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1. Lecture. 7 & 8 Rapeseed & Mustard Origin, geographic distribution, economic
importance, soil and climatic requirement, varieties, cultural practices and yield
CONTENT
 Introduction
 Importance
 Area, Production & Productivity
 Classification
 Climatic condition
 Soil & Field Preparation
 Other Cultivation Practices

2. INTRODUCTION
 Brassicas are grown next to peanut in India
 Rapeseed-mustard is a common name to three Genera
a. Brassica
b. Eruca
c. Sinapsis
 Brassica is more important
.

3. Brassicas grown in India
Sl.no Taxonomic Name Common Name Hindi Name Oil content
1. Brassica compestris Turnip rape Brown sarson Kali sarson
Var sarson Yellow sarson Pali sarson 45%
Var dichotoma Brown sarson Kali sarson 43%
Var toria Inida rape Toria or laki 35%
2. Brassica napus European rape
Swede rape
Summer or winter
winter rape spring
spring
Gobhi sarson 38% (oil seal)
3. B.juncee Indian mustard or
or mustard
Rai Raye, Laha 35%
4. B.toumefertii Wild mustard Jngli rai 18%
5. B. carinata Ethiopian mustard
mustard
Karan rai Oil seed
6. B. nigra Black mustard Banarasi rai 29%
7. B. oleratea Condiments
Vegetables
8. Eruca sativa Rocket Taramira 28%
In trade Sarson, Toria and Taramira – Rape seed And Raya, Rai - Mustard

4. Plant characters Rape seed
( Sarson, Toria,
Taramira, Laki)
Mustard
(Rai, Raya, Laka)
Height (cm) 45-150 90-200
Leaves Sessile, leaf lamina clapps
the stalks
Stalked not clasp
Siliquae (pod) Short or thicker Long and slender
Pollination Cross Self
Seed coat Smooth Rough
Rape seed Vs Mustard

5. Plant characters Brown Yellow
Leaves Pale green thin Dark green and fleshy
Branching Erect, spreading Erect
Siliquae (pod) Thin, narrow Thick and broad
Seed coat Dark brown to reddish brown
to reddish brown and
mucilaginous
Yellow and non
mucilaginous
Brown Sarson Vs Yellow Sarson

6. Types of Mustard Varieties

7. Origin and Spread
 Rai : China
 Toria : East Afghanistan
 Brown sarson : East Afghanistan and adjoining Indian sub continent
 Yellow sarson : North east India
 Black Mustard : Eurassia
 Taramira : South Europe or South Africa
 Rai enter into India via China
 Eruca sativa – Recent introduction in India
 Cultivated countries – India, China, Canada, Europe, Australia, USA, East Africa,
Russia, South America

8. Country Area (ha) Production (t) Productivity (t)
India 6.81 6.96 1.02
China 6.79 9.54 1.41
Canada 4.84 6.19 1.29
France 0.99 3.49 3.53
Germany 0.92 2.84 3.10
World 24.2 35.15 1.45
Rape seed – Mustard World Scenario - In million

9. Brassica Area in india
 Till Independence – constant area (2.0 mha)
 From 50s – raise in area
 Increase in irrigated area
 Increase in production due to variety and agronomic practices
 Major state – Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Harayana, Madhya
Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, Punjab

10. States Area (ha) Production (t) Productivity (t)
Rajasthan 2.96 2.65 0.99
Uttar Pradesh 1.43 1.47 1.03
Gujarat 0.34 0.47 1.37
Haryana 0.61 0.89 1.46
Madhya Pradesh 0.82 0.75 0.91
West Bengal 0.32 0.28 0.89
Assam 0.28 0.14 0.51
Punjab 0.09 0.11 1.27
India 6.81 6.96 1.02
Rape seed – Mustard India Scenario - In million

11.  Oilseeds are energy rich crop
 Brassicas are also no exception and contain 25.7 MJ /kg of seeds
 It is a annual herb
 Harvest index 0.20 to 0.30%
 Harvest index is positively correlated to yield
Morphology of Plant

12. • Rapeseed & Mustard - tropical & temperate zone crops
• In tropics at high elevation – 1000 m
• Require relatively cool temperature for satisfactory growth & yield
• Temperature 3 to 40°C
• Optimum 18 - 28°C. Cool and dry clear weather
• Seed oil content high at temperature 10 to 15° C
• 10 hours brighter sunshine for growth and development
• Rainfall 350 - 550 mm
• High rainfall, high humidity, cloudy atmosphere at flowering undesirable.
• Sensitive to frost – adverse effect on flowering pollen production & pollen viability.
CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS

13.  Wide range of soils – Alluvial, loamy to clay
 Sarson and Taramira mostly in light soils
 Toria – loam to heavy soils
 Raya – All types of soils
 Mustard on any soil, rapeseed in light soil ideal
 Well drained soil is more suitable
 Water logging will affect the crop
 Prefers neutral soil withstand some extent alkalinity
 Come up will with residual moisture of rice fallows
SOIL REQUIREMENTS

14. SEASON
 Most situated to rabi
 Sowing starts from August & ends at December mid
 Rapeseed requires early sowing
 Taramira in mid September to October end
 In Rajasthan Mid November to mid December

15. 1. Indian mustard (B. juncea)
• Prakash, Pusha bahar (SD &RF), Varuna, Seetha(SD), Vardhan (IC), Rohini,
T59, TM2,TM4, Vaibhav (RF), Kranti,
2. Brown sarson (B. Compestris var. dichotoma)
• KOS1, KNS1, Pusa Kalyani, KSB 3
3. Yellow sarson (B. Compestris var sarson)
• Patna 66, YS 932, T151, Rajendra, Pusha gold
4. Toria (B. compestris var toria)
• Jawahar, Panchali, TS 29, Sangam, (SD), PT 303, Bhavani
5. Taramira (Eruca sativa)
• RMT 314, TMC 1
Varieties

16. Land Preparation
 Requires fine seed bed as the seeds are small
 Ploughing 3 - 4 times followed by harrowing
 After cultivation planking to conserve the moisture
 Flat bed for using ferti seed drill

17.  Optimum seed rate 4 - 6 kg
 3 - 5 g/1000 seeds
 As mixed & intercrop 1- 2 kg
 Spacing 30 x 10 or 30 x 15
 Optimum population 22 to 33 plants/m2
Seed rate & Spacing

18. Sowing
 Sowing behind country plough
 Sowing with ferti seed drill
 Avoid shallow sowing, depth 3 - 4 cm
 Broadcast method can also adopted
 Cover the seeds by planting to give better contact of seed & moist soil for
germination
 Better germination & establishment soak the seeds over might with
one gunny bag
 It can be mixed with equal quantity of sand for uniform distribution
 It rains follow the sowing in a day or two adopt re sowing for better
establishment

19. • Apply 10 t of FYM/ha-1 once in 2-3 years especially under rainfed
• If previous crop is heavily manured in irrigated condition, it can be raised with residual
fertility
• It removes huge nutrients
• General recommendation 60:40:40 for irrigated
• Half N at 30 DAS others as basal
• 20 - 40 kg elemental sulphur of soil with < 100ppm
• 30:20:20 for rainfed - all basal
• Integrate with biofertilizer is desirable i.e. Azotobactor
• Some specific recommendation
• Rainfed brassica 40:20: 0 kg NPK/ha
• Irrigated toria 40:20:15 kg NPK/ha
• Irrigated Sarson 60:30:20 kg NPK/ha
• Irrigated Raya 80:40:25 kg NPK/ha
• All nutrient as basal
Manuring

20.  Total water requirement 400 – 600 mm
 Flowering & pod formation & filling stage are critical to moisture stress
 Two to three irrigation
 One at rosette 20 – 30 DAS
 One at flowering 50 - 60 DAS
 One at pod or silique stage 80- 90 DAS
 IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 is optimum
Water management

21.  The first 35 - 40 days are the critical period of weed competition
 Initial weeding by intercultural operation by 5 - 10 days after first irrigation
 Hand hoeing is desirable to aerate the soil
 It also conserve the moisture
 Herbicides also can be used
 PE Pendimethlin @ 0.5 1.0 kg/ha based on soil moisture
 Fluchloralin @ 1.25 kg as preplant incorporation
 POE isoporturan 0.75 kg/ha at 2-3 leaf stage
 Nitrofen @ 1.5 – 2.0 kg/ha can also done.
Weed management

22.  Colour of leaves stem & silique turns to pale yellow
 Lower silique looks dried appearance
 [
 Seeds in the silique make rattling sound
 Silique with 2 carpels and a false septum
 During over maturity the two carpels split and seeds shed
 [
 Premature harvest leads to shriveled grains
Harvesting & Threshing

23. Threshing
 After sun drying
 Beating pods along with the plants either manually or mechanically
 Walking bullock or tractor can also be engaged
 Winnow the seeds, clean & drying to 8 to 10% moisture for storage
Averaging Yield
 Irrigated rape seed 1.5 to 2.0 t/ha
 Rainfed rape seed 1.0 to 1.5 t/ha
 Irrigated Mustard 2.0 to 2.5 t/ha
 Rainfed Mustard 1.5 to 2.0 t/ha

24. Sequential cropping
 Fallow/millets/pulses – Mustard
 Rice – Rape seed
 Maize – Mustard
Intercropping
 Mustard + chickpea
 Sugarcane + Mustard
 Barley/wheat/chickpea + Mustard
 Potato + Mustard
Cropping Systems