This document provides an introduction to biostatistics. It defines biostatistics and explains its importance in biomedical research. Some key points covered include:
- Biostatistics is the application of statistics to medicine and health sciences. It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of numerical data.
- Understanding biostatistics is important for medical research, updating medical knowledge, and managing data and treatment.
- The document outlines the basic concepts of biostatistics like population and sample, and the different types of data. It also describes the typical steps involved in a research project and how biostatistics can be applied.
General statistics, emphasis of statistics with regards to healthcare, types of stats, methods of sampling, errors in sampling, different types of tests, measures of dispersion, correlation, types of correlation
This slide explains term biostatistics, important terms used in the field of bio statistics and important applications of biostatistics in the field of agriculture, physiology, ecology, genetics, molecular biology, taxonomy, etc.
General statistics, emphasis of statistics with regards to healthcare, types of stats, methods of sampling, errors in sampling, different types of tests, measures of dispersion, correlation, types of correlation
This slide explains term biostatistics, important terms used in the field of bio statistics and important applications of biostatistics in the field of agriculture, physiology, ecology, genetics, molecular biology, taxonomy, etc.
A fantastic PPT on census and sample methods. The PPT includes a complete understanding of the meaning of census method and sample methods and its various methods of sampling. It also discusses about the types of errors, essentials of a good sample. It also discusses the difference between census and sample methods.
This powerpoint presentation gives a brief explanation about the biostatic data .this is quite helpful to individuals to understand the basic research methodology terminologys
Bhaskar Health News and Medical Education is leading source for trustworthy health, medical, science and technology news and information. Providing world health information Medical Education.
Bhaskar Health News and Medical Education is dedicated to medical students, physiotherapists, doctors, nurses, paramedics, physician associates, dentists, pharmacists, midwives and other healthcare professionals.
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Didactic material created in a postgraduate subject. In this subject we needed to organize a research about sampling methods in marketing research. In addition to the theoretical research, we created a set of sampling examples using a card game called Super Trunfo, with a group of Marvel heroes. So, with theses examples we could explain in a easier way about the sampling procedures.
How to write chapter three of your research projectEtieneIma123
Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part in the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data and how you collected it.
This chapter explains the different methods to be used in the research project. Here you mention the procedures and strategies you will employ in the study such as research design, research area (area of the study), the population of the study, etc.
You also tell the reader why you chose a particular method, how you planned to analyze your data. Your methodology should be written in a simple language such that other researchers can follow the method and arrive at the same conclusion or findings.
A fantastic PPT on census and sample methods. The PPT includes a complete understanding of the meaning of census method and sample methods and its various methods of sampling. It also discusses about the types of errors, essentials of a good sample. It also discusses the difference between census and sample methods.
This powerpoint presentation gives a brief explanation about the biostatic data .this is quite helpful to individuals to understand the basic research methodology terminologys
Bhaskar Health News and Medical Education is leading source for trustworthy health, medical, science and technology news and information. Providing world health information Medical Education.
Bhaskar Health News and Medical Education is dedicated to medical students, physiotherapists, doctors, nurses, paramedics, physician associates, dentists, pharmacists, midwives and other healthcare professionals.
We're committed to being your source for expert health guidance. Bhaskar Health and Medical Education.
Source : https://www.bhaskarhealth.com
Health Shop: https://www.bhaskarhealth.org
@drrohitbhaskar @bhaskarhealth
#DrRohitBhaskar #BhaskarHealth
#Health #Medical #News #Physiotherapy
Didactic material created in a postgraduate subject. In this subject we needed to organize a research about sampling methods in marketing research. In addition to the theoretical research, we created a set of sampling examples using a card game called Super Trunfo, with a group of Marvel heroes. So, with theses examples we could explain in a easier way about the sampling procedures.
How to write chapter three of your research projectEtieneIma123
Chapter three of the research project or the research methodology is another significant part in the research project writing. In developing the chapter three of the research project, you state the research method you wish to adopt, the instruments to be used, where you will collect your data and how you collected it.
This chapter explains the different methods to be used in the research project. Here you mention the procedures and strategies you will employ in the study such as research design, research area (area of the study), the population of the study, etc.
You also tell the reader why you chose a particular method, how you planned to analyze your data. Your methodology should be written in a simple language such that other researchers can follow the method and arrive at the same conclusion or findings.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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3. Objectives
At the end of this session, students should be able to:
Define statistics/biostatistics
Understand the importance of Biostatistics in
biomedical research
Differentiate between population and sample
Understand the different types of data
2011.3.6
3
4. 4
Statistics
•The science of collecting, analyzing, presenting,
and interpreting data. —(Encyclopaedia Britannica
2009) http://www.britannica.com/
•Branch of mathematics that deals with the
collection, organization, and analysis of numerical
data and with such problems as experiment design
and decision making. —(Microsoft Encarta
Premium 2009)
5. 5
•A science dealing with the collection, analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of masses of
numerical data. —(Webster's International Dictionary)
•The science and art of dealing with variation in
data through collection, classification, and analysis
in such a way as to obtain reliable results. —(John
M. Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology )
6. 6
• The science of the collection, organization, and
interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of
this, including the planning of data collection in
terms of the design of surveys and experiments.
—(From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics
7. 7
Biostatistics/Medical Statistics/Health
Statistics
• deals with applications of statistics to medicine and
the health sciences, including epidemiology, public
health, forensic medicine, and clinical research.
• Medical Statistics has been a recognized branch of
statistics in the UK for more than 40 years but the
term does not appear to have come into general use
in North America, where the wider term
'biostatistics' is more commonly used.
• The refers to Biostatistics as Health Statistics
8. 8
Why we need to study Medical Statistics?
Three reasons:
(1) Basic requirement of medical research.
(2) Update your medical knowledge.
(3) Data management and treatment.
9. 9
I. Basic concepts
• Homogeneity: All individuals have similar values
or belong to same category.
Example: all individuals are Sierra Leoneans,
women, middle age (30~40 years old), work in a
computer factory ---- homogeneity in nationality,
gender, age and occupation.
• Variation: the differences in feature, voice…
1. Homogeneity and Variation
10. Data Is Everywhere!
• Data is utilized and summarized frequently in
research literature
• From Archives of Surgeryarticle, August 2000:
• “Hypothesis: Surgeon-directed institutional peer review,
associated with positive physician feedback, can decrease the
morbidity and mortality rates associated with carotid
endarterectomy.”
• “Results: Stroke rate decreased from 3.8%(1993-1994) to
0%(1997-1998). The mortality rate decreased from 2.8%(1993-
1994) to 0%(1997-1998). (Average) length of stay decreased
from 4.7 days(1993-1994) to 2.6 days(1997-1998). The (average)
total cost decreased from $13,344(1993-1994) to $9,548(1997-
1998).”
• Source: Olcott IV, C., et al. (2004). Institutional peer review can reduce the risk and cost of carotid endarterectomy Arch
10
11. Data is utilized and summarized with statistics
frequently in popular media
• From cnn.com, Monday July 8th, 2008:
“For the first time, an influential doctors group is
recommending that some children as young as
eight be given cholesterol-fighting drugs to ward
off future heart problems . . . With one-third of U.S.
children overweight and about 17 percent obese,
the new recommendations are important,‟ said Dr.
Jennifer Li, a Duke University children's heart
specialist.”
11
12. • From Washington Post, June 27th, 2008:
• “The number of young homosexual men being newly
diagnosed with HIV infection is rising by 12 percent a
year, with the steepest upward trend in young black
men, according to a new report.”
12
13. Data Provides Information
• Good data can be analyzed and summarized to
provide useful information
• Bad data can be analyzed and summarized to provide
incorrect/harmful/non-informative information
13
14. Steps in a Research Project
Planning/design of study
Data collection
Data analysis
Presentation
Interpretation
• Biostatistics CAN play a role in each of these
steps! (but sometimes is only called upon for
the data analysis part)
14
15. Biostatistics Issues
Planning/design of studies
– Primary question(s) of interest:
Quantifying information about a single group?
Comparing multiple groups?
– Sample size
How many subjects needed in total?
How many in each of the groups to be compared?
– Selecting study participants
Randomly chosen from “master list?”
• Selected from a pool of interested persons?
• Take whoever shows up? 2011.3.6
15
16. Biostatistics Issues
Data collection
Data analysis
What statistical methods are appropriate given the data
collected?
Dealing with variability (both natural and sampling related):
Important patterns in data are obscured by variability
Distinguish real patterns from random variation
• Inference: using information from the single study coupled with
information about variability to make statement about the larger
population/process of interest
16
17. Biostatistics Issues
Presentation
• What summary measures will best convey the “main
messages” in the data about the primary (and
secondary) research questions of interest
• How to convey/ rectify uncertainty in estimates based
on the data
Interpretation
• What do the results mean in terms of practice, the
program, the population etc.?
17
18. 1954 Salk Polio Vaccine Trial
18
•Source: Meier, P. (1972), “The Biggest Public Health Experiment Ever: The
1954 Field Trial of the Salk Poliomyelitis Vaccine,” InJ. Tanur
(Editor),Statistics: A Guide to the Unknown.Holden-Day.
19. Design: Features of the Polio Trial
• Comparison group
• Randomized
• Placebo controls
• Double blind
Objective—the groups should be equivalent except
for the factor (vaccine) being investigated
19
20. Analysis Question
Question
There were almost twice as many polio cases in
the placebo compared to the vaccine group
Could the results be due to chance?
2011.3.6
20
21. Such Great Imbalance by Chance?
Polio cases
Vaccine—82
Placebo—162
Statistical methods tell us how to make these
probability calculations
2011.3.6
21
22. 22
• Throw a coin: The mark face may be up or down
---- variation!
• Treat the patients suffering from pneumonia
with same antibiotics: A part of them recovered
and others didn’t ---- variation!
• If there is no variation, there is no need for
statistics.
• There are many examples of variations in the
medical field:
height, weight, pulse, blood pressure, … …
23. 23
• Population: The whole collection of individuals
that one intends to study.
• Sample: A representative part of the population.
• Randomization: An important way to make the
sample representative.
Population and Sample
24. 24
limited population and limitless population
• All the cases with hepatitis B collected in a
hospital in Makeni. (limited)
• All the deaths found from the permanent
residents in Kono. (limited)
• All the rats for testing the toxicity of a medicine.
(limitless)
• All the patients for testing the effect of a
medicine. (limitless) hypertensive, diabetic, …
25. 25
Random
By chance!
• Random event: the event may occur or may not
occur in one experiment.
Before one experiment, nobody is sure whether
the event occurs or not.
Example: weather, traffic accident, …
There must be some regulation in a large number
of experiments.
26. 26
Probability
• Measure the possibility of occurrence of a random
event.
• A : random event
• P(A) : Probability of the random event A
P(A)=1, if an event always occurs.
P(A)=0, if an event never occurs.
27. 27
• Number of observations: n (large enough)
Number of occurrences of random event A: m
f(A) m/n
(Frequency or Relative frequency)
Example: Throw a coin event:
n=100, m (Times of the mark face occurred)=46
m/n=46%, this is the frequency; P(A)=1/2=50%,
this is the Probability.
Estimation of Probability----Frequency
28. 28
4. Parameter and Statistic
• Parameter : A measure of population or
A measure of the distribution of population.
Parameter is usually presented by Greek letter.
such as μ,π,σ.
-- Parameters are unknown usually
29. 29
--To know the parameter of a population, we need
a sample
• Statistic: A measure of sample
or
A measure of the distribution of sample.
Statistic is usually presented by Latin letter
such as s , p, t.
30. 30
Sampling Error
error :The difference between observed value and
true value.
Three kinds of error:
(1) Systematic error (fixed)
(2) Measurement error (random) (Observational error)
(3) Sampling error (random)
31. 31
Sampling error
• The statistics of different samples from the same
population: different from each other!
• The statistics: different from the parameter!
The sampling error exists in any sampling
research.
It can not be avoided but may be estimated.
32. 32
Types of data
1. Numerical Data ( Quantitative Data )
• The variable describe the characteristic of
individuals quantitatively
-- Numerical Data
• The data of numerical variable
-- Quantitative Data
33. 33
2. Categorical Data ( Enumeration Data )
• The variable describe the category of individuals
according to a characteristic of individuals
-- Categorical Data
• The number of individuals in each category
-- Enumeration Data
34. 34
Special case of categorical data :
Ordinal Data ( rank data )
• There exists order among all possible categories. ( level
of measurement). E.g, the stages of a tumour
-- Ordinal Data
• The data of ordinal variable, which represent the order
of individuals only
-- Rank data
35. 35
Examples
Which type of data they belong to?
• RBC (4.58 106/mcL)
• Diastolic/systolic blood pressure
(8/12 kPa) or ( 80/100 mmHg)
• Percentage of individuals with blood type A
(20%) (A, B, AB, O)
• Protein in urine (++) (-, ±, +, ++, +++)
• Incidence rate of breast cancer ( 35/100,000)
36. 36
The Basic Steps of Statistical Work
1. Design of study
• Professional design:
Research aim
Subjects,
Measures, etc.
38. 38
2. Collection of data
• Source of data
Government report system such as: cholera,
plague (black death) …
Registration system such as: birth/death
certificate …
Routine records such as: patient case report …
Ad hoc survey such as: influenza A (H1N1) …
39. 39
• Data collection – Accuracy, complete,
in time
Protocol: Place, subjects, timing; training;
pilot; questionnaire; instruments; sampling
method and sample size; budget…
Procedure: observation, interview, filling
form, letter, telephone, web.
40. 40
3. Data Sorting
• Checking
Hand, computer software
• Amend
• Missing data?
• Grouping
According to categorical variables (sex, occupation,
disease…)
According to numerical variables (age, income, blood
pressure …)
41. 41
4. Data Analysis
• Descriptive statistics (show the sample)
mean, incidence rate …
-- Table and plot
• Inferential statistics (towards the
population)
-- Estimation
-- Hypothesis test (comparison)
42. 42
About Teaching and Learning
• Aim:
Training statistical thinking
Skill of dealing with medical data.
• Emphasize:
Essential concepts and statistical thinking