Department of Chemistry /College of Sciences/ University of Baghdad
Subject: Analytical Chemistry 4
Second stage
2nd semester
Dr. Ashraf Saad Rsaheed
2017-2018
This document discusses chromatography and key concepts in the chromatographic process. It explains that in chromatography, a sample is introduced and the solute molecules distribute between the stationary and mobile phases. The distribution causes separation of compounds over time as the mobile phase moves through the column. It also defines important terms like retention time, hold up time, peak width, and asymmetry factor which are used to characterize chromatographic separation and peaks. The document explores how differences in the distribution coefficient between substances allows their separation in the column.
CFD and Artificial Neural Networks Analysis of Plane Sudden Expansion FlowsCSCJournals
It has been clearly established that the reattachment length for laminar flow depends on two non-dimensional parameters, the Reynolds number and the expansion ratio, therefore in this work, an ANN model that predict reattachment positions for the expansion ratios of 2, 3 and 5 based on the above two parameters has been developed. The R2 values of the testing set output Xr1, Xr2, Xr3, and Xr4 were 0.9383, 0.8577, 0.997 and 0.999 respectively. These results indicate that the network model produced reattachment positions that were in close agreement with the actual values. When considering the reattachment length of plane sudden-expansions the judicious combination of CFD calculated solutions with ANN will result in a considerable saving in computing and turnaround time. Thus CFD can be used in the first instance to obtain reattachment lengths for a limited choice of Reynolds numbers and ANN will be used subsequently to predict the reattachment lengths for other intermediate Reynolds number values. The CFD calculations concern unsteady laminar flow through a plane sudden expansion and are performed using a commercial CFD code STAR-CD while the training process of the corresponding ANN model was performed using the NeuroShellTM simulator.
Comparison of Explicit Finite Difference Model and Galerkin Finite Element Mo...AM Publications
This paper describes Galerkin finite element (FEFLOW) models for the simulation of groundwater flow in twodimensional,
transient, unconfined groundwater flow systems. This study involves validation of FEFLOW model with reported
analytical solutions and also comparison of reported Explicit Finite Difference Model for groundwater flow simulation
(FDFLOW). The model is further used to obtain the space and time distribution of groundwater head for the reported
synthetic test case. The effect of time step size, space discretizations, pumping rates is analyzed on model results.
Aerodynamic Analysis of Low Speed Turbulent Flow Over A Delta WingIJRES Journal
Delta wing has been a subject of intense research since decades due to decades due to inherent characteristics of generating increased nonlinear lift due to vortex dominated flows. Lot of work has been carried out in order to understand the vortex dominated flows on the delta wing. The delta wing is a wing platform in the form of a triangle. Aerodynamics of wings with moderate sweep angle is recognized by the aerospace community as a challenging problem. In spite of its potential application in military aircraft, the understanding of the aerodynamics of such wings is far from complete. In order to address this situation, the present work is initiated to compute the 3D turbulent flow field over sharp edged finite wings with a diamond shaped plan forms and moderate sweep angle. The detailed flow pattern and surface pressure distribution may further indicate the appropriate kind of flow control during flight operation of such wings. The flow field is computed using an in-house developed CFD code RANS3D.
This document discusses key concepts and calculations for radiation treatment planning including:
1) Concepts such as the treatment planning team, MU's, prescription, treatment time vs MU's, dose, depth, field size, and scatter.
2) Calculations for inverse square law, equivalent squares, tissue absorption factors like PDD and TAR, and SSD and SAD calculations.
3) Equations for determining dose rate modifiers, SSD, SAD, gap calculations between treatment fields.
Thermohydraulic Performance of a Series of In-Line Noncircular Ducts in a Par...Carnegie Mellon University
Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics for two-dimensional laminar flow at low Reynolds number for five in-line ducts of
various nonconventional cross-sections in a parallel plate channel are studied in this paper.The governing equations were solved
using finite-volumemethod.CommercialCFDsoftware,ANSYS Fluent 14.5,was used to solve this problem.Atotal of three different
nonconventional, noncircular cross-section ducts and their characteristics are compared with those of circular cross-section ducts.
Shape-2 ducts offered minimum flow resistance and maximum heat transfer rate most of the time. Shape-3 ducts at Re < 100 and Shape-2 ducts at Re > 100 can be considered to give out the optimum results.
1) The document discusses the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother (RTS) for improving position estimation accuracy in GPS receivers. The EKF uses a Taylor series approximation to apply the Kalman filter to nonlinear systems.
2) The RTS smoother improves on the EKF by running the Kalman filter recursions backwards in time, allowing it to use all available measurements for each time step estimate. This provides more accurate smoothed estimates compared to the EKF filter.
3) Experimental results applying the EKF and RTS smoother to GPS position estimation show the RTS smoother significantly improves accuracy over the EKF filtered positions.
The document discusses using recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) to study the transition from order to chaos in fluctuations of the floating potential in a DC glow discharge plasma. RQA measures like determinism, entropy, and Lmax (longest diagonal line) indicate an increasing or decreasing trend with variations in discharge voltage, showing an order-chaos transition in the dynamics of the fluctuations. Statistical analyses of skewness and kurtosis also support this transition occurring in the system. Recurrence plots and RQA are used to understand periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic behavior of the floating potential fluctuations under different experimental conditions.
This document discusses chromatography and key concepts in the chromatographic process. It explains that in chromatography, a sample is introduced and the solute molecules distribute between the stationary and mobile phases. The distribution causes separation of compounds over time as the mobile phase moves through the column. It also defines important terms like retention time, hold up time, peak width, and asymmetry factor which are used to characterize chromatographic separation and peaks. The document explores how differences in the distribution coefficient between substances allows their separation in the column.
CFD and Artificial Neural Networks Analysis of Plane Sudden Expansion FlowsCSCJournals
It has been clearly established that the reattachment length for laminar flow depends on two non-dimensional parameters, the Reynolds number and the expansion ratio, therefore in this work, an ANN model that predict reattachment positions for the expansion ratios of 2, 3 and 5 based on the above two parameters has been developed. The R2 values of the testing set output Xr1, Xr2, Xr3, and Xr4 were 0.9383, 0.8577, 0.997 and 0.999 respectively. These results indicate that the network model produced reattachment positions that were in close agreement with the actual values. When considering the reattachment length of plane sudden-expansions the judicious combination of CFD calculated solutions with ANN will result in a considerable saving in computing and turnaround time. Thus CFD can be used in the first instance to obtain reattachment lengths for a limited choice of Reynolds numbers and ANN will be used subsequently to predict the reattachment lengths for other intermediate Reynolds number values. The CFD calculations concern unsteady laminar flow through a plane sudden expansion and are performed using a commercial CFD code STAR-CD while the training process of the corresponding ANN model was performed using the NeuroShellTM simulator.
Comparison of Explicit Finite Difference Model and Galerkin Finite Element Mo...AM Publications
This paper describes Galerkin finite element (FEFLOW) models for the simulation of groundwater flow in twodimensional,
transient, unconfined groundwater flow systems. This study involves validation of FEFLOW model with reported
analytical solutions and also comparison of reported Explicit Finite Difference Model for groundwater flow simulation
(FDFLOW). The model is further used to obtain the space and time distribution of groundwater head for the reported
synthetic test case. The effect of time step size, space discretizations, pumping rates is analyzed on model results.
Aerodynamic Analysis of Low Speed Turbulent Flow Over A Delta WingIJRES Journal
Delta wing has been a subject of intense research since decades due to decades due to inherent characteristics of generating increased nonlinear lift due to vortex dominated flows. Lot of work has been carried out in order to understand the vortex dominated flows on the delta wing. The delta wing is a wing platform in the form of a triangle. Aerodynamics of wings with moderate sweep angle is recognized by the aerospace community as a challenging problem. In spite of its potential application in military aircraft, the understanding of the aerodynamics of such wings is far from complete. In order to address this situation, the present work is initiated to compute the 3D turbulent flow field over sharp edged finite wings with a diamond shaped plan forms and moderate sweep angle. The detailed flow pattern and surface pressure distribution may further indicate the appropriate kind of flow control during flight operation of such wings. The flow field is computed using an in-house developed CFD code RANS3D.
This document discusses key concepts and calculations for radiation treatment planning including:
1) Concepts such as the treatment planning team, MU's, prescription, treatment time vs MU's, dose, depth, field size, and scatter.
2) Calculations for inverse square law, equivalent squares, tissue absorption factors like PDD and TAR, and SSD and SAD calculations.
3) Equations for determining dose rate modifiers, SSD, SAD, gap calculations between treatment fields.
Thermohydraulic Performance of a Series of In-Line Noncircular Ducts in a Par...Carnegie Mellon University
Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics for two-dimensional laminar flow at low Reynolds number for five in-line ducts of
various nonconventional cross-sections in a parallel plate channel are studied in this paper.The governing equations were solved
using finite-volumemethod.CommercialCFDsoftware,ANSYS Fluent 14.5,was used to solve this problem.Atotal of three different
nonconventional, noncircular cross-section ducts and their characteristics are compared with those of circular cross-section ducts.
Shape-2 ducts offered minimum flow resistance and maximum heat transfer rate most of the time. Shape-3 ducts at Re < 100 and Shape-2 ducts at Re > 100 can be considered to give out the optimum results.
1) The document discusses the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother (RTS) for improving position estimation accuracy in GPS receivers. The EKF uses a Taylor series approximation to apply the Kalman filter to nonlinear systems.
2) The RTS smoother improves on the EKF by running the Kalman filter recursions backwards in time, allowing it to use all available measurements for each time step estimate. This provides more accurate smoothed estimates compared to the EKF filter.
3) Experimental results applying the EKF and RTS smoother to GPS position estimation show the RTS smoother significantly improves accuracy over the EKF filtered positions.
The document discusses using recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) to study the transition from order to chaos in fluctuations of the floating potential in a DC glow discharge plasma. RQA measures like determinism, entropy, and Lmax (longest diagonal line) indicate an increasing or decreasing trend with variations in discharge voltage, showing an order-chaos transition in the dynamics of the fluctuations. Statistical analyses of skewness and kurtosis also support this transition occurring in the system. Recurrence plots and RQA are used to understand periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic behavior of the floating potential fluctuations under different experimental conditions.
Computational fluid dynamics in water waste treatment plantscm_teixeira
A CFD model can simulate the hydrodynamics of a design before implementation:
- Reducing lead-up times and costs
- Ultimately lead to optimization of reactor configuration
This document provides an analysis of different approaches to computing the watershed transform in digital images. It discusses watershed transforms based on flooding, path-cost minimization, topology preservation, local conditions, and minimum spanning forests. For each approach, it describes the processing procedure, mathematical foundations, and classic algorithms. It aims to classify watershed transform algorithms according to criteria like solution uniqueness, topology preservation, and complexity. The document concludes by summarizing the approaches and discussing future work.
This document summarizes a numerical simulation of flow between two rotating coaxial frustum cones. The simulation found that the fluid does not flow directly out of the outlet, but flows upward to a certain height, generating a vortex area with large velocity and pressure. This reflux area moves upward as the Reynolds number increases. For small frustum inclinations, the flow becomes unstable with very large velocity and pressure, even at small rotation rates. The study compares the flow properties to Taylor-Couette flow between rotating cylinders.
Professor Alvaro Valencia from the University of Chile studied laminar unsteady flow and heat transfer in a confined channel with square bars arranged side by side through numerical simulation. The study categorized flow patterns into three regimes based on the bar separation distance and examined the effects on pressure drop, heat transfer, and vortex shedding frequency. Results showed that local and overall heat transfer on channel walls increased significantly due to unsteady vortex shedding induced by the bars.
The document discusses various geomorphological analysis tools available in the open-source software HortonMachine. It describes how HortonMachine can be used to analyze digital elevation models (DEMs), calculate terrain attributes, extract stream networks, and delineate catchment boundaries. Specific commands are mentioned for calculating flow directions, drainage networks, slope, curvature, catchment attributes and more. The goal is to provide quantitative and qualitative tools for understanding catchment morphology.
Determining The Coefficient Of Tr, Α And River Length (L) Of Flood Runoff Mod...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study determining coefficients for a flood runoff model using a synthetic unit hydrograph method in the Bedadung watershed in Jember, Indonesia. The study obtained a time of concentration (Tr) value of 0.3 hours and an alpha (α) coefficient of 0.651, giving the model a reliability of 71%. By further investigating the river length coefficient (L), a value of 0.052 was determined, increasing the model's reliability to 87.44%.
HortonMachine is a software tool integrated with JGrass that provides quantitative and qualitative analysis of catchment morphology using hydro-geomorphological methods. It allows users to analyze erosion processes, network incision, and landslide potential in alpine catchments of various sizes. The tool calculates various topographic attributes, derives flow networks, and extracts channel networks to facilitate geomorphological analysis of catchment basins. It has evolved from standalone routines to being integrated within GRASS and now JGrass for improved interoperability and interface.
This document provides guidance on how to correct and complete discharge data records. It discusses several methods for estimating missing or incorrect discharge values, including interpolation during short gaps or recessions, regression analysis using data from neighboring stations, flow routing to ensure water balance, and rainfall-runoff simulation with a calibrated hydrologic model. The Muskingum method for flow routing between stations is presented as an example. The key is to select the most appropriate technique depending on the type, duration and location of the missing data, while ensuring continuity and physical realism in the corrected or completed record.
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4. Differential relations for a fluid flowAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, Acceleration field, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Energy equation, Boundary condition, Stream function, Vorticity and Irrotationality
This document summarizes a journal article that models a dam break over a rubble mound using the shallow water equations and the Lax-Friedrichs numerical scheme. The model is validated against experimental data. A grid refinement study is performed using three grid sizes to calculate the grid convergence index, which indicates the smallest grid size needed for a grid-independent solution. The model accurately simulates stationary water and matches experimental data for a dam break over a triangular obstacle.
Lid driven cavity flow simulation using CFD & MATLABIJSRD
Steady Incompressible Navier-Stokes equation on a uniform grid has been studied at various Reynolds number using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Present paper aim is to obtain the stream-function and velocity field in steady state using the finite difference formulation on momentum equations and continuity equation. Reynold number dominates the flow problem. Taylor’s series expansion has been used to convert the governing equations in the algebraic form using finite difference schemes. MATLAB has been used to draw to flow simulations inside the driven-cavity.
The document discusses the Reynolds number, which is a dimensionless number that can predict whether fluid flow will be laminar or turbulent. It is calculated based on fluid properties like density and viscosity, as well as flow properties like velocity and pipe diameter. A Reynolds number below 2000 indicates laminar flow, while above 4000 indicates turbulent flow. The document also discusses methods for calculating energy losses due to friction in pipes, including Darcy's equation and the Moody diagram.
This document contains 43 questions related to hydrology and water resources engineering. The questions cover topics like the hydrologic cycle, precipitation, rainfall measurement, runoff analysis, unit hydrographs, flood frequency analysis and flood routing. Most of the questions ask students to explain hydrologic concepts, factors affecting runoff and infiltration, methods to derive unit hydrographs and questions related to flood estimation. A few questions ask students to perform hydrologic calculations related to rainfall measurement, runoff estimation and unit hydrograph development.
The document summarizes the HortonMachine, a spatial analysis package integrated within the JGrass GIS system. It began as standalone routines in C and has been rewritten in Java and integrated into JGrass. The HortonMachine contains tools for DEM manipulation, geomorphology, network analysis, hillslope analysis, basin attributes, statistics, and hydrogeomorphology modeling. It implements hydrological analyses and aims to provide tools adhering to standards of the scientific community.
In this paper, an analysis was done on laminar boundary layer over a flat plate. The analysis was performed by changing the Reynolds number. The Reynolds number was changed by changing horizontal distance of the flat plate. Since other quantities were fixed, the Reynolds number increased with increment of horizontal distance. Iterations were increased in scaled residuals whenever the Reynolds number was increased. Maximum value of velocity contour decreased with the increment of the Reynolds number. The value of the largest region of velocity contour decreased with the increment of the value of the Reynolds number and it also affected the appearance of contour. The value of pressure contour increased with the increment of the Reynolds number. Vertical distance versus velocity graph was not depended on the Reynolds number. In this graph, the velocity increased rapidly with the increment of vertical distance for a certain period. After that, the velocity decreased slightly with the increment of vertical distance. Finally, the velocity became around 1.05 m/s.
Diffusers are extensively used in centrifugal
compressors, axial flow compressors, ram jets, combustion
chambers, inlet portions of jet engines and etc. A small change in
pressure recovery can increases the efficiency significantly.
Therefore diffusers are absolutely essential for good turbo
machinery performance. The geometric limitations in aircraft
applications where the diffusers need to be specially designed so
as to achieve maximum pressure recovery and avoiding flow
separation.
The study behind the investigation of flow separation in a planar
diffuser by varying the diffuser taper angle for axisymmetric
expansion. Numerical solution of 2D axisymmetric diffuser model
is validated for skin friction coefficient and pressure coefficient
along upper and bottom wall surfaces with the experimental
results of planar diffuser predicted by Vance Dippold and
Nicholas J. Georgiadis in NASA research center [2]
.
Further the diffuser taper angle is varied for other different
angles and results shows the effect of flow separation were it is
reduces i.e., for what angle and at which angle it is just avoided.
A Novel Technique in Software Engineering for Building Scalable Large Paralle...Eswar Publications
Parallel processing is the only alternative for meeting computational demand of scientific and technological advancement. Yet first few parallelized versions of a large application code- in the present case-a meteorological Global Circulation Model- are not usually optimal or efficient. Large size and complexity of the code cause making changes for efficient parallelization and further validation difficult. The paper presents some novel techniques to enable change of parallelization strategy keeping the correctness of the code under control throughout the modification.
Prediction of aerodynamic characteristics for slender bluff bodies with nose ...vasishta bhargava
This document discusses numerical simulations of aerodynamic characteristics for slender bluff bodies with different nose cone shapes. Four cylinder models were analyzed: a conical nose (A), and blunt nose cones with tip diameters of 0.1m (B), 0.08m (C), and 0.06m (D). A panel method was used to calculate lift, drag, and pressure distributions at angles of attack from -10 to 20 degrees and velocities from 5-25 m/s. Pressure peaked on the suction side of the conical nose at -10 and 10 degrees. Blunt nose cylinders B, C, and D showed similar pressure distributions, with peaks shifting location compared to the conical nose. Veloc
This document provides an overview of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It defines key terms like the analyte, chromatogram, mobile phase, and stationary phase. It describes different types of chromatography like analytical, preparative, and how retention time is measured. The document explains factors that affect chromatographic resolution like selectivity, efficiency, and retention. It also discusses plate theory and rate theory models of column efficiency. Overall, the document provides a basic introduction to the theory, instrumentation, and concepts involved in HPLC.
The document discusses the principles of chromatography. It describes how chromatography separates components in a mixture based on differences in their interactions with mobile and stationary phases. It discusses how Michael Tswett first demonstrated chromatography in 1903 and the key aspects of how it works. These include how retention time, partition coefficients, selectivity factors and efficiency parameters like plate number and height equivalent to a theoretical plate are used to characterize chromatographic separations.
Theory of high performance liquid chromatography pptshweta more
This document provides an overview of the theory of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It discusses key concepts such as the retention factor (k), which is a measure of how long a compound is retained on the column. Selectivity (α) refers to the ability to distinguish between sample components, and is calculated as a ratio of the k values. Resolution (Rs) is the most important measure of separation, and depends on factors like k, α, and the number of theoretical plates (N). N is a measure of column efficiency, and the height equivalent of a theoretical plate (HETP) describes efficiency. The document outlines how these parameters can be optimized to improve separation and resolution.
general description for the high performance liquid chromatography,the types,the equipment, principles, and HPLC uses for quantitative and qualitative analysis.
Computational fluid dynamics in water waste treatment plantscm_teixeira
A CFD model can simulate the hydrodynamics of a design before implementation:
- Reducing lead-up times and costs
- Ultimately lead to optimization of reactor configuration
This document provides an analysis of different approaches to computing the watershed transform in digital images. It discusses watershed transforms based on flooding, path-cost minimization, topology preservation, local conditions, and minimum spanning forests. For each approach, it describes the processing procedure, mathematical foundations, and classic algorithms. It aims to classify watershed transform algorithms according to criteria like solution uniqueness, topology preservation, and complexity. The document concludes by summarizing the approaches and discussing future work.
This document summarizes a numerical simulation of flow between two rotating coaxial frustum cones. The simulation found that the fluid does not flow directly out of the outlet, but flows upward to a certain height, generating a vortex area with large velocity and pressure. This reflux area moves upward as the Reynolds number increases. For small frustum inclinations, the flow becomes unstable with very large velocity and pressure, even at small rotation rates. The study compares the flow properties to Taylor-Couette flow between rotating cylinders.
Professor Alvaro Valencia from the University of Chile studied laminar unsteady flow and heat transfer in a confined channel with square bars arranged side by side through numerical simulation. The study categorized flow patterns into three regimes based on the bar separation distance and examined the effects on pressure drop, heat transfer, and vortex shedding frequency. Results showed that local and overall heat transfer on channel walls increased significantly due to unsteady vortex shedding induced by the bars.
The document discusses various geomorphological analysis tools available in the open-source software HortonMachine. It describes how HortonMachine can be used to analyze digital elevation models (DEMs), calculate terrain attributes, extract stream networks, and delineate catchment boundaries. Specific commands are mentioned for calculating flow directions, drainage networks, slope, curvature, catchment attributes and more. The goal is to provide quantitative and qualitative tools for understanding catchment morphology.
Determining The Coefficient Of Tr, Α And River Length (L) Of Flood Runoff Mod...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study determining coefficients for a flood runoff model using a synthetic unit hydrograph method in the Bedadung watershed in Jember, Indonesia. The study obtained a time of concentration (Tr) value of 0.3 hours and an alpha (α) coefficient of 0.651, giving the model a reliability of 71%. By further investigating the river length coefficient (L), a value of 0.052 was determined, increasing the model's reliability to 87.44%.
HortonMachine is a software tool integrated with JGrass that provides quantitative and qualitative analysis of catchment morphology using hydro-geomorphological methods. It allows users to analyze erosion processes, network incision, and landslide potential in alpine catchments of various sizes. The tool calculates various topographic attributes, derives flow networks, and extracts channel networks to facilitate geomorphological analysis of catchment basins. It has evolved from standalone routines to being integrated within GRASS and now JGrass for improved interoperability and interface.
This document provides guidance on how to correct and complete discharge data records. It discusses several methods for estimating missing or incorrect discharge values, including interpolation during short gaps or recessions, regression analysis using data from neighboring stations, flow routing to ensure water balance, and rainfall-runoff simulation with a calibrated hydrologic model. The Muskingum method for flow routing between stations is presented as an example. The key is to select the most appropriate technique depending on the type, duration and location of the missing data, while ensuring continuity and physical realism in the corrected or completed record.
Fluid Mechanics Chapter 4. Differential relations for a fluid flowAddisu Dagne Zegeye
Introduction, Acceleration field, Conservation of mass equation, Linear momentum equation, Energy equation, Boundary condition, Stream function, Vorticity and Irrotationality
This document summarizes a journal article that models a dam break over a rubble mound using the shallow water equations and the Lax-Friedrichs numerical scheme. The model is validated against experimental data. A grid refinement study is performed using three grid sizes to calculate the grid convergence index, which indicates the smallest grid size needed for a grid-independent solution. The model accurately simulates stationary water and matches experimental data for a dam break over a triangular obstacle.
Lid driven cavity flow simulation using CFD & MATLABIJSRD
Steady Incompressible Navier-Stokes equation on a uniform grid has been studied at various Reynolds number using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Present paper aim is to obtain the stream-function and velocity field in steady state using the finite difference formulation on momentum equations and continuity equation. Reynold number dominates the flow problem. Taylor’s series expansion has been used to convert the governing equations in the algebraic form using finite difference schemes. MATLAB has been used to draw to flow simulations inside the driven-cavity.
The document discusses the Reynolds number, which is a dimensionless number that can predict whether fluid flow will be laminar or turbulent. It is calculated based on fluid properties like density and viscosity, as well as flow properties like velocity and pipe diameter. A Reynolds number below 2000 indicates laminar flow, while above 4000 indicates turbulent flow. The document also discusses methods for calculating energy losses due to friction in pipes, including Darcy's equation and the Moody diagram.
This document contains 43 questions related to hydrology and water resources engineering. The questions cover topics like the hydrologic cycle, precipitation, rainfall measurement, runoff analysis, unit hydrographs, flood frequency analysis and flood routing. Most of the questions ask students to explain hydrologic concepts, factors affecting runoff and infiltration, methods to derive unit hydrographs and questions related to flood estimation. A few questions ask students to perform hydrologic calculations related to rainfall measurement, runoff estimation and unit hydrograph development.
The document summarizes the HortonMachine, a spatial analysis package integrated within the JGrass GIS system. It began as standalone routines in C and has been rewritten in Java and integrated into JGrass. The HortonMachine contains tools for DEM manipulation, geomorphology, network analysis, hillslope analysis, basin attributes, statistics, and hydrogeomorphology modeling. It implements hydrological analyses and aims to provide tools adhering to standards of the scientific community.
In this paper, an analysis was done on laminar boundary layer over a flat plate. The analysis was performed by changing the Reynolds number. The Reynolds number was changed by changing horizontal distance of the flat plate. Since other quantities were fixed, the Reynolds number increased with increment of horizontal distance. Iterations were increased in scaled residuals whenever the Reynolds number was increased. Maximum value of velocity contour decreased with the increment of the Reynolds number. The value of the largest region of velocity contour decreased with the increment of the value of the Reynolds number and it also affected the appearance of contour. The value of pressure contour increased with the increment of the Reynolds number. Vertical distance versus velocity graph was not depended on the Reynolds number. In this graph, the velocity increased rapidly with the increment of vertical distance for a certain period. After that, the velocity decreased slightly with the increment of vertical distance. Finally, the velocity became around 1.05 m/s.
Diffusers are extensively used in centrifugal
compressors, axial flow compressors, ram jets, combustion
chambers, inlet portions of jet engines and etc. A small change in
pressure recovery can increases the efficiency significantly.
Therefore diffusers are absolutely essential for good turbo
machinery performance. The geometric limitations in aircraft
applications where the diffusers need to be specially designed so
as to achieve maximum pressure recovery and avoiding flow
separation.
The study behind the investigation of flow separation in a planar
diffuser by varying the diffuser taper angle for axisymmetric
expansion. Numerical solution of 2D axisymmetric diffuser model
is validated for skin friction coefficient and pressure coefficient
along upper and bottom wall surfaces with the experimental
results of planar diffuser predicted by Vance Dippold and
Nicholas J. Georgiadis in NASA research center [2]
.
Further the diffuser taper angle is varied for other different
angles and results shows the effect of flow separation were it is
reduces i.e., for what angle and at which angle it is just avoided.
A Novel Technique in Software Engineering for Building Scalable Large Paralle...Eswar Publications
Parallel processing is the only alternative for meeting computational demand of scientific and technological advancement. Yet first few parallelized versions of a large application code- in the present case-a meteorological Global Circulation Model- are not usually optimal or efficient. Large size and complexity of the code cause making changes for efficient parallelization and further validation difficult. The paper presents some novel techniques to enable change of parallelization strategy keeping the correctness of the code under control throughout the modification.
Prediction of aerodynamic characteristics for slender bluff bodies with nose ...vasishta bhargava
This document discusses numerical simulations of aerodynamic characteristics for slender bluff bodies with different nose cone shapes. Four cylinder models were analyzed: a conical nose (A), and blunt nose cones with tip diameters of 0.1m (B), 0.08m (C), and 0.06m (D). A panel method was used to calculate lift, drag, and pressure distributions at angles of attack from -10 to 20 degrees and velocities from 5-25 m/s. Pressure peaked on the suction side of the conical nose at -10 and 10 degrees. Blunt nose cylinders B, C, and D showed similar pressure distributions, with peaks shifting location compared to the conical nose. Veloc
This document provides an overview of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It defines key terms like the analyte, chromatogram, mobile phase, and stationary phase. It describes different types of chromatography like analytical, preparative, and how retention time is measured. The document explains factors that affect chromatographic resolution like selectivity, efficiency, and retention. It also discusses plate theory and rate theory models of column efficiency. Overall, the document provides a basic introduction to the theory, instrumentation, and concepts involved in HPLC.
The document discusses the principles of chromatography. It describes how chromatography separates components in a mixture based on differences in their interactions with mobile and stationary phases. It discusses how Michael Tswett first demonstrated chromatography in 1903 and the key aspects of how it works. These include how retention time, partition coefficients, selectivity factors and efficiency parameters like plate number and height equivalent to a theoretical plate are used to characterize chromatographic separations.
Theory of high performance liquid chromatography pptshweta more
This document provides an overview of the theory of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It discusses key concepts such as the retention factor (k), which is a measure of how long a compound is retained on the column. Selectivity (α) refers to the ability to distinguish between sample components, and is calculated as a ratio of the k values. Resolution (Rs) is the most important measure of separation, and depends on factors like k, α, and the number of theoretical plates (N). N is a measure of column efficiency, and the height equivalent of a theoretical plate (HETP) describes efficiency. The document outlines how these parameters can be optimized to improve separation and resolution.
general description for the high performance liquid chromatography,the types,the equipment, principles, and HPLC uses for quantitative and qualitative analysis.
The document discusses chromatography techniques. It explains that chromatography separates components of a sample mixture based on how they distribute between a stationary and mobile phase. There are two main forms: planar chromatography and column chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography is a type of column chromatography that uses smaller diameter stationary phase particles. The document goes into details about the chromatography process, parameters like retention time and resolution, and factors that influence separation efficiency.
This document discusses key chromatography parameters including retention time, retention volume, baseline width, void time, efficiency, retention factor, selectivity, resolution, tailing factor, asymmetry factor, and pressure. Retention time is the time elapsed between sample introduction and maximum signal detection. Retention volume is the mobile phase volume needed to elute a solute. Efficiency describes the theoretical plate number of a column. Selectivity measures the separation of peaks and resolution describes the ability to separate peaks.
This document provides an overview of chromatography, including definitions, purposes, milestones, theories, factors that influence separation, and equations used to describe chromatographic performance. Some key points:
- Chromatography separates mixtures based on how components partition between a stationary and mobile phase.
- Factors like stationary phase properties, mobile phase composition, temperature, and intermolecular forces influence separation.
- Theories like plate theory and rate theory describe separation mechanisms and band broadening effects.
- Parameters like capacity factor (k'), selectivity (α), efficiency (N), and resolution (R) are used to characterize separations.
- Equations like the van Deemter and Knox equations relate flow
The document discusses chromatography and system suitability testing. It defines system suitability testing as verifying that the chromatographic system is suitable for the intended analysis. Key parameters of system suitability testing include precision, capacity factor, resolution, theoretical plates, and tailing factor. Tests are run at the beginning and end of analysis, or when changes are made to the equipment or reagents. Acceptance criteria for parameters like precision and tailing factor are provided.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by distributing components between a stationary and mobile phase. Separation occurs as components interact differently with the phases and move through a column at different rates. Key terms include retention time, plate number, and resolution which characterize separation efficiency. Variables like particle size, temperature, flow rate, and column length affect efficiency by influencing how components partition between phases.
Chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. It involves a stationary phase and mobile phase. Components are carried through the stationary phase by the flow of the mobile phase, with separation occurring due to differences in migration rates. Key terms in chromatography include the plate height and number of theoretical plates, which reflect separation efficiency. The Van Deemter equation models how the plate height relates to factors like diffusion and mass transfer between phases, allowing optimization of separation conditions. Chromatography has applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis of sample components.
The plate theory of chromatography models a chromatographic column as consisting of theoretical plates that establish equilibrium between the mobile and stationary phases. As the mobile phase passes through the column, analytes distribute between the two phases and are carried from plate to plate until they elute. Increasing the number of plates narrows peaks and improves resolution. The efficiency of a column is represented by the number of plates or the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP).
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures by distributing components between two phases - a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The mixture is dissolved in the mobile phase which carries it through a column containing the stationary phase. Components travel at different speeds depending on how they partition between the phases, allowing separation. Chromatography can be used for analytical purposes to determine the presence and proportions of components, or preparatively to purify components for further use. Key terms include the mobile phase, stationary phase, retention time, and resolution.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate components of a mixture through differential partitioning between a stationary and mobile phase. There are two main forms: planar and column chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) uses column chromatography with a mobile liquid phase. The basis is the distribution coefficient which describes how a solute distributes between two immiscible phases. HPLC is used for analytical separations and employs a pump to deliver the mobile phase through a column containing particles or bonded stationary phase, followed by detection of eluting analytes. Detectors commonly use UV-visible absorption to quantify separated components. Sample preparation and column parameters impact resolution of analyte peaks from complex mixtures.
The document discusses various concepts related to chromatography including migration rates of solutes. It defines key terms like distribution constant, dead time, retention time, retention factor, selectivity factor, theoretical plates, plate height, number of plates, and resolution. It explains how changing parameters like mobile phase composition, column temperature, and stationary phase composition can be used to optimize selectivity factor and resolution to improve separations. Temperature programming in gas chromatography is also discussed as a way to separate components that may not elute or have broad peaks under isothermal conditions.
The document discusses key concepts in gas chromatography including typical equipment, mobile and stationary phases, column efficiency measurements, separation factors, and common detectors such as the thermal conductivity detector. Gas chromatography is used to separate volatile compounds using an inert gas as the mobile phase and different stationary phases to achieve retention and selectivity of analytes. Key parameters that affect separation include temperature programming, column size and phase, carrier gas choice, and detector selection based on the compounds of interest.
Liquid chromatography still striving for high efficiency2guest63ff7d
This document discusses approaches to improve the efficiency of liquid chromatography (LC). It summarizes that existing approaches include high temperature LC, monolithic stationary phases, fused-core particles, and sub-2-micron totally porous particles. Each approach aims to reduce band broadening and mass transfer resistance through various means like increased flow rates, reduced diffusion distances, or improved permeability. However, each also has limitations such as potential thermal or chemical degradation, limited stability, or very high back pressures. Overall miniaturization and smaller particle sizes indicate the future direction of LC development towards higher efficiency separations.
This document discusses two statistical models of chromatography - the discrete flow model and continuous flow model. It derives equations to calculate the mean and variance of peaks that are still on the column (position peaks) and peaks leaving the column (exit peaks) for each model. It also discusses how the variance contributions from different sources, such as axial diffusion, can be determined and subtracted from measured peak variances to calculate a plate number that is independent of the capacity factor. This provides a simple but practical way to account for dynamic effects that determine peak variance.
The seminar document discusses key concepts in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) including resolution factor, theoretical plates, capacity factor, and tailing factor. It defines these terms and explains how they are calculated and their practical applications. Specifically, it covers how resolution factor, theoretical plates, and capacity factor are used to measure column performance and efficiency, and how tailing factor is important to avoid misinterpretation of peaks. The document provides examples of how these factors are determined from chromatograms and discusses optimal ranges.
Principles and application of chromatography by asheesh pandeyAsheesh Pandey
Chromatography is a laboratory technique used to separate mixtures by exploiting differences in how compounds partition between a stationary and mobile phase. There are two main types - column chromatography where the stationary phase is within a tube, and planar chromatography like paper or thin layer chromatography where the stationary phase is on a flat surface. Key factors that affect separations include the properties of the stationary and mobile phases used and operating parameters like flow rate. Chromatography is widely applied in fields like pharmaceutical analysis to purify compounds and determine sample composition.
Presenting a presentation on the topic of Column chromatography with including basics of chromatography, principles, equations, graphs and data related to it.
Topics which covered in this ppt is
Principle of chromatography
classification of chromatography
partition coefficient
chromatogram
Resolution
plate theory
determination of N
band zone broadening
rate theory
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2. Retention factor, selectivity, and resolution
• The retention factor k’ indicates the factor by which the analyte is
staying longer on the stationary than in the mobile phase.
Mathematically it is defined as a product of the distributionMathematically, it is defined as a product of the distribution
coefficient DA and the ratio of the volume of the stationary phase Vs
to the mobile phase as shown in Equation 1.5:
• Small values of the retention factor k’ mean that the analyte
is eluted near the hold-up time; therefore, the separation will be
poor. Large values of the retention factor k’ mean that the longer
the analysis time, the wider the peak and the lower the sensitivity.
2
3. • The selectivity α, which refers to the relative retention of separation
of two components The selectivity is defined as the ratio of theof two components. The selectivity is defined as the ratio of the
analyte retention times of two different peaks as follows:
• If there are no thermodynamic differences between the two solutes
under certain chromatographic circumstances, α = 1 and coelution
occurs, no separation is possible. The larger value of α means a
better separation of analytes. With increasing selectivity, the time
required for the separation of solutes also increases.
3
4. • α is increased by one of the following procedures:
1 Ch i bil h iti1. Changing mobile phase composition
2. Changing column temperature
3. Changing composition of stationary phase
4
5. • The ultimate goal of any chromatographic separation is to
t th l t f i t i t t b d A b ttseparate the solutes of a mixture into separate bands. A better
measure to describe the quality of separation is the resolution R.
• The resolution R of two signals is defined as the difference between
th di t f t k i di id d b th ith tithe distances of two peaks maxima divided by the arithmetic mean
of peak width w at base:
• If the difference in retention times of two peaks with the base width
is large, we obtain a high resolution. A resolution of R = 2.0 is not
desirable because the items related to cost are too large forg
analysis. At a resolution of R = 0.5, it is still possible to be
recognized as separate peaks of two analytes. A qualitative
separation requires a resolution of R = 1; for quantification, a
resolutions in the range of R = 1.2-1.5 is required.
5
7. Theoretical concepts of the chromatography
• Therefore, there are two theories to explain the chromatography
process.
• First the plate theory (developed by Martin and Synge) and• First, the plate theory (developed by Martin and Synge) and
• second, the dynamic theory (proposed by Van Deemter).
7
8. 1. The plate theorye p ate t eo y
• In 1940, Martin and Synge introduced the plate theory to describe
chromatography by analogy to distillation and extraction.
• The plate model supposes that the chromatographic column
contains a large number of separate layers, called theoretical plates
(Figure 1.3).
• Separate equilibrations of the sample between the stationary and
mobile phase occur in these "plates" The analyte moves down themobile phase occur in these plates . The analyte moves down the
column by transfer of equilibrated mobile phase from one plate to
the nex
8
9. • The number of the theoretical plate N of a column can be
calculated using the half-widths and the total retention times fromcalculated using the half-widths and the total retention times from
the chromatogram:
9
10. • Here, tR is the retention time, σ is the peak standard deviation, wb is
the peak width at the baseline and wh is the peak width at half
height. The parameters σ, wb and wh can be obtained from theheight. The parameters σ, wb, and wh can be obtained from the
Figure 1.2 (c).
• The height equivalent of a theoretical plate H or HETP can also• The height equivalent of a theoretical plate H or HETP can also
be used to describe the separation performance and is given by:
• Here, L is the column length.
• The value of the number of theoretical plate N is usually used as an
f ff f S fexpression of the efficiency of a column. Smaller values of height
equivalent of a theoretical plate H mean large values of N. Large
values of N mean that the system is closer to equilibrium and
therefore more efficienttherefore more efficient.
10