The reasons for the dominant use of CMOS Technology in the fabrication of VLSI chips are reliability, low power consumption, considerably low cost and most importantly scalability
This document provides lecture materials on sequential logic implementation from CS 150 at Fall 2005. It covers:
1) Models for representing sequential circuits like finite state machines and their state diagrams.
2) The finite state machine design procedure including state assignment, derivation of state diagram and transition table.
3) Specifying outputs for Mealy and Moore machines using state diagrams.
4) Implementing finite state machines in Verilog including an example to reduce consecutive 1s in a string using both Mealy and Moore models.
5) Discussions around registered Mealy machines, synchronous behavior and differences between Mealy and Moore machines.
The document describes building a finite state machine (FSM) combination lock with a reset button, two number buttons (0 and 1), and an unlock output, where the combination is 01011. It provides steps to design the lock FSM by creating a block diagram and state transition diagram, and then writing Verilog modules for the FSM. The document also provides examples of level-to-pulse converters and discusses Moore and Mealy FSMs.
The document describes the implementation of various digital logic circuits like D latch, D flip flop, JK flip flop, multiplexers, decoders, counters etc. using VHDL. It includes the VHDL code, test benches and synthesis reports for each circuit. The aim is to design the circuits in behavioral and structural modeling and verify their functionality.
The document provides an overview of custom single-purpose processor design. It discusses converting algorithms to state machines with datapaths (FSMDs) and describes the process of splitting an FSMD model into separate controller and datapath components. Key steps include creating registers for variables, functional units for operations, and using multiplexors to control data flow. The document includes an example of designing a greatest common divisor processor from a high-level algorithm down to a detailed controller state table and datapath configuration.
Computer Organization1
CS1400
Feng Jiang
Boolean algebra
• Reading 2.5 P57-P65
• Axioms and Theorems
• Theorems required P57 P58 T1- T3
• Could derive T6 T7 T8
• De Morgan’s theorems and T9 T10
Boolean algebra
Boolean algebra
Digital Logic Fundamentals
Z = X+Y Z =
——
Z = Z = X + Y—
—
NOT all variables
Change & to | and | to &
NOT the result
De Morgan's
theorems
X�Y
X�Y
Boolean algebra
Boolean algebra
T8 T3
Duality
P59
• Review
• Boolean algebra
• Exercise Examples (a)-(e) P61
Day 5
Boolean algebra
• Exercise
• P61
• Homework(no submission)
• P98-100 2.1 -2.12, 2.14
Boolean algebra
Boolean algebra
Boolean algebra
Less terms is preferred
Less variables in one term is preferred
“Big not” should be simplified
Boolean algebra
De Morgan’s theorems
Complement
Sum of products <> product of sums
Boolean algebra De Morgan’s theorems
Boolean algebra De Morgan’s theorems
Boolean algebra
De Morgan’s theorems
Complement
Sum of products <> product of sums
• Review
• Boolean algebra
• Exercise Examples (a)-(e) P61
Day 5
• Start
• K-map
• Review Boolean algebra
• (Application of De Morgan’s and Exercise 2 )
• Read
• Applications of combinational logic
Day 6
• Review: Axioms and Theorems, solution manual, link,
reference
• Karnaugh Map
• Review Boolean algebra (Exercise 2)
• (Application of De Morgan’s and Exercise 2 )
• Reading for next class
• Applications of combinational logic
• Multiplexer ? Adder ? Decoder?
Day 6
• A two-dimensional tool of the truth table
• Could be used to simplify Boolean
expressions
• Review “truth table” & “minterm”
• 2^n lines vs. 2^n cells
Karnaugh Map (K-Map)
KarnaughMaps
Karnaugh Maps
Karnaugh Maps, how to plot
By truth table
By Boolean expression
F= A’D+A’BCD+ACD’
Karnaugh Maps, how to plot
Examples:
Karnaugh Maps, how to plot
Examples:
F= B+A’C
F= AB’C +BC
Karnaugh Maps, how to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
Larger group >> less variables in one term
Karnaugh Maps, to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
Larger group >> less variables in one term
Karnaugh Maps, how to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
F=A’B’ + A’BCD+ACD
Karnaugh Maps, how to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
Karnaugh Maps, how to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
Karnaugh Maps, how to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
For a four-variable K-map
Karnaugh Maps, to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
• Start
• K-map
• Review Boolean algebra (announce quiz2)
• (Application of De Morgan’s and Exercise 2 )
• Read
• Applications of combinational logic
Day 6
Boolean algebra Applications of De Morgan’s theorems
Boolean algebra Ap.
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Digital Logic and Signal Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
60 Years Birthday, 30 Years of Ground Breaking Innovation: A Tribute to Bruno...Antoine Savine
- Dupire's work from 1992-1996 defined modern finance by establishing conditions for absence of arbitrage, respect of initial yield curves, and respect of initial call prices.
- Dupire showed that models must respect market prices of options through calibration, demonstrating a necessary and sufficient condition for a wide class of diffusion models.
- Dupire's implied volatility formula expresses the implied variance as an average of local variances weighted by probability and gamma, linking market prices to underlying volatility.
Sequential circuits have memory which allows the output to depend on the current and previous inputs. A basic memory element called a latch can be created using feedback in a combinational circuit. Two latches connected in a specific way create a flip-flop which changes state only on the rising or falling edge of a clock signal. For sequential circuits to operate reliably, there must be constraints on the timing of inputs including setup time and hold time relative to the clock edge.
This document provides lecture materials on sequential logic implementation from CS 150 at Fall 2005. It covers:
1) Models for representing sequential circuits like finite state machines and their state diagrams.
2) The finite state machine design procedure including state assignment, derivation of state diagram and transition table.
3) Specifying outputs for Mealy and Moore machines using state diagrams.
4) Implementing finite state machines in Verilog including an example to reduce consecutive 1s in a string using both Mealy and Moore models.
5) Discussions around registered Mealy machines, synchronous behavior and differences between Mealy and Moore machines.
The document describes building a finite state machine (FSM) combination lock with a reset button, two number buttons (0 and 1), and an unlock output, where the combination is 01011. It provides steps to design the lock FSM by creating a block diagram and state transition diagram, and then writing Verilog modules for the FSM. The document also provides examples of level-to-pulse converters and discusses Moore and Mealy FSMs.
The document describes the implementation of various digital logic circuits like D latch, D flip flop, JK flip flop, multiplexers, decoders, counters etc. using VHDL. It includes the VHDL code, test benches and synthesis reports for each circuit. The aim is to design the circuits in behavioral and structural modeling and verify their functionality.
The document provides an overview of custom single-purpose processor design. It discusses converting algorithms to state machines with datapaths (FSMDs) and describes the process of splitting an FSMD model into separate controller and datapath components. Key steps include creating registers for variables, functional units for operations, and using multiplexors to control data flow. The document includes an example of designing a greatest common divisor processor from a high-level algorithm down to a detailed controller state table and datapath configuration.
Computer Organization1
CS1400
Feng Jiang
Boolean algebra
• Reading 2.5 P57-P65
• Axioms and Theorems
• Theorems required P57 P58 T1- T3
• Could derive T6 T7 T8
• De Morgan’s theorems and T9 T10
Boolean algebra
Boolean algebra
Digital Logic Fundamentals
Z = X+Y Z =
——
Z = Z = X + Y—
—
NOT all variables
Change & to | and | to &
NOT the result
De Morgan's
theorems
X�Y
X�Y
Boolean algebra
Boolean algebra
T8 T3
Duality
P59
• Review
• Boolean algebra
• Exercise Examples (a)-(e) P61
Day 5
Boolean algebra
• Exercise
• P61
• Homework(no submission)
• P98-100 2.1 -2.12, 2.14
Boolean algebra
Boolean algebra
Boolean algebra
Less terms is preferred
Less variables in one term is preferred
“Big not” should be simplified
Boolean algebra
De Morgan’s theorems
Complement
Sum of products <> product of sums
Boolean algebra De Morgan’s theorems
Boolean algebra De Morgan’s theorems
Boolean algebra
De Morgan’s theorems
Complement
Sum of products <> product of sums
• Review
• Boolean algebra
• Exercise Examples (a)-(e) P61
Day 5
• Start
• K-map
• Review Boolean algebra
• (Application of De Morgan’s and Exercise 2 )
• Read
• Applications of combinational logic
Day 6
• Review: Axioms and Theorems, solution manual, link,
reference
• Karnaugh Map
• Review Boolean algebra (Exercise 2)
• (Application of De Morgan’s and Exercise 2 )
• Reading for next class
• Applications of combinational logic
• Multiplexer ? Adder ? Decoder?
Day 6
• A two-dimensional tool of the truth table
• Could be used to simplify Boolean
expressions
• Review “truth table” & “minterm”
• 2^n lines vs. 2^n cells
Karnaugh Map (K-Map)
KarnaughMaps
Karnaugh Maps
Karnaugh Maps, how to plot
By truth table
By Boolean expression
F= A’D+A’BCD+ACD’
Karnaugh Maps, how to plot
Examples:
Karnaugh Maps, how to plot
Examples:
F= B+A’C
F= AB’C +BC
Karnaugh Maps, how to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
Larger group >> less variables in one term
Karnaugh Maps, to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
Larger group >> less variables in one term
Karnaugh Maps, how to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
F=A’B’ + A’BCD+ACD
Karnaugh Maps, how to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
Karnaugh Maps, how to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
Karnaugh Maps, how to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
*NO diagonal adjacent
*torus shaped
For a four-variable K-map
Karnaugh Maps, to simplify
Map the terms
Group adjacent cells
• Start
• K-map
• Review Boolean algebra (announce quiz2)
• (Application of De Morgan’s and Exercise 2 )
• Read
• Applications of combinational logic
Day 6
Boolean algebra Applications of De Morgan’s theorems
Boolean algebra Ap.
The following presentation is a part of the level 4 module -- Digital Logic and Signal Principles. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
60 Years Birthday, 30 Years of Ground Breaking Innovation: A Tribute to Bruno...Antoine Savine
- Dupire's work from 1992-1996 defined modern finance by establishing conditions for absence of arbitrage, respect of initial yield curves, and respect of initial call prices.
- Dupire showed that models must respect market prices of options through calibration, demonstrating a necessary and sufficient condition for a wide class of diffusion models.
- Dupire's implied volatility formula expresses the implied variance as an average of local variances weighted by probability and gamma, linking market prices to underlying volatility.
Sequential circuits have memory which allows the output to depend on the current and previous inputs. A basic memory element called a latch can be created using feedback in a combinational circuit. Two latches connected in a specific way create a flip-flop which changes state only on the rising or falling edge of a clock signal. For sequential circuits to operate reliably, there must be constraints on the timing of inputs including setup time and hold time relative to the clock edge.
This document summarizes a lecture on sequential networks and flip-flops. It discusses:
1) What defines a sequential circuit as one whose output depends on current inputs and past outputs, giving it memory.
2) The basic mechanisms of memory involve feedback loops using capacitive loads or inverters, allowing a circuit to store a bit through different states.
3) Common types of flip-flops like SR, D, JK, and T are described, along with their characteristic equations and how they can be used as basic memory components.
4) Sequential networks are implemented using finite state machines and excitation tables to specify and realize the desired sequential function. Proper timing is crucial to separate present
Approximation of large Matern covariance functions in the H-matrix format. We computed relative errors in spectral, Frobenius norms as well as the Kullback-Leibler divergence. Storage and computational costs are drastically reduced.
1. The document discusses using graphics and data visualization to improve understanding of database performance issues and SQL tuning. It provides examples of how visualizations can clearly show relationships in complex SQL queries and data that are difficult to understand from text or code alone.
2. Key steps in visual SQL tuning are laid out, including drawing tables as nodes, joins as connection lines, and filters as markings on tables. This helps identify optimization opportunities like missing indexes or stale statistics.
3. The document emphasizes that a lack of clarity in visualizing complex data and queries can have devastating consequences, while graphics enable easy understanding and effective problem-solving.
1. The lecture discusses multiplexers, demultiplexers, and programmable logic devices. Multiplexers route one of several inputs to a single output, while demultiplexers route a single input to one of several outputs.
2. Multiplexers and demultiplexers can implement any Boolean function and be used as general purpose logic blocks. They can be cascaded to form larger multiplexers and demultiplexers.
3. Programmable logic arrays and programmable array logic are arrays of uncommitted AND and OR gates that can implement any two-level logic function by programming the wire connections. Product terms can be shared across multiple outputs.
This document provides an introduction to sequential circuits and various types of flip-flops. It discusses the differences between combinational and sequential circuits, and describes SR, D, JK, T, and JK flip-flops. Their block diagrams, truth tables, characteristic tables, and excitation tables are presented. Applications of flip-flops such as counters, frequency dividers, shift registers, and data storage are also covered briefly. Finally, the document discusses various types of shift registers including serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out.
1) Flip-flops are basic memory elements that store one bit of information as a 1 or 0. Common types include RS, D, JK, and T flip-flops.
2) Registers are groups of flip-flops that can store multiple bits and perform data processing. Data is loaded into registers by transferring new information during a clock pulse.
3) Master-slave JK flip-flops prevent racing conditions by using two flip-flops triggered on opposite clock edges, with the slave output following the master.
The document discusses sequential logic circuits. It describes the basic components of sequential circuits which include flip-flops that have memory. It then explains what a memory cell is and how it can store a value using feedback loops in circuits like an RS latch. An RS latch is described as the basic memory cell that can store a single bit using either NAND or NOR gates in a feedback configuration along with its truth table.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits like flip-flops and latches. It introduces the D and J/K flip-flops by providing their excitation tables and sample timing diagrams. It also reviews flip-flop clock parameters and introduces the transparent D-latch. Asynchronous preset and clear inputs for flip-flops are discussed. The primary difference between a flip-flop and latch is that a flip-flop's output changes on the clock edge, while a latch's output changes when the enable signal is high. Common flip-flop and latch integrated circuits are also presented.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits like flip-flops and latches. It introduces the D and J/K flip-flops by providing their excitation tables and sample timing diagrams. It also reviews flip-flop clock parameters and introduces the transparent D-latch. Asynchronous preset and clear inputs for flip-flops are discussed. The primary difference between a flip-flop and latch is that a flip-flop's output changes on the clock edge, while a latch's output changes when the enable signal is high. Common flip-flop and latch integrated circuits are also presented.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits like flip-flops and latches. It introduces the D and J/K flip-flops by providing their excitation tables and sample timing diagrams. It also reviews flip-flop clock parameters and introduces the transparent D-latch. Asynchronous preset and clear inputs for flip-flops are discussed. The primary difference between a flip-flop and latch is that a flip-flop's output changes on the clock edge, while a latch's output changes when the enable signal is high. Common flip-flop and latch integrated circuits are also presented.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits like flip-flops and latches. It begins by introducing flip-flops and their excitation tables, including the D flip-flop and J/K flip-flop. It then discusses flip-flop timing parameters and edge-triggering. Asynchronous preset and clear inputs are described. Transparent D-latches are introduced and distinguished from edge-triggered flip-flops. Common flip-flop and latch integrated circuits are shown. The document provides information on fundamental sequential logic components for digital electronics.
This document discusses sequential logic elements like flip-flops and latches. It begins by introducing flip-flops and their excitation tables, including the D flip-flop and J/K flip-flop. It then discusses flip-flop timing parameters and edge-triggering. Asynchronous preset and clear inputs are described. Transparent D-latches are introduced and distinguished from edge-triggered flip-flops. Common flip-flop and latch integrated circuits are shown, including the 74LS74 D flip-flop, 74LS76 J/K flip-flop, and 74LS75 D latch.
This document provides details about an EE 329 product design and management project to create a stage light control system. A group of 3 students designed a universal keypad and address selection protocol to control up to 32 remote terminal units for brightness or position. The system allows controlling multiple lights simultaneously or individually in 7 different modes using ergonomic potentiometers and an Arduino-based control panel. Codes for the master control station and remote terminal units are included along with a user guide explaining the operating modes. The project aims to provide an ergonomic, environmentally friendly, and low-cost alternative to existing stage light controllers.
This document discusses sequential circuits and their analysis and design. It begins by defining sequential circuits and their basic components like latches and flip-flops. It then covers analyzing synchronous sequential circuits using their output functions, state equations, and state tables. The document concludes by outlining the steps for designing a synchronous sequential circuit from its specification.
This document discusses different types of latches used in computing and data storage. It describes latches as basic bistable elements that use feedback to retain information. The document outlines several types of latches including SR latches, D latches, JK latches, and T latches. It explains their circuit designs and behaviors. Examples are provided of how latches are used to encode binary data and in synchronous and asynchronous systems. Advantages of latches like flexibility and power efficiency are contrasted with disadvantages like potential race conditions and metastability issues.
The document provides an outline for a lecture on loop transfer functions, Nyquist plots, and stability analysis. Key points include:
- Partial fraction expansion can be used to analyze transfer functions with real distinct roots, complex conjugate roots, and repeated roots.
- Open and closed loop transfer functions are defined. The characteristic polynomial determines stability for closed loop systems.
- Nyquist plots involve evaluating the open loop transfer function B(s) as it traces a closed contour in the complex plane. The Nyquist stability criterion uses properties of this contour.
- Heaviside expansion can be used to take the inverse Laplace transform of transfer functions with distinct poles.
This document summarizes a lecture on sequential networks and flip-flops. It discusses:
1) What defines a sequential circuit as one whose output depends on current inputs and past outputs, giving it memory.
2) The basic mechanisms of memory involve feedback loops using capacitive loads or inverters, allowing a circuit to store a bit through different states.
3) Common types of flip-flops like SR, D, JK, and T are described, along with their characteristic equations and how they can be used as basic memory components.
4) Sequential networks are implemented using finite state machines and excitation tables to specify and realize the desired sequential function. Proper timing is crucial to separate present
Approximation of large Matern covariance functions in the H-matrix format. We computed relative errors in spectral, Frobenius norms as well as the Kullback-Leibler divergence. Storage and computational costs are drastically reduced.
1. The document discusses using graphics and data visualization to improve understanding of database performance issues and SQL tuning. It provides examples of how visualizations can clearly show relationships in complex SQL queries and data that are difficult to understand from text or code alone.
2. Key steps in visual SQL tuning are laid out, including drawing tables as nodes, joins as connection lines, and filters as markings on tables. This helps identify optimization opportunities like missing indexes or stale statistics.
3. The document emphasizes that a lack of clarity in visualizing complex data and queries can have devastating consequences, while graphics enable easy understanding and effective problem-solving.
1. The lecture discusses multiplexers, demultiplexers, and programmable logic devices. Multiplexers route one of several inputs to a single output, while demultiplexers route a single input to one of several outputs.
2. Multiplexers and demultiplexers can implement any Boolean function and be used as general purpose logic blocks. They can be cascaded to form larger multiplexers and demultiplexers.
3. Programmable logic arrays and programmable array logic are arrays of uncommitted AND and OR gates that can implement any two-level logic function by programming the wire connections. Product terms can be shared across multiple outputs.
This document provides an introduction to sequential circuits and various types of flip-flops. It discusses the differences between combinational and sequential circuits, and describes SR, D, JK, T, and JK flip-flops. Their block diagrams, truth tables, characteristic tables, and excitation tables are presented. Applications of flip-flops such as counters, frequency dividers, shift registers, and data storage are also covered briefly. Finally, the document discusses various types of shift registers including serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out.
1) Flip-flops are basic memory elements that store one bit of information as a 1 or 0. Common types include RS, D, JK, and T flip-flops.
2) Registers are groups of flip-flops that can store multiple bits and perform data processing. Data is loaded into registers by transferring new information during a clock pulse.
3) Master-slave JK flip-flops prevent racing conditions by using two flip-flops triggered on opposite clock edges, with the slave output following the master.
The document discusses sequential logic circuits. It describes the basic components of sequential circuits which include flip-flops that have memory. It then explains what a memory cell is and how it can store a value using feedback loops in circuits like an RS latch. An RS latch is described as the basic memory cell that can store a single bit using either NAND or NOR gates in a feedback configuration along with its truth table.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits like flip-flops and latches. It introduces the D and J/K flip-flops by providing their excitation tables and sample timing diagrams. It also reviews flip-flop clock parameters and introduces the transparent D-latch. Asynchronous preset and clear inputs for flip-flops are discussed. The primary difference between a flip-flop and latch is that a flip-flop's output changes on the clock edge, while a latch's output changes when the enable signal is high. Common flip-flop and latch integrated circuits are also presented.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits like flip-flops and latches. It introduces the D and J/K flip-flops by providing their excitation tables and sample timing diagrams. It also reviews flip-flop clock parameters and introduces the transparent D-latch. Asynchronous preset and clear inputs for flip-flops are discussed. The primary difference between a flip-flop and latch is that a flip-flop's output changes on the clock edge, while a latch's output changes when the enable signal is high. Common flip-flop and latch integrated circuits are also presented.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits like flip-flops and latches. It introduces the D and J/K flip-flops by providing their excitation tables and sample timing diagrams. It also reviews flip-flop clock parameters and introduces the transparent D-latch. Asynchronous preset and clear inputs for flip-flops are discussed. The primary difference between a flip-flop and latch is that a flip-flop's output changes on the clock edge, while a latch's output changes when the enable signal is high. Common flip-flop and latch integrated circuits are also presented.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits like flip-flops and latches. It begins by introducing flip-flops and their excitation tables, including the D flip-flop and J/K flip-flop. It then discusses flip-flop timing parameters and edge-triggering. Asynchronous preset and clear inputs are described. Transparent D-latches are introduced and distinguished from edge-triggered flip-flops. Common flip-flop and latch integrated circuits are shown. The document provides information on fundamental sequential logic components for digital electronics.
This document discusses sequential logic elements like flip-flops and latches. It begins by introducing flip-flops and their excitation tables, including the D flip-flop and J/K flip-flop. It then discusses flip-flop timing parameters and edge-triggering. Asynchronous preset and clear inputs are described. Transparent D-latches are introduced and distinguished from edge-triggered flip-flops. Common flip-flop and latch integrated circuits are shown, including the 74LS74 D flip-flop, 74LS76 J/K flip-flop, and 74LS75 D latch.
This document provides details about an EE 329 product design and management project to create a stage light control system. A group of 3 students designed a universal keypad and address selection protocol to control up to 32 remote terminal units for brightness or position. The system allows controlling multiple lights simultaneously or individually in 7 different modes using ergonomic potentiometers and an Arduino-based control panel. Codes for the master control station and remote terminal units are included along with a user guide explaining the operating modes. The project aims to provide an ergonomic, environmentally friendly, and low-cost alternative to existing stage light controllers.
This document discusses sequential circuits and their analysis and design. It begins by defining sequential circuits and their basic components like latches and flip-flops. It then covers analyzing synchronous sequential circuits using their output functions, state equations, and state tables. The document concludes by outlining the steps for designing a synchronous sequential circuit from its specification.
This document discusses different types of latches used in computing and data storage. It describes latches as basic bistable elements that use feedback to retain information. The document outlines several types of latches including SR latches, D latches, JK latches, and T latches. It explains their circuit designs and behaviors. Examples are provided of how latches are used to encode binary data and in synchronous and asynchronous systems. Advantages of latches like flexibility and power efficiency are contrasted with disadvantages like potential race conditions and metastability issues.
The document provides an outline for a lecture on loop transfer functions, Nyquist plots, and stability analysis. Key points include:
- Partial fraction expansion can be used to analyze transfer functions with real distinct roots, complex conjugate roots, and repeated roots.
- Open and closed loop transfer functions are defined. The characteristic polynomial determines stability for closed loop systems.
- Nyquist plots involve evaluating the open loop transfer function B(s) as it traces a closed contour in the complex plane. The Nyquist stability criterion uses properties of this contour.
- Heaviside expansion can be used to take the inverse Laplace transform of transfer functions with distinct poles.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
e qqqqqqqqqqeuwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiqw dddddddddd cccccccccccccccv s w c r
cdf cb bicbsad ishd d qwkbdwiur e wetwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffw
uuuuhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhe qiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbu uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuum
m
m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m i
g i dijsd sjdnsjd ndjajsdnnsa adjdnawddddddddddddd uw
2. Something We Can’t Build (Yet)
What if youweregiventhefollowingdesignspecification:
When the button is pushed:
1) Turn on the light if
it is off
2) Turn off the light if
it is on
The light should change
state within a second
of the button press
button light
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 2
What makesthis circuitsodifferent
fromthose we’vediscussedbefore?
1. “State”–i.e.thecircuithasmemory
2. Theoutput waschangedbyainput
“event”(pushingabutton) rather
than aninput“value”
3. Digital State
One model of what we’d like to build
Combinationa
l Logic
Current
State
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 3
New
State
Input
Plan:BuildaSequentialCircuitwithstored digitalSTA
TE–
•Memorystores CURRENTstate, producedat output
•CombinationalLogiccomputes
•NEXTstate(from input,current state)
•OUTPUTbit (from input,currentstate)
•State changesonLOADcontrolinput
Output
Memor
y
Device
LOAD
7. Y
S
B
Settable Storage Element
It’s easyto buildasettable storageelement(calledalatch)
usingalenientMUX:
0
1
G D QIN QOUT
0 -- 0 0
0 -- 1 1
1 0 -- 0
1 1 -- 1
“state” signal
appearsasboth
inputandoutput
QfollowsD
Qstable
A
D
G
Q
Here’safeedbackpath,
soit’s nolongera
combinationalcircuit.
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 7
8. New Device: D Latch
D Q
G
D
G
Q
TPD
V1 V2
V1 V2
TPD
G=1:
QfollowsD
G=0:
Qholds
G=1:QFollowsD,independentlyofQ’
G=0:QHoldsstable Q’,independently
ofD
Y
0
1
A
D
G
Q
Q’
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 8
BUT…AchangeinDorG
contaminatesQ,henceQ’
…howcanthispossibly
work?
9. A Plea for Lenience…
Y
0
1
A
D
G
Q
D
G
Q
V1 V2
V1 V2
TPD TPD
Doeslenienceguaranteea
workinglatch?
AssumeLENIENTMux,propagation
delayofTPD
Thenoutput validwhen
• G=1, Dstable forTPD,
independentlyofQ’;
or
• Q’=Dstable forTPD,
independentlyofG;or
• G=0, Q’stable forTPD,
independentlyofD
Q’
What if DandG
changeat about the
sametime…
G D Q’ Q
1 0 X 0
1 1 X 1
X 0 0 0
X 1 1 1
0 X 0 0
0 X 1 1
Q(D,G)
Q(D,Q’)
Q(G,Q’)
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 9
10. DStable
… with a little discipline
Y
0
1
A
D
G
Q
Q’
ToreliablylatchV2:
• ApplyV2 toD,holdingG=1
• After TPD,V2 appearsat Q=Q’
• After anotherTPD,Q’&Dbothvalid
for TPD;willholdQ=V2independently
ofG
• Set G=0,whileQ’&DholdQ=D
• After anotherTPD,G=0 andQ’
are sufficient to holdQ=V2
independentlyofD
D
G
Q
V2
V2
TPD TPD TPD
TSETUP THOLD
DynamicDisciplineforourlatch:
TSETUP= 2TPD: interval priorto G
transition for whichDmustbe
stable &valid
THOLD= TPD:interval followingG
transition for whichDmustbe
stable &valid
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 10
11. Lets try it out!
Combinationa
l Logic
D Q
G
Current
State
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 11
New
State
Input Output
Plan:BuildaSequentialCircuitwithonebitof STATE–
•Singlelatch holdsCURRENTstate
•CombinationalLogiccomputes
•NEXTstate(from input,current state)
•OUTPUTbit (from input,currentstate)
•State changeswhenG=1 (briefly!)
Whathappens
whenG=1?
12. Combinational Cycles
Combinationa
l Logic
G
D Q
Current
State
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 12
New
State
Input Output
WhenG=1, latch isTransparent…
… providesacombinationalpathfromDto Q.
Can’tworkwithouttricky timingconstrants onG=1 pulse:
•Mustfit withincontaminationdelayoflogic
•Must accommodatelatch setup,holdtimes
WanttosignalanINSTANT,notanINTERV
AL…
1
32. Edge-triggered Flip Flop
D Q
slave
G
G
Q D D Q Q
CLK
CLK
master
Observations:
onlyonelatch “transparent” at any
time:
master closedwhenslaveisopen
slaveclosedwhenmaster isopen
nocombinationalpaththroughflip flop
Qonlychangesshortly after 0 1
transition of CLK,soflip flopappears
tobe“triggered” byrisingedgeof CLK
Thegate of this
latch is openwhen
the clockislow
D D Q
Thegate of this
latch is openwhen
the clockishigh
0
11
D 0
S
G
Q
(the feedbackpathinoneofthemasterorslavelatchesisalwaysactive)
Transitionsmark
instants, notintervals
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 32
33. Flip Flop Waveforms
D Q
slave
G
G
D D Q Q
D D Q
master
Q
CLK
CLK
D
CLK
Q
masterclosed
slaveopen
slaveclosed
masteropen
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 33
34. Um, about that hold time…
G
D D Q
master
D Q
slave
G
Q
CLK
ConsiderHOLDTIMErequirement forslave:
• Negative(1 0) clocktransition slavefreezesdata:
• SHOULDbenooutputglitch,sincemasterheldconstantdata;BUT
• master output contaminatedbychangeinGinput!
• HOLDTIMEof slavenot met, UNLESSweassume
sufficient contaminationdelayinthepathto its Dinput!
AccumulatedtCD thruinverter,G Qpathofmastermustcover
slavetHOLD for this designtowork!
Themaster’scontamination
delaymustmeet the hold
time of theslave
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 34
35. Flip Flop Timing - I
CLK
D
Q
D D Q Q
CLK
<tPD
>tCD
tPD: maximumpropagationdelay,CLKQ
tCD: minimumcontaminationdelay,CLKQ
>tSETUP
6.004 –Fall2002 9/24/02 L06 – SequentialLogic 35
tSETUP: setuptime
guaranteethatDhaspropagatedthroughfeedbackpathbeforemastercloses
tHOLD: holdtime
guaranteemasterisclosedanddataisstablebeforeallowingDtochange
>tHOLD