This document provides an overview of family planning methods. It begins with an introduction to family planning and its importance. It then defines family planning and lists its key objectives. The document categorizes and describes various contraceptive methods including natural family planning methods, barrier methods, intrauterine devices, and hormonal and permanent methods. For each method, the document discusses effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages. It emphasizes that the choice of contraceptive depends on individual factors and circumstances.
Postpartum hemorrhage and other complications are described. Uterine atony is a common cause of early postpartum hemorrhage. Retained placental fragments can also cause hemorrhage. Clinical manifestations of hemorrhage include hypotension and vaginal bleeding. Management involves oxytocics, IV fluids, blood transfusion, and curettage if needed. Nursing focuses on monitoring for shock, administering treatments, and educating on postpartum care and warning signs. Puerperal infections and hematomas are also risks and are managed with antibiotics, analgesics, and hygiene education. Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare but often fatal complication from amniotic debris entering the mother's
The puerperium is defined as the 6-week period following childbirth when the body recovers from pregnancy and returns to the non-pregnant state. This involves the involution of the uterus and other reproductive organs. The puerperium involves 3 stages - the immediate (first 24 hours), early (first week), and remote (weeks 2-6) periods. During this time the uterus decreases in size, the breasts produce milk, the vagina and perineum heal, and other systems such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems return to normal. Proper care, rest, perineal exercises, and breastfeeding can help support the mother's recovery.
The presentation contain:
Normal puerperium ; Physiology, Duration
Postnatal assessment and management
Promoting physical and emotional well-being
Lactation management
Immunization
Family dynamics after child-birth.
Family welfare services; methods, counseling
Follow-up
Records and reports
This document discusses induction of labour, which is defined as artificially stimulating uterine contractions before the onset of natural labour. It outlines the goals, indications, methods, and nursing responsibilities for labour induction. The main methods discussed are medical induction using prostaglandins or oxytocin, and surgical induction through membrane stripping or artificial rupture of membranes. The nursing responsibilities involve properly administering induction medications and procedures, monitoring the woman and fetus during labour induction, and providing general care and support to the woman and newborn.
This document discusses the physiology and management of the second stage of labor. It defines the second stage as beginning with full cervical dilation and ending with delivery of the fetus. Key points include: the second stage has two phases - propulsive and expulsive; normal duration is 2 hours for primiparous and 30 minutes for multiparous women; physiological changes include descent, uterine contractions, membrane rupture, and soft tissue displacement; management aims for a normal delivery with minimal maternal effects and early detection of abnormalities. Assessment includes monitoring contractions, descent, fetal heart rate, and progressing through the mechanisms of labor.
This document provides an overview of family planning methods. It begins with an introduction to family planning and its importance. It then defines family planning and lists its key objectives. The document categorizes and describes various contraceptive methods including natural family planning methods, barrier methods, intrauterine devices, and hormonal and permanent methods. For each method, the document discusses effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages. It emphasizes that the choice of contraceptive depends on individual factors and circumstances.
Postpartum hemorrhage and other complications are described. Uterine atony is a common cause of early postpartum hemorrhage. Retained placental fragments can also cause hemorrhage. Clinical manifestations of hemorrhage include hypotension and vaginal bleeding. Management involves oxytocics, IV fluids, blood transfusion, and curettage if needed. Nursing focuses on monitoring for shock, administering treatments, and educating on postpartum care and warning signs. Puerperal infections and hematomas are also risks and are managed with antibiotics, analgesics, and hygiene education. Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare but often fatal complication from amniotic debris entering the mother's
The puerperium is defined as the 6-week period following childbirth when the body recovers from pregnancy and returns to the non-pregnant state. This involves the involution of the uterus and other reproductive organs. The puerperium involves 3 stages - the immediate (first 24 hours), early (first week), and remote (weeks 2-6) periods. During this time the uterus decreases in size, the breasts produce milk, the vagina and perineum heal, and other systems such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems return to normal. Proper care, rest, perineal exercises, and breastfeeding can help support the mother's recovery.
The presentation contain:
Normal puerperium ; Physiology, Duration
Postnatal assessment and management
Promoting physical and emotional well-being
Lactation management
Immunization
Family dynamics after child-birth.
Family welfare services; methods, counseling
Follow-up
Records and reports
This document discusses induction of labour, which is defined as artificially stimulating uterine contractions before the onset of natural labour. It outlines the goals, indications, methods, and nursing responsibilities for labour induction. The main methods discussed are medical induction using prostaglandins or oxytocin, and surgical induction through membrane stripping or artificial rupture of membranes. The nursing responsibilities involve properly administering induction medications and procedures, monitoring the woman and fetus during labour induction, and providing general care and support to the woman and newborn.
This document discusses the physiology and management of the second stage of labor. It defines the second stage as beginning with full cervical dilation and ending with delivery of the fetus. Key points include: the second stage has two phases - propulsive and expulsive; normal duration is 2 hours for primiparous and 30 minutes for multiparous women; physiological changes include descent, uterine contractions, membrane rupture, and soft tissue displacement; management aims for a normal delivery with minimal maternal effects and early detection of abnormalities. Assessment includes monitoring contractions, descent, fetal heart rate, and progressing through the mechanisms of labor.
Maternal Care: Skills workshop Vaginal examination in labourSaide OER Africa
Maternal Care addresses all the common and important problems that occur during pregnancy, labour, delivery and the puerperium. It covers: the antenatal and postnatal care of healthy women with normal pregnancies, monitoring and managing the progress of labour, specific medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium, family planning, regionalised perinatal care
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
This presentation discusses prolonged labor, which occurs when labor lasts over 20 hours for first-time mothers or 14 hours for women who have given birth before. Prolonged labor can happen in the latent or active phases of the first stage, or the second stage. Causes include problems with uterine contractions, the birth canal, or the baby. Prolonged labor can endanger the baby through hypoxia or infection and endanger the mother through hemorrhage, trauma, or infection. Management involves identifying the cause, monitoring for effects, and treating any issues through techniques like amniotomy, oxytocin infusion, pain relief, or cesarean delivery if needed to deliver the baby safely.
This document provides information on antenatal care including definitions, aims, objectives and procedures for the initial antenatal care visit. It defines antenatal care as the systematic supervision and examination of a pregnant woman from conception to the start of labor. The aims are to screen for high-risk cases, prevent, detect or treat complications, provide medical surveillance and education. The first visit involves taking medical history, performing a physical examination and collecting investigations to assess health and screen for risk factors. Subsequent visits follow a schedule to monitor the pregnancy. Advice is provided on diet, rest, hygiene and other lifestyle factors during pregnancy.
Antenatal care /objectives/history collection abdominal examinationBabitha Mathew
Antenatal care is the care you get from healthcare professionals to ensure you have a healthy pregnancy. It includes information on services and support to make choices right for you. Antenatal care will include regular appointments with a midwife, ultrasound scans and screening tests for you and your baby.
The third stage of labor involves the separation and expulsion of the placenta after childbirth. The placenta separates from the uterine wall due to uterine contraction. The uterus then contracts further to aid the descent and expulsion of the placenta through the birth canal. Midwives monitor for signs of separation and use techniques like controlled cord traction or fundal pressure to deliver the placenta if needed. Oxytocic drugs may also be used to aid delivery or prevent hemorrhage. Care of both mother and newborn continues for at least an hour after completion of the third stage to ensure uterine contraction and monitor for complications.
This topic contains detailed description regarding Normal puerperium, it's definition, duration, phases, involution of uterus and other pelvic organs, lochia, general physiological changes of puerperium, lactation, management of normal puerperium, management of ailments and postnatal care.
The third stage of labor involves the delivery of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes. It typically lasts 15 minutes for first-time mothers and 5 minutes for others, not exceeding 30 minutes. There are two methods of placental separation - the Schultz method where it separates from the center and the Matthew Duncan method where it separates from the periphery. Controlled cord traction is used to deliver the placenta by applying gentle traction on the umbilical cord after signs of separation are present. The provider then checks the placenta and membranes for completeness.
it will help the general public regarding the basic aspect of the antenatal care. it will also help to nursing and para medical educator to teach their students. it also create awareness about it.
This document discusses gynecological disorders that can occur during pregnancy, including abnormal vaginal discharge, trichomoniasis, yeast infections, cervical ectopy, cervical polyps, congenital uterine and vaginal malformations, cervical cancer, fibroids, and ovarian tumors. For each condition, it describes how pregnancy may impact the disorder and vice versa, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches during pregnancy and delivery.
The document discusses the needs and care of mothers during the postpartum period. Some key points:
- The postpartum period lasts 6 weeks as the body returns to its pre-pregnancy state. This time brings physiological, emotional, and social transitions.
- Major health challenges include postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia/eclampsia, puerperal infections, thromboembolic diseases, and psychological issues.
- Postnatal care aims to detect and treat complications, provide information for healthy outcomes, and restore the mother's health. It includes examinations, counseling, education, supplementation, and referrals for emergencies.
- Mothers' needs include rest
Postpartum care involves monitoring for common medical complications like headaches, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and vulvar edema. It also addresses mental health issues such as postpartum blues, depression, and psychosis. Counseling is provided on breastfeeding, sexuality, and contraception. The routine postpartum visit at 4-6 weeks involves patient education, maternal monitoring, laboratory tests, breastfeeding support, perineal care, and prevention of complications like venous thrombosis.
This document provides an overview of preterm labor and abnormal uterine action. It begins by defining preterm labor as labor starting between 24-28 weeks and before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The prevalence of preterm labor is reported to range between 5-10%. Risk factors for preterm labor are then discussed, along with potential maternal and fetal complications. Diagnosis and management of preterm labor focuses on preventing onset, arresting labor if possible, and providing appropriate neonatal care. The document then discusses various types of abnormal uterine action including hypertonic, hypotonic, dyscoordinate, and tonic contractions. Causes, signs, and management are described for each type. Cervical dystocia is also reviewed, distinguishing between primary
This document discusses subinvolution and urinary tract infections during the postpartum period. Subinvolution occurs when the uterus takes longer than normal to return to its non-pregnant size after delivery and can be caused by factors like multiparity, infection, or cesarean section. Common urinary complications include urinary tract infection, retention of urine, incontinence, and acute kidney injury. Urinary tract infections are treated with antibiotics, fluids, and rest while retention requires catheterization. Acute kidney injury involves phases of oliguria, anuria, early and late diuresis, and recovery managed through fluid balance, nutrition, and dialysis if needed.
Antenatal care refers to the supervision and care provided to an expectant mother from conception to the start of labor. This presentation discusses the definition, goals, and importance of antenatal care. It outlines the recommended four antenatal visits including what is assessed at each visit. The presentation also covers collecting a medical history, performing a physical examination, and providing health education to mothers on topics like hygiene during pregnancy. The overall aim of antenatal care is to monitor the health of both mother and baby and detect any complications.
The document discusses the assessment of normal newborns. It describes how a complete physical assessment is performed at birth and throughout the hospital stay to check for any problems or complications. This includes assessing various body systems and measurements like weight, height, temperature. It also describes the transitional periods that newborns go through and the typical appearance, reflexes, and measurements of a healthy newborn.
The document discusses the assessment of a normal newborn infant. It describes the initial Apgar scoring at birth and transitional assessments during the first hours and days. A full physical examination is outlined assessing various body systems and measurements. Key reflexes and behaviors are also described including feeding, sleeping, and excretion that provide information on the infant's wellbeing. The summary provides an overview of the important aspects of newborn assessment covered in the document.
Maternal Care: Skills workshop Vaginal examination in labourSaide OER Africa
Maternal Care addresses all the common and important problems that occur during pregnancy, labour, delivery and the puerperium. It covers: the antenatal and postnatal care of healthy women with normal pregnancies, monitoring and managing the progress of labour, specific medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium, family planning, regionalised perinatal care
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
This presentation discusses prolonged labor, which occurs when labor lasts over 20 hours for first-time mothers or 14 hours for women who have given birth before. Prolonged labor can happen in the latent or active phases of the first stage, or the second stage. Causes include problems with uterine contractions, the birth canal, or the baby. Prolonged labor can endanger the baby through hypoxia or infection and endanger the mother through hemorrhage, trauma, or infection. Management involves identifying the cause, monitoring for effects, and treating any issues through techniques like amniotomy, oxytocin infusion, pain relief, or cesarean delivery if needed to deliver the baby safely.
This document provides information on antenatal care including definitions, aims, objectives and procedures for the initial antenatal care visit. It defines antenatal care as the systematic supervision and examination of a pregnant woman from conception to the start of labor. The aims are to screen for high-risk cases, prevent, detect or treat complications, provide medical surveillance and education. The first visit involves taking medical history, performing a physical examination and collecting investigations to assess health and screen for risk factors. Subsequent visits follow a schedule to monitor the pregnancy. Advice is provided on diet, rest, hygiene and other lifestyle factors during pregnancy.
Antenatal care /objectives/history collection abdominal examinationBabitha Mathew
Antenatal care is the care you get from healthcare professionals to ensure you have a healthy pregnancy. It includes information on services and support to make choices right for you. Antenatal care will include regular appointments with a midwife, ultrasound scans and screening tests for you and your baby.
The third stage of labor involves the separation and expulsion of the placenta after childbirth. The placenta separates from the uterine wall due to uterine contraction. The uterus then contracts further to aid the descent and expulsion of the placenta through the birth canal. Midwives monitor for signs of separation and use techniques like controlled cord traction or fundal pressure to deliver the placenta if needed. Oxytocic drugs may also be used to aid delivery or prevent hemorrhage. Care of both mother and newborn continues for at least an hour after completion of the third stage to ensure uterine contraction and monitor for complications.
This topic contains detailed description regarding Normal puerperium, it's definition, duration, phases, involution of uterus and other pelvic organs, lochia, general physiological changes of puerperium, lactation, management of normal puerperium, management of ailments and postnatal care.
The third stage of labor involves the delivery of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes. It typically lasts 15 minutes for first-time mothers and 5 minutes for others, not exceeding 30 minutes. There are two methods of placental separation - the Schultz method where it separates from the center and the Matthew Duncan method where it separates from the periphery. Controlled cord traction is used to deliver the placenta by applying gentle traction on the umbilical cord after signs of separation are present. The provider then checks the placenta and membranes for completeness.
it will help the general public regarding the basic aspect of the antenatal care. it will also help to nursing and para medical educator to teach their students. it also create awareness about it.
This document discusses gynecological disorders that can occur during pregnancy, including abnormal vaginal discharge, trichomoniasis, yeast infections, cervical ectopy, cervical polyps, congenital uterine and vaginal malformations, cervical cancer, fibroids, and ovarian tumors. For each condition, it describes how pregnancy may impact the disorder and vice versa, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches during pregnancy and delivery.
The document discusses the needs and care of mothers during the postpartum period. Some key points:
- The postpartum period lasts 6 weeks as the body returns to its pre-pregnancy state. This time brings physiological, emotional, and social transitions.
- Major health challenges include postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia/eclampsia, puerperal infections, thromboembolic diseases, and psychological issues.
- Postnatal care aims to detect and treat complications, provide information for healthy outcomes, and restore the mother's health. It includes examinations, counseling, education, supplementation, and referrals for emergencies.
- Mothers' needs include rest
Postpartum care involves monitoring for common medical complications like headaches, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and vulvar edema. It also addresses mental health issues such as postpartum blues, depression, and psychosis. Counseling is provided on breastfeeding, sexuality, and contraception. The routine postpartum visit at 4-6 weeks involves patient education, maternal monitoring, laboratory tests, breastfeeding support, perineal care, and prevention of complications like venous thrombosis.
This document provides an overview of preterm labor and abnormal uterine action. It begins by defining preterm labor as labor starting between 24-28 weeks and before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The prevalence of preterm labor is reported to range between 5-10%. Risk factors for preterm labor are then discussed, along with potential maternal and fetal complications. Diagnosis and management of preterm labor focuses on preventing onset, arresting labor if possible, and providing appropriate neonatal care. The document then discusses various types of abnormal uterine action including hypertonic, hypotonic, dyscoordinate, and tonic contractions. Causes, signs, and management are described for each type. Cervical dystocia is also reviewed, distinguishing between primary
This document discusses subinvolution and urinary tract infections during the postpartum period. Subinvolution occurs when the uterus takes longer than normal to return to its non-pregnant size after delivery and can be caused by factors like multiparity, infection, or cesarean section. Common urinary complications include urinary tract infection, retention of urine, incontinence, and acute kidney injury. Urinary tract infections are treated with antibiotics, fluids, and rest while retention requires catheterization. Acute kidney injury involves phases of oliguria, anuria, early and late diuresis, and recovery managed through fluid balance, nutrition, and dialysis if needed.
Antenatal care refers to the supervision and care provided to an expectant mother from conception to the start of labor. This presentation discusses the definition, goals, and importance of antenatal care. It outlines the recommended four antenatal visits including what is assessed at each visit. The presentation also covers collecting a medical history, performing a physical examination, and providing health education to mothers on topics like hygiene during pregnancy. The overall aim of antenatal care is to monitor the health of both mother and baby and detect any complications.
The document discusses the assessment of normal newborns. It describes how a complete physical assessment is performed at birth and throughout the hospital stay to check for any problems or complications. This includes assessing various body systems and measurements like weight, height, temperature. It also describes the transitional periods that newborns go through and the typical appearance, reflexes, and measurements of a healthy newborn.
The document discusses the assessment of a normal newborn infant. It describes the initial Apgar scoring at birth and transitional assessments during the first hours and days. A full physical examination is outlined assessing various body systems and measurements. Key reflexes and behaviors are also described including feeding, sleeping, and excretion that provide information on the infant's wellbeing. The summary provides an overview of the important aspects of newborn assessment covered in the document.
This slide contain detail description of basic terminologies, neonatal (head to toe examination) assessment, neonatal reflexes, minor physiological handicaps of newborn
1. Characteristics of a normal newborn.pdfMaithyaVictor
A normal newborn is an infant born at term following a normal pregnancy and delivery with no need for resuscitation. General characteristics include weighing 2.5-3.5 kg, measuring 50-52 cm long, and having a head circumference of 34-35 cm. Physiological changes after birth include initiation of respiration driven by changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, closure of fetal circulatory structures as the placenta is no longer supplying oxygenated blood, and adaptation to independent temperature regulation outside the womb through mechanisms such as skin changes and brown fat. Maintaining the newborn's temperature through drying, wrapping, and skin-to-skin contact is important.
The document discusses various topics related to newborn assessment including classification by gestational age and birth weight, Apgar scoring to evaluate newborns, transitional periods that newborns experience, important reflexes that newborns exhibit, and thermoregulation challenges for newborns due to their immature systems and susceptibility to heat loss. Proper assessment of newborns is outlined covering various body systems and measurements to evaluate growth and development.
Immediate care of newborn, midwifery and obstetrical nursingNursing education
Having brief knowledge regarding immediate care of newborn The time of birth is one of transition from intrauterine life to an independent existence and call for many adjustment in the physiology of the baby. Normal infant are at low risk of developing problems in the new born period and therefore, require primary care only. That’s means the, new born care is comprehensive strategy designed to improve the health of newborn through intervention just soon after birth, in post natal ward and up to 28 days.
Essential care of the normal healthy neonates can be provided by the mothers under supervision of nursing personnel or basic or primary health care provider. About 80% of the newborn babies should be kept with their mothers rather than in separate nursery. The immediate care after birth is simple but very important. The baby has just come from warm quit uterus. So be gentle with the baby and keep the warm.
DEFINITION-
Newborn is the child of the first month of the life and transition of intrauterine life to extrauterine life.
Purposes-
1) To establish, maintain and support respiration
2) To prevent injury and infection
3) To provide warmth and prevent hypothermia
4) To identify actual or potential that may require immediate attention
This research abstract summarizes guidelines for caring for newborns of mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. It reviews 10 categories of information from existing evidence and international guidelines. The main findings are that while intrauterine transmission is still unclear, close post-birth contact can transmit the virus via droplets. It is therefore recommended to separate infected mothers from their babies for at least 2 weeks, while teaching breastfeeding and expression techniques to allow breastmilk feeding during isolation. The study aims to help care for these newborns based on the latest COVID-19 maternal and newborn health evidence.
The document provides information on assessing a newborn, including:
1. The objectives are to assess the newborn's development, wellbeing, and detect any deviations from normal. Assessments should be done within 2 hours of birth, before discharge, and at 6-8 weeks.
2. The assessment includes checking vital signs, measuring height, head circumference, chest circumference, and weight. The physical exam evaluates the skin, head, eyes, ears, mouth, neck, chest, abdomen, umbilical cord, back, genitals, and extremities.
3. Neonatal reflexes like sucking, rooting, Moro, and Babinski are also assessed to evaluate neurological development
This document provides guidance on newborn assessment, which is a systematic examination of the newborn conducted shortly after birth and within the first 24 hours. It involves reviewing the pregnancy and delivery history and thoroughly examining the newborn from head to toe. The goals are to evaluate the newborn's adaptation to extrauterine life, detect any medical issues or congenital abnormalities, and assess resuscitation needs. The assessment consists of evaluating vital signs, reflexes, muscle tone, appearance and measurements of the body. It is important for ensuring the health of the newborn.
The document discusses the characteristics and reflexes of newborns. It describes the vital signs, measurements, skin changes, and features of the head, eyes, gastrointestinal system, and genitals that are typical in newborns. It also outlines the rooting, sucking, Moro, tonic neck, and other reflexes that newborns exhibit and the ages at which they typically disappear. The document concludes by covering the perceptual skills like vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell that newborns possess and their basic needs for things like nutrition, hygiene, and protection from infection.
Normal newborn care, by Dr Amal Khalil, Dean of Nursing college, Port said University, Port said. Presented in the NICU nursing workshop, organized by Nursing syndicate in Suez canal & Sinai in cooperation with Port said university college of nursing & Port said neonatology society, December,2014 Port said
1. The document provides guidance on assessing the normal newborn in the nursery or maternity floor. It outlines admission care including history taking, identification, and physical assessment.
2. Assessment includes APGAR scoring initially and monitoring transitional periods. A systematic physical exam is described covering all body systems.
3. Immediate newborn care priorities are outlined as clearing airways, establishing breathing, maintaining temperature, preventing hypoglycemia, and identification. Common reflexes are also reviewed.
1. The document defines the neonatal period as the time from birth to 4 weeks postnatal. During this period, newborns are observed and stabilized in the normal newborn nursery or on the maternity floor.
2. The roles of nurses and physicians in the normal newborn nursery include admission care like assessments, history taking, and ensuring identification; ongoing assessments using tools like the APGAR score; and providing routine neonatal care like maintaining temperature and establishing breastfeeding.
3. Physical examinations of newborns assess various body systems and features like reflexes, fontanels, skin characteristics, and vital signs to evaluate overall health and normalcy. Any abnormalities are noted.
The document provides information on the characteristics of newborn infants including general appearance, measurements, vital signs, reflexes, and systems. A newborn is typically red or purple in color, 50 cm long, 2.8-3.5 kg in weight, and has a head circumference of 33-35 cm. Their temperature is normally 36-38°C. Key reflexes like rooting and sucking start to diminish between 3-8 months. Systems such as respiratory, circulatory, and gastrointestinal undergo changes after birth to transition from fetal to newborn circulation and function.
This document provides guidance on newborn assessment and examination. It outlines the objectives, indications, terminology, required equipment, and process for assessing a newborn. Key points include:
- The objectives are to assess the newborn's development, well-being, and detect any deviations from normal. Examinations should occur within 2 hours of birth, before discharge, and after 6-8 weeks.
- The assessment includes checking vital signs, physical measurements, skin appearance, reflexes and neurological responses. Specific areas of the body are examined including the head, eyes, chest, abdomen, extremities and genitalia.
- Common reflexes in newborns like Moro's reflex and Babinski reflex
The document discusses fetal growth and development and how drugs can influence it. It describes the typical stages of fetal growth from the pre-embryonic stage through the fetal stage. Key aspects of growth are covered for each trimester of pregnancy. Factors that can affect fetal growth like genetics, maternal health, nutrition, and drug use are examined. The risks of drugs passing from the mother to the fetus are summarized, including potential direct harm to the fetus or indirect issues from reduced blood flow or oxygen. Strict evaluation of drug safety during pregnancy is needed given limited research.
This document provides an overview of a pediatrics course, including assessment methods, objectives, key terms, and the normal characteristics of a newborn baby.
The course uses individual and group assignments (20% of marks) and a final exam (60% of marks) for assessment. Objectives include defining terms, describing a normal newborn and physiological changes.
Key terms defined include neonatal, perinatal, infant, toddler, and mortality rates. Characteristics of a normal newborn are outlined, such as posture, skin, cry, respiration rate, weight, length and physical exam findings for various body systems. Fetal circulation and its changes at birth are also summarized.
This document discusses nursing care of a neonate. It begins by defining a neonate as a newborn baby in the first 4 weeks after birth. It then describes the physical characteristics and vital signs of a healthy neonate, including anthropometric measurements, posture, temperature, pulse and respiration rates, and blood pressure. Finally, it outlines other characteristics of neonates like skin features, reflexes, feeding and sleeping patterns, and developmental considerations for nursing care.
lecture from chapter 2 of GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
REFERENCE: Aguirre, Felisa U., Monce, Ma. Rosario E. and Dy, Gary C. Introduction to Psychology (2011). Malabon City: MUTYA Publishing Company, 2012
This document outlines 10 stages of the human lifespan from prenatal development through old age. It provides detailed descriptions of each prenatal development stage from conception through birth. The 3 stages of prenatal development are described as well as the 10 gestational weeks of fetal development. Birth occurs in 3 stages and different childbirth methods are outlined. Infancy covers the first 2 weeks of life and the major reflexes exhibited by infants are defined.
This document provides information and guidelines regarding medical electives for undergraduate medical students in India. It defines electives as optional learning experiences that allow students to explore areas of interest. The document outlines the objectives and structure of elective blocks, including topics that can be covered, requirements for attendance, supervision, and assessment. It provides templates for planning elective learning experiences and identifying potential electives in different areas like laboratories, research, clinical specialties, and community settings. The goal is to provide immersive, experiential learning opportunities to help students discover career paths and develop skills beyond their curriculum.
The document discusses key aspects of developing a research study, including definitions of research, the importance of research questions and hypotheses, and the FINER criteria for formulating good research questions. It provides definitions of research from various sources and outlines the steps to developing a clear research question. It also discusses how to write a good hypothesis and the different types of hypotheses. Finally, it explains each letter in the FINER mnemonic - Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, and Relevant - as a framework for evaluating proposed research questions.
1. The Ecole De Medicine De Pondichery medical school in Pondichery, established in 1823, was the first formal medical school established among the French colonies in India. It trained students and granted them a Médicin Locale diploma to practice medicine.
2. Several major medical colleges were established in India in the 1830s, including Calcutta Medical College in 1835 as the first college to teach Western medicine in Asia, and Madras Medical College in 1835.
3. Other notable early medical colleges included Grant Medical College in Mumbai established in 1845, Goa Medical College established in 1842, and Stanley Medical College in Chennai established in 1930 from its predecessor school founded
This document discusses 30 notable females in the medical field, including:
- Dr. Anandi Gopal Joshi, one of the first female physicians in India in the 1880s.
- Rukhmabai Raut, one of the first female practitioners of western medicine in India who fought for women's rights.
- Kadambini Ganguly, one of the first female graduates of western medicine in India in 1886.
- Several other pioneering female doctors in India such as Muthulakshmi Reddy, Dr. V. Shanta, Dr. Sivaramakrishna Iyer Padmavati, and Dr. Vasudha Vishnu Apte, the first female med
The document provides information about the Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India. It discusses the founders and visionaries of the foundation, Late Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil and Late Dr. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil. It then lists the various educational institutions established by the foundation, including medical, nursing, pharmacy, management colleges and schools. It provides details about the medical college such as intake numbers and postgraduate courses. It concludes with highlighting the facilities, achievements and activities supported by the foundation to enrich staff and students.
Dr. Sunil Natha Mhaske is the Dean of D.V.V.P.F's Medical College in Ahmednagar. The document discusses the importance of human values and how they are necessary in today's society. It defines human values as qualities that encourage consideration for others and bonding between people. Some key human values mentioned include brotherhood, honesty, and respect. The document also discusses how education can help enhance human values in society by influencing perceptions of right and wrong.
This document discusses the importance of child nutrition. It notes that proper nutrition is important for children's growth and development and to establish healthy eating habits. A balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, protein foods and dairy helps children get essential nutrients and maintain good health. The document provides daily serving guidelines for different age groups and notes foods that are important sources of key nutrients like protein, vitamins and minerals. It emphasizes limiting added sugars, saturated and trans fats, and sodium. Healthy eating supports children's academic performance and brain development.
This document provides information about cleft lip and cleft palate including causes, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and social aspects. It describes how cleft lip occurs when the tissues of the lip do not fully fuse before birth, and cleft palate occurs when the roof of the mouth does not fully close. Treatment often begins in infancy and may include surgery, dental care, speech therapy, and psychological support. The document also discusses cultural beliefs and stigma around cleft conditions as well as organizations providing cleft care in India.
The white coat has served as a symbol of physicians for over 100 years. Prior to the late 19th century, doctors wore black garments, but adopted the white laboratory coat in 1889 as they sought to represent themselves as scientists. The white coat symbolized cleanliness and purity as antisepsis became important in medicine. By the early 20th century, white coats had become standard attire for doctors and medical professionals. Today, the white coat continues to symbolize medical authority, though some argue it may also intimidate patients or transmit infections.
This document provides details about the history and development of the stethoscope. It describes how Rene Laennec invented the first stethoscope in 1816 after observing children using a wooden beam to listen to each other. Since then, various physicians have improved stethoscope design, including Golding Bird who created the first binaural stethoscope in 1840, Arthur Leared who invented the first binaural stethoscope in 1851, and George Cammann who commercialized the binaural design in 1852. The document also discusses David Littmann's contributions in the 1960s and the parts that make up a modern binaural stethoscope.
Congenital hypothyroidism is a condition present at birth where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. It can cause arrested physical and mental development. The most common cause is failure of the thyroid to grow before birth. Symptoms in newborns include jaundice, hypotonia, and large tongue. If not treated with levothyroxine replacement, it can lead to intellectual disability and growth impairment. Screening programs allow for early diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications.
Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) is a common condition in childhood caused by a Streptococcus pyogenes infection. It involves an immune response that leads to inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys. Symptoms include edema, gross hematuria, hypertension, and acute renal insufficiency. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure, restricting fluid and salt intake, and administering antibiotics. While early AGN is often temporary and reversible, chronic glomerulonephritis can lead to permanent kidney damage if not properly managed.
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is usually caused by damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys, which allows protein to leak from the blood into the urine. In children, nephrotic syndrome is commonly caused by minimal change disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. It can lead to complications like edema, infections, thrombosis, and kidney failure if left untreated. Congenital nephrotic syndrome is a rare genetic form that manifests within the first few months of life.
This document provides guidance on effectively giving feedback to employees. It discusses that feedback is an important skill for boosting employee performance and confidence, but is often dreaded due to how it is typically done. It recommends checking your motives before giving feedback to ensure it is focused on improvement. Feedback should also be given in a timely manner, close to the event being discussed, and regularly to avoid surprises and allow issues to be addressed early. The overall message is that feedback is most effective when delivered carefully, frequently and focused on improvement rather than criticism.
The document discusses congestive cardiac failure in children. It defines congestive cardiac failure as when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Common causes in children include congenital heart defects, acquired heart conditions, and metabolic abnormalities. Symptoms include poor growth, difficulty breathing, faster breathing and heart rate, and puffiness in the eyes or feet. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, using diuretics to reduce congestion, and other drugs like digoxin, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and inotropes as needed. For severe cases, interventions like pacemakers, cardiac transplantation may be considered.
This document discusses prehypertension and hypertension in children. It defines prehypertension as blood pressure levels between the 90th and 95th percentiles, and hypertension as levels at or above the 95th percentile. Risk factors for developing hypertension in childhood include obesity, family history, lack of exercise, and certain medical conditions. The document provides prevalence rates for prehypertension and hypertension from various studies worldwide. It outlines guidelines for evaluating and diagnosing hypertension in children, and discusses potential complications and treatment approaches.
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease caused by streptococcal infection that can lead to rheumatic heart disease. It typically affects children ages 5-15 and symptoms include carditis, arthritis, chorea, and others. Left untreated, approximately 60% of patients develop chronic rheumatic heart disease, which can cause heart valve defects. Diagnosis involves meeting modified Jones criteria through symptoms, labs, and echocardiogram findings. Treatment focuses on antibiotics to prevent recurrence, anti-inflammatories for carditis, and management of heart defects through medications, surgery, or valve replacements.
Embryology of heart, Anatomy of heart, Physiology of heart, Fetal circulation, Neonatal circulation, Congenital cyanotic and acyanotic heart diseases of children.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.
Lecture 4. Normal Newborn
1.
2. Lecture-4
Prof. Dr. Sunil Natha Mhaske
Dean
Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s Medical College and Hospital,
Ahmednagar (M.S.) India-414111
Mo- 7588024773
Mail-sunilmhaske1970@gmail.com
Normal Newborn
3. Neonatal period – From Birth to first 28 days of extra-uterine life.
• It is an important link in the chain of events from conception to
adulthood.
• Newborn undergo profound physiologic changes at the birth
because they have been released from a warm, snug, darkened,
liquid – filled environment, which has met all the basic needs; into
a chilly, glaring, gravity based, outside world.
• Neonate - from birth to under 28 days of age, the infant is called
newborn or neonate.
• Early neonate - from birth to 7 days known as early neonatal
period.
• Late neonate - Late neonatal period extends from 7th to 28th days.
• Term baby - Any neonate born between 37and 42 weeks (259-293
days) of pregnancy irrespective of the birth weight.
4. Assessment of newborn:
• It is done by evaluating newborn by a
scoring method invented by
Dr. Virginia Apgar.
• Virginia Apgar was one of Columbia
University's first female M.D.s. She
graduated in 1933.
• She was one of the first American
• women to specialize in surgery.
• She became Columbia's first-ever
full Professor of Anesthesiology in
1949.
• Apgar specialized in anesthesia and
childbirth. She invented the Newborn
Scoring System, also called the Apgar
Score, in 1949 that assessed the health of
newborns.
5. Apgar score:
Assigned at 0 min, 1 min, 5 min.
Normal score at 5 min is >7.
Sign 0 1 2
Heart rate Absent Below 100 Over 100
Respiratory effort Absent Slow, irregular Good, crying
Muscle tone Limp Some flexion of
extremities
Active motion
Response to catheter in
nostril
No response Grimace Cough or sneeze
Color Blue, Pale Body pink, extremities
blue
Completely pink
6. Based on gestational age, neonates are classified as-
•Premature: < 34 weeks gestation
•Late pre-term: 34 to < 37 weeks
•Early term: 37 0/7 weeks through 38 6/7 weeks
•Full term: 39 0/7 weeks through 40 6/7 weeks
•Late term: 41 0/7 weeks through 41 6/7 weeks
•Post-term: 42 0/7 weeks and beyond.
•Post mature: > 42 weeks
10. Transitional Assessment –
Periods of Reactivity For a Newborn :
• The newborn exhibits behavioral and physiologic characteristics
that can at first appear to be signs of stress. However, during the
initial 24 hours changes in heart rate, respiration, motor activity,
color, mucous production, and bowel activity occur in an orderly,
predictable sequence, which is normal and indicative of lack of
stress. Distressed infants also progress through these stages but at
a slower rate.
• First period:
For 15 to 30 minutes after birth the newborn is in the first period
of reactivity. At this time his eyes are usually open, suggesting
that this is an excellent opportunity for mother, father, and child
to see each other. For the reason he has a vigorous suck reflex, an
opportune time to begin breast-feeding.
11. Resting period:
• After this initial stage of alertness and activity the infant's responsiveness
diminishes. Heart and respiratory rates decrease, temperature continues to fall,
mucous production decreases, and urine or stool is usually not passed. The infant is
in a state of sleep and relative calm. Any attempt to stimulate him usually elicits a
minimal response. This second stage of the first reactive period generally lasts 30
to 120 minutes. Due to the continued decrease in body temperature, it is best to
avoid undressing of bathing the infant during this time.
• Second period:
The second period of reactivity begins when the infant awakes from the deep sleep
following the resting period. The infant is again alert and responsive, heart and
respiratory rates increase, the gag reflex is active, gastric and respiratory secretions
are increased, and passage of meconium commonly occurs. This second period of
reactivity lasts about 2 to 6 hours and provides another excellent opportunity for
child and parents to interact, This period is usually over when the amount of
respiratory mucus has decreased. Following this stage is a period of stabilization of
physiologic systems and a vacillating pattern of sleep and activity.
12. Skin:
• Colour: Most term newborns have a ruddy complexion because of
the increased concentration of red blood cells in blood vessels.
• Hyperbilirubinemia: Hyperbilirubinemia leads to jaundice, or
yellow coloration of the skin. This occurs on the second or third day
of life. About 50% of all newborns as a result of the break down of
fetal red blood cells.
• Pallor: Pallor in new born is usually the result of anemia. Anemia
may be caused by excessive blood loss during cutting of cord ,
inadequate flow of blood from cord in to the infant at birth.
• Birth marks: A number of commonly occurring birth mark can be
observed in newborn.
13. Cyanosis: The newborns lips, hands and feet are likely to appear
cyanotic from immature peripheral circulation . Acrocyanosis is
prominent in some newborns.
14. Harlequin sign: occasionally, because of immature circulation, a
newborn who has been lying on his or her side will appear red on the
dependent side of the body and pale on the upper side.
15. Haemongiomas:
These are vascular tumors of the skin.
There are three types -
a) nevus flames
b) strawberry and
c) cavernous haemangeomas.
Mongolian spots: are the collection of pigment cells they tend to
occur in children of Asian , southern European or African origin
Vernix caseousa: A white creamy cheese like substance that serves
as a skin lubricant is usually noticeable on a newborns skin folds at
birth in a term neonate.
16. Lanugo: is the fine hair that covers the newborn shoulders ,back and
upper arms. The new born of 37-39 weeks gestational age has more
lanugo than the 40 week old infant.
Milia: Newborn sebaceous glands are immature. At least one
pinpoint papule can be found on the cheek or across the bridge of the
nose. It disappears by 2-4 weeks of age as the sebaceous glands
mature and drain.
Desquamation: Within 24 hours of birth , the skin of most newborns
has become extremely dry. The dryness is particularly evident on the
palms of the hands and the sole of the feet.
17. Erythema toxicum: A newborn rash called Erythema toxicum usually
appears in the first to 4th day of life but may disappear up to 2 weeks of
age.
Forceps' marks: There may be circular or linear contusion on
matching the rim of the blade of the forceps' on the infant cheek. This
mark disappears in 1-2 days along with the edema that accompanies it.
Skin turgour: Newborn skin should feel resistant if the underlying
tissue is well hydrated. If a fold of skin is grasped between the thumb
and fingers, it should be elastic.
18. Head:
• A newborn’s head appears disproportionately large because it
is about 1/4th of the total length, in an adult it is 1/8th of the
total height.
• The forehead of the newborn is large and prominent.
• The chin appears to be receding, and it quivers easily if the
infant is crying.
19. Fontanelles:
The Fontanels are the spaces or openings
where the skull bones join.
Anterior fontanelle is at the junction
of the two parietal bones and the two
fused frontal bones. It is diamond-
shaped and covered by a thick fibrous
layer. It measures 2-3 cm in width and
3-4 cm in length. It normally closes
with bone when the baby is between
12 and 18 months of age.
Posterior fontanelle is at the junction
of the parietal bone and occipital
bone. It is triangular and measures
about 1cm in length. it closes by 6 to 8
weeks.
20. Sutures:
The skull sutures, the separating lines
of the skull may override at birth
because of the extreme pressure
exerted by passage through the birth
canal. These never appear widely
separated in newborn.
21.
22. Molding: Molding refers to the long, narrow, cone-
shaped head that results from passage through a tight
birth canal. This compression of the head can
temporarily hide the fontanel. The head returns to a
normal shape in a few days.
Caput succedaneum: This refers to swelling on top of
the head or throughout the scalp due to fluid squeezed
into the scalp during the birth process. Caput is present
at birth and clears in a few days.
Cephalohematoma: This is a collection of blood on
the outer surface of the skull. It is due to friction
between the infant's skull and the mother's pelvic
bones during the birth process. The lump is usually
confined to one side of the head. It first appears on the
second day of life and may grow larger for up to 5
days. It doesn't resolve completely until the baby is 2
or 3 months of age.
23. Eyes:
Swollen eyelids: The eyes may be
puffy because of pressure on the
face during delivery. Edema is
often present around the orbit or on
the eye lids. This will remain for
the first 2-3 days until the
newborn’s kidneys are capable of
evacuating fluid efficiently.
Subconjunctival hemorrhage: A
flame-shaped hemorrhage on the
white of the eye (sclera) is not
uncommon. It's harmless and due to
birth trauma. The blood is
reabsorbed in 2 to 3 weeks.
24. Iris color:
• The iris is usually blue, green, gray, or brown.
• The permanent color of the iris is often uncertain until baby reaches
6 months of age.
• Children who will have dark irises often change eye color by 2
months of age.
• Children who will have light-colored irises usually change by 5 / 6
months of age.
Nasolacrimal duct, blocked:
• If baby's eye is continuously watery, he or she may have a blocked
tear duct.
• This means that the channel that normally carries tears from the eye
to the nose is blocked.
• It is a common condition, and more than 90% of blocked tear ducts
open up by the time the child is 12 months old.
25. Ears:
• The ears of newborns are commonly soft and floppy.
Sometimes, one of the edges is folded over.
• The outer ear will assume normal shape as the cartilage hardens
over the first few weeks.
• The level of the top part of the external ear should be on a line
drawn from the inner canthus to the outer canthus of the eye
and back across the side of the head.
26. Nose:
• The nose can become misshapen during the birth process.
• It may be flattened or pushed to one side.
• It will look normal by 1 week of age.
27. Mouth:
Tongue-tie: The normal tongue in
newborns has a short tight band that
connects it to the floor of the mouth. This
band normally stretches with time,
movement, and growth. If not, it should be
operated before true speech develops
( < 2 years).
Epstein pearls: Little white-colored cysts
can occur along the gum line or on the hard
palate. These are a result of blockage of
normal mucous glands. They disappear
after 1 to 2 months.
Teeth: The presence of a tooth at birth is
rare. Approximately 10% are extra teeth
without a root structure. The other 90% are
prematurely erupted normal teeth.
28. Neck:
• The neck of the newborn is short, often chubby and creased with
skin folds.
• The head should rotate freely on it.
• The neck is not strong enough to support the total weight of the
newborns head.
• The trachea may be prominent on the front of the neck.
• The thymus gland may be enlarged because of the rapid growth
of glandular in comparison with other body tissues.
Chest:
The chest in some infants looks small because the infant’s head
is large in proportion until the child becomes 2 years of age
when chest measurement exceed that of the head
29. Breast:
• Swollen breasts are present during the
first week of life in many female and male
babies.
• They are caused by the passage of female
hormones across the mother's placenta.
• Sometimes the breast will leak a few
drops of milk, and this is normal.
• Breasts are generally swollen for 2 to 4
weeks.
• Nipple size in normal full term neonate is
>5 mm in diameter.
• Supernumarary (accessory) nipples may
be present in few neonates along milk
line.
30. Abdomen:
• The typical findings of the term newborn’s abdomen are Contour
slightly protuberant.
• Bowel sounds present within an hour after birth.
• Edge of the liver usually palpable at 2cm below the right costal
region.
• Edge of the spleen is possibly palpable 1-2cm below the left
costal margin.
• Palpable kidneys (although right kidney is easier to palpate than
left).
• Positive abdominal reflex which can be elicited by stroking each
quadrant of abdomen, the umbilicus moves or winks in that
direction.
31. Umbilical cord:
• Normally cord has two arteries & one vein.
• For the first hour of birth , the umbilical cord appears as a
white gelatinous structure marked with red and blue streaks of
the umbilical vein and arteries.
• After this time, the cord begins to dry shrink and become
discoloured like the dead end of the vein.
32. Genitals:
GIRLS:
• Swollen labia: The labia minora can be quite swollen in newborn
girls because of the passage of female hormones across the placenta.
The swelling will resolve in 2 to 4 weeks.
• Hymenal tags: The hymen can also be swollen due to maternal
estrogen and have smooth 1/2-inch projections of pink tissue. These
normal tags occur in 10% of newborn girls and slowly shrink over 2
to 4 weeks.
• Vaginal discharge: As the maternal hormones decline in the baby's
blood, a clear or white discharge can flow from the vagina during the
latter part of the first week of life. Occasionally the discharge will
become pink or blood-tinged (false menstruation). This normal
discharge should not last more than 2 to 3 days.
33. BOYS:
Hydrocele: The newborn scrotum can be filled with clear fluid. The
fluid is squeezed into the scrotum during the birth process. It is
common in newborn males. A hydrocele may take 6 to 12 months to
clear completely.
Undescended testicle: The testicle is not in the scrotum in about 4%
of full-term newborn boys. Many of these testicles gradually descend
into the normal position during the following months. In 1-year-old
boys only 0.7% of all testicles are undescended; these need to be
brought down surgically.
Phimosis: Most infant boys have a tight foreskin that doesn't allow
to see the head of the penis. This is
normal and the foreskin should not
be retracted.
34. Bones and joints:
• Tibial torsion: The lower legs (tibia) normally curve in because of
the cross-legged posture while in the womb. If we make baby in
stand up position will also notice that the legs are bowed. Both of
these curves are normal and will straighten out after child has been
walking for 6 to 12 months.
• Feet turned up, in, or out: Feet may be turned in any direction
inside the cramped quarters of the womb. As long as child's feet are
flexible and can be easily moved to a normal position, they are
normal. The direction of the feet will become more normal between
6 and 12 months of age.
• Long second toe: The second toe is longer than the great toe as a
result of heredity in some ethnic groups that originated along the
Mediterranean, especially Egyptians.
• "Ingrown" toenails: Many newborns have soft nails that easily
bend and curve. However, they are not truly in grown because they
don't curve into the flesh.
35. Extremities:
• The arms and legs of a newborn appear short.
• The hands are plump and clenched in to fists.
• Newborn fingernails are soft and smooth and are long enough
to extend over the fingertips.
Back:
• The spine of the newborn typically appears flat in the lumbar
and sacral areas.
• Curves appear only when child is able to sit and walk.
• The base of the spine should free of any pin point openings,
dimpling, or sinus tract in the skin which would suggestive of
spina bifida occulta.
36. Newborn Profile
Vital statistics:
Weight- The newborn weight differs according to racial,
nutritional intra uterine and genetic factors. The normal term
newborn infant at birth weighs between 2.5-3.9 kgs in India.
the newborn looses 5-10% of birth weight during the first few
days after birth.
Length: Normal term newborn length is 50 cms in India.
Head circumference: 34- 35cms
Chest circumference: 2 cms less than head circumference.
Vital signs: Counted for 1 full minute
Respirations: 30 to 60 cycles per min - diaphragmatic
breathing
Pulse: 120 to 140 beats per minutes
Blood pressure: Approximately 58/44 mmHg
39. Adjustment to extra-uterine life:
Temperature Regulation (Non-Shivering thermogenesis):
• Brown fat is the primary source of heat production.
• Brown fat is broken down into glycerol & fatty acids producing
heat. Brown fat is found at the nape of the neck, axillae, around the
kidneys and in the mediastinum.
• Slightly warmer to touch than normal skin.
• An increase in the metabolic rate associated with non-shivering
thermogenesis --> increased O2 demands and caloric consumption.
• It’s important to provide a neutral thermal environment to prevent
metabolic acidosis and prevent depleted brown fat.
Kidneys and Urination:
• 92% of all healthy infants void in the first 48 hrs of birth.
• Initial urine: cloudy, scant amounts, uric acid crystals- reddish stain
• Kidneys are not fully functional until child is 2 years of age.
40. Respiratory changes:
• The most critical and immediate physiologic change required of
the neonate is the onset of breathing.
• The stimuli that help initiate the first respiration are primarily
chemical and thermal.
• The chemical changes in the blood of low oxygen, high carbon
dioxide, and low pH initiate impulses that excite the respiratory
centre in the medulla.
• The most profound physiologic change required of the neonate
is transition from fetal or placental circulation to independent
respiration.
• The loss of the placental connection means the loss of complete
metabolic support, the most important and essential function
being the supply of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide.
41. • The primary thermal stimulus is the sudden chilling of the infant
as he leaves a warm environment and enters a relatively cooler
atmosphere.
• The abrupt change in temperature excites sensory impulses in
the skin that are transmitted to the respiratory centre.
• The initial entry of air into the lungs is opposed by the surface
tension of the fluid that filled the fetal lungs and alveoli.
• Lung fluid is removed by the lymphatic vessels and pulmonary
capillaries, Some fluid is also removed during the normal forces
of labor and delivery.
• As the chest emerges from the birth canal, fluid is squeezed from
the lungs through the nose and mouth.
• Following complete emergence of the neonate's chest, brisk
recoil of the thorax occurs.
• Air enters the upper airway to replace the lost fluid.
42. Circulatory changes:
• Equally as important as the initiation of respiration are the circulatory changes that
allow blood to flow through the lungs.
• These changes occur more gradually and are the result of shifts in pressure in the
heart and major vessels from increased pulmonary blood flow and systemic blood
volume.
• The transition from fetal circulation to postnatal circulation involves the functional
closure of the fetal shunts; the foramen ovale, the ductus arteriosus, and eventually
the ductus venosus.
• Once the lungs are expanded, pulmonary blood flow greatly increases because the
inspired oxygen dilates the pulmonary vessels.
• As the lungs receive blood, the pressure in the right atrium, right ventricle, and
pulmonary arteries decreases.
• At the same time, there is a progressive rise in systemic vascular resistance from the
increased volume of blood through the placenta at cord clamping .
• This increases the pressure in the left side of the heart.
• Since blood flows from an area of high pressure to one of low pressure, the
circulation of blood through the fetal shunts is reversed.
43. • The most important factor controlling ductal closure is the oxygen
concentration of the blood.
• With the backward flow of blood through the fetal shunts, the high
oxygen level of the blood causes the muscular walls of the ducts to
constrict.
• The foramen ovale closes functionally at or soon after birth.
• The ductus arteriosus is closed functionally by the fourth day.
• Anatomic closure takes considerably longer.
• Failure of the ducts to close results in congenital heart defects.
• Due to the reversible flow of blood through the ducts during the
early neonatal period, functional murmurs are occasionally heard.
• In conditions such as crying or staining the increased pressure
shunts un oxygenated blood from the right side of the heart across
the ductal opening, causing transient cyanosis.
44. Gastrointestinal System:
• Sucking becomes coordinated at 32 wks.
• Bowel sounds appears after 1 hour of birth.
• Immature at birth, reaches maturity at 2-3 years of age.
• Little saliva until 3 months of age.
• Newborn have difficulty digesting complex starches and fat.
• Abdomen becomes easily distended after feeds.
• No normal flora at birth in GI system to synthesize Vit. K
45. Meconium :
• The term Meconium derives from ‘meconium-arion’, meaning
"opium-like", in reference either to its tarry appearance or to
Aristotle's belief that it induces sleep in the fetus.[2]
• Initial fecal material is meconium which is passed within 24 hrs
after birth.
• Unlike later feces, meconium is composed of materials ingested
during the time the infant spends in the uterus: intestinal epithelial
cells, lanugo, mucus, amniotic fluid, bile, and water. Meconium is
sterile, unlike later feces, & is viscous and sticky like tar, and has
no odor. It should be completely passed by the end of the first few
days of life, with the stools progressing toward yellow (digested
milk).
46. Sleep
• Deep sleep: closed eyes. Regular breathing , No movements
except occasional sudden bodily twitch, No eye movement.
• Light sleep: closed eyes; Irregular breathing; Slight muscular
twitching of body; Rapid eye movement (REM) under closed
eyelids and may smile.
• Drowsy: Eyes may be open; Irregular breathing; Active body
movement; with occasional mild startles.
• Quite alert: Eyes wide open and bright Responds to environment
by active body movements and staring at close range objects;
Minimal body activity; Regular breathing; Focuses attention on
stimuli.
• Active alert: May begin with whimpering and slight body
movement; Eyes open; Irregular breathing.
• Crying: Progress to strong, angry crying and uncoordinated
thrashing of extremities. Eyes open or tightly closed; Grimaces;
Irregular breathing.
47. Neonatal sleep : Full-term Babies will sleep 16 to 20 hours per
day. They have a 40-minute sleep cycle and cannot differentiate
between day and night. They have 3 different sleep states and
spend half their time asleep dreaming - called REM sleep (Rapid
Eye Movement Sleep) - during which they will suck, grimace,
smile and occasionally twitch their fingers and feet. Premature
babies may sleep 20-22 hours per day with only very short periods
of wakefulness.