercrime
The cybercrime is interpreted differently in many countries.
Each country has its own definition of cybercrime, depending
on its stature and laws. Cybercrime is an umbrella terms that
includes criminal activities against computer-related offences,
content offences, and copyright offences. This wide is
definition of cybercrime overlaps in part with general offence
categories that need not be ICT dependent, such as white-
collar crime and economic crime.

15. Computer Crime and Measures of Security
• High tech crime
High tech crime refers to criminal activities that emphasizes
on the role of ICT in the commission of the offence.
Different practical considerations arise according to whether
ICT equipment, services or data are the object of the
offence, or whether ICT is the tool for the commission.

16. 10-16
Computer Crime
• Malicious Programs
– Viruses
– Worms
– Trojan horse
• Denial of service
(DoS)
• Internet Scams
• Theft
– Hardware or software
– Data
– Computer time
• Data Manipulation
– Computer Fraud

17. 10-17
Other Hazards
• Natural hazards
– Fires & floods
– Winds
– Hurricanes
– Tornadoes
– Earthquakes
• Technological failures
• Voltage surge
– Surge protector
• Human errors
• Civil strife and
terrorism
– Wars
– Riots
– Terrorist acts

18. Measures of Security
What can we do to protect ourselves from the above crimes?
There is a list of actions that we can take and they include:
• Password
Choose a good password - at least five characters long, at least one
upper-case letter, at least one lower-case letter, and at least one digit,
for example, c5U3rN.To access an online computer service or Internet
service provider (ISP) one needs both a user name and password.
ISPs typically select a user name that is the same as the last name of
the subscriber. This means that user names are easy to guess,
therefore we must be especially careful with the password selected.

19. Measures of Security
• Anti–virus software
Since we use e-mail and nearly all of us will download
executable software from the Internet, we should have a
good anti-virus program running on our machine. This is
so important because of our activities. We usually
distribute software and update via downloads from the
Internet.
At the same time, hackers developed viruses that were
delivered inside macros for Microsoft Word, malicious
macros are hidden inside a document sent by e-mail, and
hackers also developed malicious computer programs that
were commonly distributed as attachments to e-mail.
Clicking on the attachment will execute the malicious
computer program and will infect our computer

20. Measures of Security
• Firewall
It is good practice to install a ‘firewall’ because many
hackers run programs that randomly search the
Internet and probe ports on computers that are
connected to the Internet. If the hacker finds a port
that is "open", the hacker might be able to access that
computer and view/alter/delete files on that computer.
Worse, hackers may also hijack the victim's computer
and use it to launch their illegal attacks on other
computers.

21. Measures of Security
• Backup
It is good practice to do backups regularly.
Daily, weekly or monthly, depending on how active we
are. If a computer virus or an invading hacker deletes
our files, or either one corrupts our files, the easiest way
to restore our computer may be to reformat the hard
drive(s) and then copy files from a recent backup.
Backups also offer protection from more common (and
less exotic) threats such as accidental deletion of a file
by an authorized user or failure of a hard disk drive.

22. Measures of Security
• Spyware
Spyware is a new kind of malicious computer program
which is automatically installed when we visit certain
websites (e.g., file-sharing services), click on some pop-
up adverts, or click on some attachments in an e-mail.
The more benign spyware programs track the websites
that we visit and send us adverts that are considered
appropriate for our interests.

23. What is Ergonomics?
• Ergonomics is a discipline that involves
arranging the environment to fit the person
in When ergonomics is applied correctly in
the work environment, visual and
musculoskeletal discomfort and fatigue are
reduced significantly.
• The word "Ergonomics” comes from two
Greek words "ergon," meaning work, and
"nomos" meaning "laws.”

24. What is Ergonomics?
• Today, however, the word is used to describe
the science of "designing the job to fit the
worker, not forcing the worker to fit the job.”
• Ergonomics covers all aspects of a job, from
the physical stresses it places on joints,
muscles, nerves, tendons, bones and the like, to
environmental factors which can affect hearing,
vision, and general comfort and health.

25. What is Ergonomics?
• Following ergonomic principles helps
reduce stress and eliminate many
potential injuries and disorders associated
with the overuse of muscles, bad posture,
and repeated tasks.
• This is accomplished by designing tasks,
work spaces, controls, displays, tools,
lighting, and equipment to fit the
employee’s physical capabilities and
limitations.

26. What is Ergonomics?

27. 10-27
More on Ergonomics
• Mental Health
– Noise
– Electronic monitoring
• Technostress
– Stress associated
with computer use
– Harmful to people

28. Mental and Physical Health
• During the agricultural age, working tools are the
spade and shovels. When the mechanical age
came, working tools change to machineries.
Now in the information age, our working tools
are computers.
• This however does not mean that we are not
exposed to health hazards. We still need to look
after and be concerned with our mental and
physical health.

29. Mental and Physical Health
• Physical stressors include repetitive motions such as those
caused by typing and prolong use of the mouse. Carpal
tunnel syndrome, Tendonitis, Tenosynovitis, DeQuarvain's
Syndrome, Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, many back injuries,
and several other conditions may result from repetitive
motions.
• Environmental factors could include such things as indoor
air quality or excessive noise. "Sick building syndrome,"
with its accompanying headaches, congestion, fatigue and
even rashes, can result from poor air quality in a building or
office. Excessive noise around heavy machinery or
equipment can cause permanent hearing loss. Improper
lighting can cause eyestrain and headaches, especially in
conjunction with a computer monitor.

30. Basic Green PC
• A green PC is especially designed to minimize
power consumption
• Green PCs use less power than normal PCs and support
sleep modes. Sleep mode is actually an energy-saving
mode of operation in which all unnecessary components
are shut down.

31. Greener Computer Experience
• Go Small - A laptop consumes five
times less energy than a desktop PC. We
now have laptops that are powerful and
petite in size. If we want to use monitors,
choose flat panel display.
• Avoid Hazardous Materials - Most PCs
are laden with hazardous components,
despite recent progress in convincing
some computer makers to reduce the use
of toxic substances in PC manufacture.
We can do our part by looking for models
selected by the EPA's Electronic Product
Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT),
which is largely based on European Union
standards called Restriction of Hazardous
Substances (RoHS).

32. 10-32
The Environment

33. 10-33
Personal Responsibility
• Conserve
• Recycle
• Educate

34. Greener Computer Experience
• Look for the Energy Star – Choose PCs that
qualify for the Energy Star. For a PC to wear the
Energy Star badge, systems must meet certain
consumption requirements when idle and when
fully powered on. For instance, their power
supplies must be able to convert 80 percent of
incoming electricity for use by the PC.
• 4. Pick a New PSU – Newly designed industry
standard power supply units (PSU) can yield
potentially huge energy savings.

35. Greener Computer Experience
• Go Multicore - Designers of processors have been
working to produce processors that can reduce power
draw. The Intel Core 2 Duo desktop processor, for
example, is up to 40 percent faster and more than 40
percent more energy-efficient than its single-core
predecessor. It optimizes power consumption by selectively
powering up processor components only when necessary.
• Set it for Savings - It consumes more energy to leave our
PC running than it does to simply turn it off and reboot later.
If we hate to do this because of the lengthy startup time,
putting our computer in sleep mode is the next best bet for
energy savings.

36. Greener Computer Experience
• Recycle It - On average, most users buy a new
PC every three years. That's a relatively short
lifespan for a product that creates toxic waste
when it is recycled.
• We should buy an expandable PC so that we
can upgrade to meet growing needs; another
benefit is that maximizing the lifespan of a
computer saves a lot more energy in the big
scheme of things than recycling it does. Another
option is to donate a working PC to a local
nonprofit or school.

37. Personal Responsibility
• As individuals, we all have responsibility
when we use the Internet. O’Reilly, in his
book called Hackerteen, teaches young
people basic Internet technology and a
deeper understanding of where and why
Internet use can be risky.
• It is our responsibility to look after our own
security when we use computers and the
Internet.

38. Thank you!
Any Questions?

39. REFERENCES
• Books:
• 1. Diane M. Coyle, Computers Are Your Future, Complete, 10/E, Prentice Hall, 2009. ISBN-10:
• 0135045118, ISBN-13: 9780135045114.
• 2. John Preston, Sally Preston and Robert L. Ferrett, Computer Literacy for IC3, Prentice Hall,
• 2009. ISBN-10: 0131498649, ISBN-13: 9780131498648.
• 3. Alan Evans, Mary Ann Poatsy and Kendall Martin, Technology in Action, Introductory, 5/E,
• Prentice Hall, 2009. ISBN-10: 0135137667, ISBN-13: 9780135137666.
• 4. Brian K.Williams and Stacey Sawyer, Using