it includes agronomy of jute and sunhemp crops.

1. FIELD CROPS (KHARIF)
Topic : Fibre crops (jute and sunhemp)
Roshni
RLBCAU001

2. JUTE CROP
INTRODUCTION
All the cultivated varieties are classified into two
types of varieties :
1. Corchorus capsularis- Hardy in nature, grow
well both on high and low lands, more popular,
70% of total acreage is under this species. Also
known as white jute in commercial trade as fibre
is whitish in colour.
2. Corchorus olitorius- grown on well drained
high lands only. Also known as Tossa jute in
commercial trade .fibre is yellow to grey or even
reddish in colour , finer, softer, stronger and
more lustrous than C. capsularis

3. Corchorus olitorius

4. Corchorus capsularis

5. RAW JUTE SCENARIO
 Raw jute is produced mainly in the state of west
bengal, bihar, assam, orissa, andhra pradesh,
tripura and meghalaya
 PRODUCTION OF JUTE GOODS
 India is the leading jute goods producing country
in the world accounting for about 70% of the
estimated world production. Bulk of the jute
manufactures goods are predominantly being
used for packing purposes in domestic market

7. Domestic consumption of jute
goods

8. Global scenario
 Major jute producing countries- nepal,
bangladesh, thailand, myanmar, china
Indian jute industry
 Presently, ther are 94 composite jute mills out of
which
 West bengal-70 mills
 Andhra pradesh -10 mills
 UP, Bihar, Orissa – 3 mills
 Assam, Chattisgarh- 2 mills
 Tripura- 1 mill
 As on 31.08.2015, 26 mills are closed

9. ORIGIN
The genus Corchorus contains about 40 species.
Corchorus olitorius- Africa
Corchorus capsularis- Indo-Burma region
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Genus- Corchorus
Family- Tiliaceae
Herbaceous annual , tap root system with numerous
lateral branches

10. CLIMATE
1 . Warm and humid climate
2. Temperature- 24-37 0C optimum- 35oc
3. Relative humidity- 55- 90%
4. Well distributed total rainfall of 150 cm per year, 25
cm rainfall from march to may is the most suitable
for jute cultivation.
5. Alternate periods of sunshine and rainfall are
beneficial
SOIL
Can be grown on all types of soil from clay to sandy
loam but the most suited is loamy alluvial soil, pH –
6-7.5

11. FIELD PREPARATION
1.Field should be ploughed and cross harrowed 5-6
times followed by planking until a fine seed bed with
good tilth is obtained
2. Soil moisture- 21-45%
3. In case of acidic soils, liming should be done 4-6
weeks before sowing at the rate of 7-15 quintal per
hectare
SEED AND SOWING
Seed treatment- captan or ceresan @ 5g per kg of
seed
Sowing time- starts from the month of February and
extends to middle of June in some parts of india
White jute- March- April
Tossa jute- April – May
April sowing gives the best result.

12. Seed rate , spacing and method of sowing-
Seed rate for white jute- 6-8 kg per ha, tossa jute- 4-5 kg
per ha
Spacing for tossa jute-20*5-7, white jute- 30*5-7
Sowing of jute should be done in lines with the help of hand
pushed seed drill or may also be sown behind the plough
MANURES AND FERTILISERS
FYM- 5-8 tonnes per hectare incorporated one month
before sowing
Nitrogen application – 20-60 kg N per ha for olitorius, 40-80
kg per ha for capsularis
Usually top dressed in one or two installments at 4 to 5
weeks crop age when requirement is highest
Phosphorus and potassium application- 20-40 kg P2O5 per
ha, 20-60 kg K2O per ha

13. WATER MANAGEMENT
Jute is generally grown under rainfed conditions, yields
higher in irrigated condition
One pre sowing and three post sowing irrigations before
the onset of monsoon found optimum for increased fibre
production of early sown jute
WEED MANAGEMENT
Weed infestation is maximum upto sixth weeks crop age
First weeding- 2-3 weeks after sowing when plants are 7-
10 cm high and thin out extra seedlings to a spacing of 3-
4 cm between two plants
Second weeding- 5-6 weeks crop age when plants are 14-
15 cm high and maintain plant to plant distance of 5-7 cm
within a row
Chemical control – application of fluchloralin( Basalin) at
the rate of 1 kg a.i. per ha in 1000 litres of water as pre
– plant is very effective.

14. Diseases
 Seedling blight
 Root rot
 Stem rot
 Collar rot
These all above diseases are caused by
Macrophomina phaseoli.
Control- Seed treatment for 10 min in a closed
container with captan @ 5 g /kg of seed , apply
lime and potash in areas with red and acid soils ,
spray bavistin @ 1 g/ litre of water at the first
appearance of symptoms.

15.  Anthracnose of Capsularis- c/o –Colletotrichum
corchorum
 Anthracnose of Olitorius- c/o- Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides
Control- spray the crop twice a week with 0.2% blitox
solution.
 Stem gall – c/o – Physoderma corchori ( olitorius
types are more susceptible)
Control- Avoid submergence conditions , grow
capsularis types in such areas

16. Insect Pests
 Jute Semi-Looper
 Jute stem weevil
 Bihar hairy caterpillar
 Tobacco caterpillar
 Indigo caterpillar
 Yellow mite
 Jute girdler
 Red mite
 Root knot nematode

17. Harvesting
 The ideal stage of harvest is when the plants are
in small pod stage that is 135-140 days after
harvesting
 But jute crop may be harvested for fibre purpose
at any time before flowering between 120-150
DAS
 Early harvesting gives finer fibre of good quality
whereas late harvesting gives a larger yield but a
coarser fibre
 Method – Done by cutting plants close to the
ground level with sharp sickles , the harvested
plants are tied into separate bundles of 18-20 cm
dia and left standing in the field for 2-3 days for

18. Retting
 Retting is a process by which the fibres in the
bark get loosened and separated from the woody
stalk
 It is a microbial process affected by various
aerobic and anaerobic micro-flora
 Procedure
 It is best done in a shallow canal with slow
running clear water or tanks with a depth of about
2 m are quite suitable
 The harvested bundles should be kept standing in
30-60 cm deep water for 3-4 days before the
entire bundle is steeped
 Then jute bundles should be placed side by side
usually in 2-3 layers and tied together, covered

19.  The float is then weighed down with seasoned logs
or concrete blocks or are kept submerged at least 10
cm below the surface of water
 At the end of the 8th day , the stems are to be
examined , if fibre slips out easily from the wood on
pressure from the thumb and fingers, retting is
consider complete. Over retting results in dazed
weak fibre.
 Retting is best done at 34oC.

20. Extraction
 Fibre should be extracted from the retted stalks
gently , keeping the stalks in water
 Extraction should be done from each stem
separately . It gives cleaner jute fibre
 The extracted fibre should be dried in mild sun
over a bamboo frame or clear surface of any
sub-stratum for 2-3 days

21. Yield
 Average yield- 13 Q of fibre / ha and can go upto
20-25 Q of fibre yield / ha from mproved
practises and varieties
 In case seed is produced , 4-5 Q/ha in case of
capsularis and 2.5-3 Q /ha in case of olitorius jute

22. Sann-hemp ( Crotolaria juncea
L.)

23. Introduction
 Also called as Bombay hemp or Banars hemp,
one of the important fibre crops of india.
 Important role in national economy both as raw
material for indigenous industry and also as a
foreign exchange earner through export
 It is also raised as a green manure crop. It adds
about 40-60 kg of nitrogen per ha in the soil after
decomposition

24. Origin
 Indigenous to india
AREA AND DISTRIBUTION
Important sannhemp growing countries- Russia,
Romania, India, China, Hungary, Poland , Turkey,
Brazil, Bangladesh
Distribution in India-UP, MP, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan and Orissa
UP has the largest area followed by MP

25. Botanical description
 Family- Leguminoseae
 Erect annual with its lateral braches growing to a
height of 1.2 to 3 m
 Stems are straight and thin and has a very thin outer
skin which contains the long bast fibres
 The plant is deep rooted with well developed lateral
roots all covered with numerous nodules
 Leaves are sessile ,small and narrow and shining and
covered with short silky hairs and their arrangement
is alternate
 The inflorescens is a raceme with 12 to 20 bright
yellow flowers typically papillionaceous in structure.
 Flowers are self sterile and are cross fertilised

26.  The pods are small, cylindrical and about 5 cm in
length, the seeds are kidney shaped
CLIMATE
Warm season crop , grows best in tropical and
subtropical regions of the world.
In northern india, it is grown in the kharif season while
in southern part , raised in rabi also.
Requires a minimum of 40 cm of well distributed
rainfall during the growing season

27. Soil
 Well drained loamy soils best for sann-hemp
cultivation
 When grown for fibre purpose, it is not sown on
heavy or waterlogged soils but for green
manuring purposes , it can be grown on heavy
soils too.
VARIETIES
K-12, K-12 Yellow, Nalanda Sanni, M-19, M-35, D-
IX, ST-55, ST-42, ST-95, ST-112, T-6, SS-11

28. Field preparation
 The soil should be made friable and weed free for
sowing of sann-hemp
 One ploughing followed by 2-3 cross harrowings are
sufficient. After harrowing , the field should be
levelled by giving a gentle slope to ease drainage
SEED AND SOWING
Seed rate- 20-25 kg/ha and when sown for green
manuring, 55-60 kg /ha as the seeds are broadcasted
Sann-hemp seed loses its viability quickly , not older
than 1 year seed is used for sowing purposes
Spacing- 30* 7-10 cm
Seed should not be sown 3-4 cm below the soil
surface

29. Manures and Fertilisers
 Being a leguminous crop , fulfills its nitrogen
requirement through the process of symbiotic
nitrogen fixation in nodules on roots
 Requires about 50 kg P205/ha , Ca is also
required in some of the soils, traces of boron and
molybdenum are required only after soil testing
 No response to the application of potash has
been observed.

30. Water Management
 Does not require any irrgation during kharif season
but one to two irrigations must be given in drought
conditions if rains stop for a long spell
 Cannot tolerate waterlogging, proper drainage system
WEED CONTROL
Not much weed problem because seedlings grow very
fast and smoother all weeds
In problem areas one weeding in the early stages of
the crop growth is sufficient
Sometimes , there is a problem of Ipomoea that grow
with the crop plants and flower and fruit at the same
time as sann- hemp so, should be removed manually
before flowering

31. Diseases
 Wilt - C/O- Fusarium vasinfectums
 Anthracnose- C/O- Colletotrichum curvatum
 Rust- C/O- Uromyces decoratus
INSECT PESTS
Sann-hemp Moth , Stem Borer, Green Bug

32. Harvesting
 Best done at the pod forming stage for good
quality fibre. Such fibres have a good colour and
lusture
 Crop grown for the purpose of green manures
becomes reaady for incorporation in the soil
within 2-3 months of sowing. At this time , the
stalks will be tender with very little fibre formation
and will take less time for decomposition in the
soil.
 METHOD- Harvesting is done by cutting the
plants close to the ground with a sickle

33. Steeping, Retting and Extraction
 The entire procedure of steeping , retting and
extraction is same as that of jute crop
 YIELD
The crop has a fibre content of 2-4 % on the basis
of the weight of green stem or 8-12% in terms of
dry weight
Average yield- 8-10 quintals of fibre per hectare