2. Function of the Respiratory System
gas exchanges (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the
blood and external environment
Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the
alveoli(only site of gas exchange, other structures
passageways
Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify the
incoming air
Shares responsibility with cardiovascular system
3. Organs of the Respiratory system
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs –
alveoli
7. Related Combining Forms
Structure Related Combining Forms
Nose nas/o
Sinuses sinus/o
Pharynx pharyng/o
Larynx laryng/o
Epiglottis epiglott/o
Trachea trache/o
Bronchi bronch/o, bronchi/o
Alveoli alveol/o
Lungs pneum/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o
8. External Respiration
Exchange of gases in the lungs:
Inhalation: act of drawing in the breath-diaphragm
contracts and pulls downward
Exhalation: act of breathing out- diaphragm relaxes
and moves upward
Innervation from phrenic
nerves > to costal muscles
and diaphragm: 12 -20 per min
Bradypnea – Less than 12 per min
Tachypnea - > 20 per min
9. Internal Respiration
•Exchange of gasses within cells and tissues
of the body
•02 passes from blood into Structures
•C02 passes from structures Into blood
10. Pathology of the Respiratory System
•Chronic Obstructive Disease (COPD): Diseases that block airflow
and make breathing difficult
1. Emphysema – involves alveoli (necrosis), from smoking
2. Chronic Bronchitis - excess, thick mucus
3. Asthma – Inflammatory disease of bronchial tubes
triggered by allergens, exercise, infection, GERD
characterized by airway inflammation (mucus) and
Bronchospasm (contraction of smooth muscles of bronchi
and bronchioles, squeezing the airway shut)
11. Lack of 02
•Airway obstruction –
•Anoxia –cyanosis – absence of 02 reaching the cells and tissues
•Asphyxia – body deprived from 02 causing suffocation or death
•Respiratory Failure – not enough 02 passes from lungs to blood
•Apnea – temporary cessation of breathing, usually during sleep
•Hypercapnia – abnormally elevated level of C02 in blood
•Hypoxemia – low 02 level in blood
•
12. Pathology of the Upper Respiratory System
•Pharyngitis -
•Laryngitis –Voice Disorders - Dysphonia
•Aphonia (loss of voice)
•URI – Upper Respiratory Infection & Nasopharyngitis
•Rhinorrhea
•Epistaxis - nose bleed
13. Trachea and Bronchi
•Tracheorrhagia – bleeding from trachea
•
•Bronchiectasis – walls of bronchi are thickened
•
•Bronchorrhea – excess discharge of mucus from the
• bronchi
14. The Pleura: Disorders within the
Mediastinum*
Parietal Pleura: Outer layer,
lining of the thoracic cavity
Visceral Pleura: inner layer
surrounds each lung
Pleural cavity: airtight space
between the 2 pleural
membranes, with a thin layer of
fluid; allows the membranes to
slide easily,reducing friction
15. Pleural Disorders
•Pleurisy- Pleuritis > sharp chest pain, inflammation of
pleura from flu or trauma causing severe Pleurodynia
•Pneumothorax – air in pleural cavity around the lung(s)
>causes collapsed lung (pressure imbalance) Atelectasis
•Pleural effusion- excess fluid in the pleural space
•Empyema - Pyothorax: pus in pleural cavity
•Hemoptysis- coughing up blood
•Expectoration – coughing up mucus
16. Lungs
•Pulmonary edema- fluid in lung tissues; especially the
alveoli, usually caused by cardiac failure
•Pneumorrhagia- bleeding from lungs
•Pulmonary embolism – blockage of pulmonary artery
•Tuberculosis (TB) – contagious bacterial infection
•Pneumonia: inflammation/infection of lungs
• Most common bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia.
17. Diagnostic Procedures of Respiratory System
•Chest X-ray
•Assists with diagnosing lung disorders
•Laryngoscopy
•Bronchoscopy
•Tracheobronchoscopy
Visual examination of both the trachea and bronchi
Using bronchoscope
•Pulmonary Function Tests
•Arterial blood gas analysis
18. Examples of Treatment
•Laryngectomy
•Tracheotomy
•Tracheostomy
•Pneumonectomy – surgical procedure to remove a lung – partial/total
•Thoracentesis – puncture into the chest wall to obtain fluid
•Hyperbaric 02 therapy – breathing pure 02 in a special chamber
• at high pressure rate; body absorbs more 02 to promote healing
• and fight infection
•Mechanical ventilation - Positive pressure ventilation – air pushed into
• the trachea and lungs; exhalation occurs passively
• (ventilator)
19. Adenoid, gland Adenoidectomy : Operation for removal of adenoid growths
Alveolus Alveolitis : Inflammation of the alveoli
Bronchi Bronchitis : Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
Anosmia Absence of the sense of smell
Asphyxia Condition caused by insufficient
intake of oxygen
Bronchiole Bronchiolitis : Inflammation of the bronchioles
Epiglottis Epiglottitis : Inflammation of the epiglottis
larynx laryngoscope : Device used to examine the larynx through
the mouth
20. Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung
Sinusitis Inflammation of the sinuses
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils
Tracheitis Inflammation of the trachea
Asbestosis Lung disorder caused by long-term
inhalation of asbestos (as in construction work).
Atelectasis Collapse of a lung or part of a lung.
21. Empyema Formation of pus in the pleural cavity.
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose, usually caused
by trauma or a sudden rupture of the
blood vessels of the nose.
Eupnea Normal breathing.
Hemoptysis Lung or bronchial hemorrhage resulting
in the spitting of blood.
Hemothorax Blood in the pleural cavity.
Hyperpnea Abnormally deep breathing.
Hyperventilation Abnormally fast breathing in and out,
often associated with anxiety.
Hypopnea Shallow breathing.
Hypoventilation Abnormally low movement of air in
and out of the lungs.
Orthopnea Difficulty in breathing, especially
while lying down
22. Rhinoplasty Surgical repair of the bones of the
nose.
Septoplasty Surgical repair of the nasal septum.
Septostomy Creation of an opening in the nasal
septum.
Thoracocentesis Surgical puncture of the chest
cavity.
Thoracostomy Establishment of an opening in the chest
cavity.
Endotracheal
Insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx, and larynx and into the
trachea to establish an airway.
23. SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome
SOB Shortness of breath
PFT Pulmonary function tests
TB Tuberculosis
RD Respiratory disease
RDS Respiratory distress syndrome
URI Upper respiratory infection
