Introduction to computer science

1. INTRODUCTION TOCOMPUTER SCIENCE
CSC 1302
LECTURE 1
Department of Maths and Computer-
Science
Faculty of Natural and Applied Science
BY
UMAR DANJUMA MAIWADA

2. OBJECTIVES
 History of Computer
 Functional Components of Computer
 Characteristics of a Computer
 Problem Solving
 Flow Charts
 Algorithm
 Computer programming
 Computer Applications
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3. INTRODUCTION
 Computer has the capacity to solve
complex, arithmetic and scientific problems
at very high speed.
 This information provided by the user to the
computer is data. The information in one
form which is presented to the computer is
the input information
or input data.
 The set of instructions given to the computer
to perform various operations is called as
the computer program. 3

4. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
 The history of computer starts at about 4000 years
ago
 At the birth of Abacus
 A wooding rack holding two horizontal wires with
beads strung to them
 It could be used to carry out all regular arithmetic
problems
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5. ABACUS
 4000 years ago to 1975
 Beads represent figures (data)
 By moving the beads according to rules, the
user can add, subtract, multiply, or divide.
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6. BLAISE PASCAL
 French Mathematician
 Credited for building the first computer in 1642
 Invents an adding machine to relieve the tedium of
adding up long columns of tax figures.
 His machine encountered many problems
 It was always breaking down
 It was slow and expensive
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7. LEIBNIZ’S CALCULATOR
 1674
 German mathematician
 built the first calculator to do multiplication and
division.
 It was not reliable due to accuracy of contemporary
parts.
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8. JACQUARD'S LOOM
 1801
 French weaver Joseph-Marie Jacquard
 creates an automatic, programmable weaving
machine that creates fabrics with richly detailed
patterns.
 It is controlled by means of punched cards.
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9. CHARLES BABBAGE
 1822
 English mathematician and scientist
 He build a machine that help him complete and
print mathematical table, which he called analytical
engine
 designs a complex, clockwork calculator capable of
solving equations and printing the results.
 Despite repeated attempts, Babbage was never
able to get the device to work.
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10. AUGUSTA ADA BYRON
 Mid 1800s
 the first computer programmer
 Made extensive notes on the analytical engine
included step-by-step instructions to be carried out
by the machine.
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11. HOLLERITH’S TABULATING MACHINE
 1890
 Created to tally the results of the U.S. Census, this
machine uses punched cards as a data input
mechanism.
 The 1880 census took 8 years to tabulate but with
the invention of Hollerith’s machine the 1890
census took a year.
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12. ALAN TURING
 1936
 He is considered to be the father of computer
science
 he described a theoretical device called the Turing
machine or “a-machine”.
 He also formalized the concepts of computation
and algorithms.
 Turing later helped crack German military codes
during World War II.
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13. 13
Zuse’s Z1
• 1938
• German inventor Konrad Zuse creates a
programmable electronic calculator.
• An improved version, the Z3 of 1941, was the
world’s first calculator capable of automatic
operation.

14. HOWARD AIKEN
 1944
 Howard Aiken designs Mark I
 the first operational general- purpose electro-
mechanical computer.
 Financed and built at IBM.
 The Mark I computer (51ft long) was based on relays
(operate in milliseconds) as opposed to the use of
gears.
 It required 3 seconds for a multiplication.
 Grace Hopper joined the project in July of that year and
in 1947, Aiken completed his work on the Harvard Mark
II computer.
 He continued his work on the Mark III and the Harvard
Mark IV.
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15. ECKERT AND MAUCHLY
15
Continuat
ion
 1946
 complete the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC) at Univ of Pennsylvania.
 It was for military computations.
 It used vacuum tubes (valves) which were
completely electronic (operated in microseconds)
as opposed to the relay which was
electromechanical.
 It weighed 30 tons, used 18000 valves, and
required 140 kwatts of power.
 It was 1000 times faster than the Mark I multiplying
in 3 milliseconds.

16. VON NEUMANN
 was a scientific genius and was a consultant on the
ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and
Calculator) project.
 Who began the practice of storing instruction in
binary code and initiated the use of memory to
store data, as well as programs.
 He also concluded that the binary system was more
suitable for computers since switches have only two
values.
 Almost all modern computers are based on this
idea and are referred to as von Neumann
machines. 16

17. UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER AS A TOOL
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• The word ‘computer’, you probably picture a
machine that sits on a desk and is used to
create documents, send mails, or explore the
www.

18. Meaning of the word "Computer"
 Computer is derived from a Latin word “computare”
which means “to calculate”, “to count”, “to sum
up” or “to think together”. So, more precisely the
word computer means a "device that performs
computation".
•
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19. DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
 A computer can be defined as an electronic device
that accept data as (input), process it into useful
information (output), and store it for future use
(storage).
 Computer system is a group of devices, commonly
called hardware that together with sets of instructions
called programs or software, perform information
processing functions.
 The main purpose of all computer system is to process
data quickly and efficiently so that information obtained
is timely, meaningful, and accurate.
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20. SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT COMPUTER & ITS
OPERATING SYSTEMS
 The first digital computers were developed between 1940 to
1945.
 Konrad Zuse, in 1941 developed “Z3”, the first modern
computing machine.
 Konrad Zuse is regarded as “the inventor of computers”.
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator & Computer) was
the first US-built electronic computer.
 ENIAC was developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert.
 The world’s first stored-program computer was “Manchester
Baby” developed in 1948.
 The “Manchester Baby” was a small-scale experimental
computer developed in Victoria university of Manchester.
 In the 1st generation of computers, Computers were built with
vacuum tubes.
 In 1957, FORTRAN (Formula Translator) was introduced.
 Computers were built with Transistors in the 2nd generation of
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21. 21
In the 4th generation of computers, Microprocessors were used to build
Computers.
In 1981, IBM PC with Intel processors and MS-DOS were introduced.
In 1984, Macintosh Computers were introduced.
In 1985, Microsoft Windows GUI was introduced.
In 1989, Intel 486 computers were introduced.
In 1990, Windows 3.0 operating System for PCs was launched.
In 1991, the World Wide Web was introduced to the general public.
In 1991, Linux operating was developed.
In 1993, Intel’s Pentium was introduced.
In 1995, windows 95 operating system was made released.
In June, 1996 Windows 4.0 operating system was released.
On February 17, 2000, Windows 2000 was released.
Windows XP was released on 25th October, 2001.
On November 30th, 2006 Windows Vista was released.
On July 22nd 2009, Windows 7 was introduced.
On Windows 8, the successor of Windows 7 was released on October 28th,
2012.
Continuation

22. QUESTIONS???
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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