Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) is a common condition in childhood caused by a Streptococcus pyogenes infection. It involves an immune response that leads to inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys. Symptoms include edema, gross hematuria, hypertension, and acute renal insufficiency. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure, restricting fluid and salt intake, and administering antibiotics. While early AGN is often temporary and reversible, chronic glomerulonephritis can lead to permanent kidney damage if not properly managed.
Brief explanation of each *refer harrison textbook for details causes of TIN
Acute interstitial nephritis
Chronic interstitial nephritis
Reflux nephropathy
Papillary necrosis
Sickle-cell nephropathy
Brief explanation of each *refer harrison textbook for details causes of TIN
Acute interstitial nephritis
Chronic interstitial nephritis
Reflux nephropathy
Papillary necrosis
Sickle-cell nephropathy
This presentation focuses on Acute Bacterial Meningitis.
Viral and fungal cause is mentioned but focus is on bacterial meningitis in Pediatrics Patient.
Feel free to correct if there is any error.
Refer to other reference books for clarity.
Acute meningoencephalitis Powerpoint presentation.
It comprises of acute meningitis and acute encephalitis, their clinical features, physical assesment, diagnosis and treatment.
THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- Important links-
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#glomerulonephritis,#congenitalanomalies,#childhealthnursing#anm,#gnm,#bscnursing
What is bronchiolitis and its definition, the age group, signs and symptoms and clinical presentation The clinical practice guidelines, how to diagnosis, clinical criteria, what are the severity degrees and How to assess the severity, what are the investigations that may be needed, Is there any diagnostic test, what is the prognosis
What is the management,
This presentation focuses on Acute Bacterial Meningitis.
Viral and fungal cause is mentioned but focus is on bacterial meningitis in Pediatrics Patient.
Feel free to correct if there is any error.
Refer to other reference books for clarity.
Acute meningoencephalitis Powerpoint presentation.
It comprises of acute meningitis and acute encephalitis, their clinical features, physical assesment, diagnosis and treatment.
THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- Important links-
youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM
facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/
FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-Support-System-101733164924592
facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/241390897133057/
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG –
BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsupportsystem_nursing/
Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#glomerulonephritis,#congenitalanomalies,#childhealthnursing#anm,#gnm,#bscnursing
What is bronchiolitis and its definition, the age group, signs and symptoms and clinical presentation The clinical practice guidelines, how to diagnosis, clinical criteria, what are the severity degrees and How to assess the severity, what are the investigations that may be needed, Is there any diagnostic test, what is the prognosis
What is the management,
Embryology of heart, Anatomy of heart, Physiology of heart, Fetal circulation, Neonatal circulation, Congenital cyanotic and acyanotic heart diseases of children.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. Dr. Sunil Natha Mhaske
Dean And Professor (Paediatrics)
Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil Foundation’s Medical College And Hospital, Ahmednagar,
Maharashtra, India
in children
2. • Glomerulonephritis (GN) is inflammation of the glomeruli of Kidney.
• GN can be both acute, chronic and Rapidly progressive.
• This condition used to be known as Bright’s disease.
The symptoms and signs of Bright's disease were first described in
1827 by the English physician Richard Bright, after whom the disease
was named.
3.
4. Poststreptococcal acute Glomerulonephritis or Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) is a
common condition in childhood.
Immune mediated inflammation of glomerules in childhood.
Typical age is 2-12 years.
Patients usually have streptococcal pharyngitis or impetigo 5-21 days before AGN
manifestation.
It is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes infection.
Incidence is 6–20:1,00,000 in western countries
Risk factors :
gender (more frequent in boys)
Lower hygienic standard
malnutrition.
Genetic predisposition
Nephritogenic beta-hemolytic streptococcus, group A, type M 12 and 49 -originator.
5. Antigens produced by Streptococcus pyogenes - NSAP-
streptokinase (nephritogen strains associated protein), M-
protein and endostreptosin.
These antigenes are binded by specific antibodies.
So created immunocomplexes are taken up in capillaries of
glomerules as deposites.
It is mediated by activation of complement too.
Finally, it leads to proligerative glomerulonephritis with
decreased glomelural filtration, higher natrium resorption in
tubules (→ edema), increased renin secretion (→
hypertension).
Pathophysiology
6.
7. • Edema
- 75% of patients
- Acute onset.
- Mild to modest severity.
- Pitting edema.
- Starts in the eyelids and face then the lower and upper limbs then generalized (Hydrocele, ascites.
Pericardial and pleural effusion.)
- It may be migratory: appear in eyelid in the morning, disappear in the afternoon and reappear
around the ankle in the ambulant patients by the end of the day.
Gross hematuria (65%) - tea colored or cola colored urine;
Hypertension (50%)
Acute renal insufficiency
Oliguria-Urine output is less than 400 ml/day - 0 .5ml/hour/day
Hypertension.
General- Fever, Pallor, headache, malaise, anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
Clinical features-
8. Illnesses which triggers acute GN-
Strep throat
Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus)
Goodpasture syndrome- a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attacks kidneys
and lungs.
Amyloidosis -when abnormal proteins harms organs and tissues.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis)- inflammation of the blood
vessels.
Polyarteritis nodosa-cells attack arteries.
Heavy use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-ibuprofen and naproxen.
9. develop over several years with no or very few symptoms.
This can cause irreversible damage to your kidneys and ultimately lead to complete kidney failure.
Chronic GN doesn’t always have a cause.
Hereditary nephritis
Other possible causes include:
certain immune diseases
a history of cancer
exposure to some hydrocarbon solvents
acute form of GN may make you more likely to develop chronic GN later on.
Clinical features-
blood or excess protein in urine.
high blood pressure.
swelling in ankles and face.
frequent night time urination.
abdominal pain.
frequent nosebleeds.
Chronic GN
10. 1. Urine assay-
Hematuria
Urine color- “coke,” “tea,” or “smoky” colored.
Urine color in agn is uniform throughout the stream.
Mild to moderate proteinuria-1 + to 2+ protein.
Concentrated urine
Presence of casts
Urine culture.
Creatinine clearance
Urine specific gravity
Urine osmolality
Diagnosis
12. CT scan
Kidney ultrasound
Chest X-ray
Intravenous pyelogram
Renal biopsy is not indicated.
13. Hematuria in Children
• Hematuria means that red blood cells are in the urine.
• Urine does not normally contain red blood cells because the filters in the kidney prevent
blood from entering the urine.
• In hematuria, the filters or other parts of the urinary tract allow blood to leak into the
urine.
• Gross hematuria -urine appears red or the color of tea or cola.
• Microscopic hematuria -urine microscopic examination findings of red blood cells
(RBCs) of more than 5/µL in a fresh uncentrifuged midstream urine specimen or more
than 3 RBCs/high-power field (HPF) in the centrifuged sediment from 10 mL of freshly
voided midstream urine.
14. Causes of hematuria -
A. Glomerular diseases-1) Recurrent gross hematuria (IgA nephropathy, benign familial
hematuria and Alport’s syndrome); 2) acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis; 3)
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; 4) systemic lupus erythematosus; 5) membranous
nephropathy; 6) rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura and
Goodpasture’s disease.
B. Interstitial and tubular-1) acute pyelonephritis; 2) acute interstitial nephritis; 3)
tuberculosis.
C. Hematologic causes-Sickle cell disease, coagulopathies, von Willebrand’s disease, renal
vein thrombosis and thrombocytopenia.
D. Urinary tract-1) bacterial or viral infection, 2) nephrolithiasis; 3) hypercalciuria.
E. Structural anomalies-Congenital anomalies and polycystic kidney disease.
F. Trauma, tumors and exercise.
G. Medications- Aminoglycosides, amitryptiline, anticonvulsants, aspirin, chlorpromazine,
coumadin, cyclophosphamide, diuretics, penicillin and thorazine.
15.
16.
17. Hospitalization
Monitor blood pressure and urine output
Checking of weight daily
Blood for urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium.
Anti-hypertensive drugs
Restrict fluid intake till urine output improves.
Intake of salt needs to be restricted
Avoid intake of substances containing high potassium like fruits and tender coconut.
A course of appropriate antibiotic is needed to eradicate infection.
Management-
18. Acute kidney failure
Chronic kidney disease
Electrolyte imbalances, such as high levels of sodium or potassium
Chronic urinary tract infections
Congestive heart failure due to retained fluid or fluid overload
Pulmonary edema due to retained fluid or fluid overload
High blood pressure
Malignant hypertension, which is rapidly increasing high blood
pressure
Increased risk of infections
Complications-
19. Early, acute GN can be temporary and reversible.
Chronic GN may be slowed with early treatment.
Complete remission is in 95% of patients.
only 5% of all patients can progress to end stage renal disease.
Prognosis-