The document provides a history of computers from the 18th century to present day. It describes early mechanical calculating machines and how pioneers like Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, and Alan Turing contributed innovative ideas. Major developments included the first programmable computer by Atanasoff and Berry in 1941, the invention of the transistor in 1947, integrated circuits in 1958, the microprocessor in the 1970s, and the creation of personal computers in the 1970s led by Apple and IBM. The document traces the evolution of computers from specialized machines to ubiquitous technology and the development of operating systems, networking, software, and wireless connectivity.

1. HISTORY OF
COMPUTER
The history of computers began with primitive
designs in the early 19th century and went on
to change the world during the 20th century.
BY:Karl J. Baroquillo

2. 1801-1900 The history of computers goes back over
200 ysears. At first theorized by mathematics and
entrepreneurs, During the 19th century mechanical
calculating machines were designed and built to
solve the increasingly complex number-crunching
challenges. The advancement of technology enabled
ever more-complex computers by the early 20th
century, and computer became larger and more
powerful.

3. Today, computers are almost unrecognizable from
design of the 19 century, such as Charles Babbage’s
anlysitical Engine-or even from the huge computers
of the20th century that occupied whole wrooms,
such as the electronic Numerical Integral and
Calculator.

4. 1801:Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French merchant
and inventor invents a loom uses punched wooden
cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early
computers would use similar punch cards.

5. 1821:English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of
a steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to
compute tables of numbers. Funded by the British, the
project, called the “Difference Engine” fails due to the
lack of tecnhnology at the time, according to the of
University of Minnesota.

6. 1848: Ada Lovelace, an English mathematician and the daughter
of poet Lord Byron, writes the world’s first computer program.
According to Anna siffert, a professor of theatrical mathematics
at the University of Munster in Germany, Lovelace writes the first
program while translating a paper on Babbage’s Anakytical
Engine from French into English.”She also provides her own
comments on the text . Her annotations, simply called “ notes”
turns out to be three times as long as the actual transcript
“Siffert wrote in an article for The Max Planck Society.

7. “Lovelace also adds a step-by-step description for
computation of Bernouli numbers with Babbage’s
machine – basically an algorithm which, in effect
,makes her the worlds first computer
programmer.”Bernoullli numbers are a sequence of
rational numbers often used in Lovelace
computation.

8. 1853: Swedish inventor Per Georg Scheutz and his
son Edvard design the world’s first printing
calculator. The machine is significant for being the
first to “compute tabular difference and print the
results “according to Uta C. Merzbach’s book ,
“Georg Scheutz and the first printing calculator”

9. 1890: Herman Hollerich designs a puch-card system to
help calculate the 1890 U.S. Census . The machine, saves
the government several years of calculations, and the
U.S. taxpayer approximately $5 million, according to
Columbia University. Hollerith later establishes a company
that will eventually become international Business
Machines Corporation (IBM).

10. 1931: At the Massachusetts Institute of Tecnology
(MIT), Vanneyar Bush invents and build the
Differential Analyzer, the first large-scale automatic
general-purpose mechanical analog computer,
according to Stanford University.

11. 1936:Alan Turing,a british scientist and mathematician, presents
the principle of a universal machine, later called the Turing
machine, in paper called “On Computable Numbers……”
according to Chris Bernhardt’s book “Turing’s Vision”(The MIT
Press, 2017). Turing machines are capable of computing anything
that is computable. The central concept of the modern
computer is based on his ideas. Turing is later in the
development of the Turing- Welchman Bombe, an electro –
mechanical device designed to decipher Nazi codes during
World War II , according to the UK’s National Museum of
Computing.

12. 1937: John Vincent Atanasoff, a professor
of physics and mathematics at lowa State
University, submits a grant proposal to
build the first electric-only computer,
without using gears,cams,belts or shafts.

13. 1939: David Packard and Bill Hewlett found
the Hewkett Packard Company in Palo Alto,
California. The pair decide the name of their
new company by the toss of a coin, and
Hewlett-Packard’s first headquarters are in
the Packards garage, according to MIT.

14. 1941:German inventor anf engineer Konrad Zuse
completes his Z3 machines, the world’s earliest digital
computer, according to Gerard O’Regan’s book “ A Brief
History of Computing” (Springer’s 2021). The machines
was destroyed during a bombing raid on Berlin during
World War II. Zuse fled the German and later released
the world’s first commercial digital computer, the Z4,in
1950, according to O’Regan.

15. 1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford
Berry, design the first digital electronic computer
in the U.S. called the Atanasoff-Berry compueter
(ABC). This marks the first time a computer is able
to store the information on its main memory, and is
capable of performing one operation every 15
seconds, according to the book “Birthing the
Computer” (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016).

16. 1945:Two professor at the University of
Pennsylvania, John Mauchy and J. Presper
Eckert, design and build the electronic
decimal, digital computer,” according to Edwin
D. Reilly’s book “Milestone in computer
Science and information Technology”
(Greenwood Press, 2003.

17. 1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University
of Pennsylvania receive funding form the
Census Bureau of the build the UNIVAC , the
first commercial computer for the business and
the government applications.

18. 1947:William Shockley, John Bardeen and
Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the
transistor. They discover how to make an
electric switch with solid materials and without
the need for a vacuum.

19. 1949:A team at the University of Cambridge develops the
electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC),”the first
practical stored program computer, according to O’Regan.
“EDSAC ran its first program in May 1949 when it calculated a
table of squares and a list of prime numbers”, O’ Regan wrote. In
November 1949,scientists with the Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research ( CSIR), now called CSIRO,bild Autralias first
digital computer called the Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research Automatic Computer (CSIRAC. CSIRSAC is the first
digital computer in the world to play music, according to
O’Regan.

20. 1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer
language, which stands for Common, Business Oriented
Language according to the National Museum of American
History. Hopper is the later dubbed the “First Lady of
Software” in her posthumous Presidential Medal of
Freedom citation. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr. son of IBM
CEO Thomas John Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM
to help the United Nation keep tabs on korea during the
war.

21. 1954: John Backus and his team of prodrammer at
IBM publish a paper describing their newly created
FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for
FORmula TRANslator, according to MIT

22. 1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the
integrated circuit, known as the Nobel Prize in
Physics for his work.

23. 1968: Douglas Engelbart reveal a prototype of the modern
computers at the Fall joint Computer Conference, San
Fransisco. His presentation, called “A Research Center for
Augmenting Human Intellect” including a live
demonstraton of his computer,including a mouse and a
graphical user interface (GUI), according to the Doug
Engelbart Institute. This marks the development of the
computer from a specialized machine for academics to a
technology that is more accessible to the general public.

24. 1969:Ken Thompson , Dennis Ritchie and a group of other
developers at Bell Labs produce UNIX, an operating
system that made “large-scale networking of diverse
computing system and the internet practical “according
to Bell Labs. The team behind UNIX continued to develop
the operating system using the C programming language,
which they also optimized.

25. 1970: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel
1103 the first Dynamic Access Memory (DRAM)
chip.

26. 1971: A team of IBM engineers led by Alan
Shugart invents the “floppy disk” enabling
data to be shared among different computers.

27. 1972: Ralph Baer, a German- American engineer, released
Magnavox Odyssey, the world’s first home game console,
in September 1972, according to the Computer Museum
of America. Months later, entrepreneur Nolan Bushell and
angineer AI Alcorn with Atari release Pong the world’s first
commercially successful video game.

28. 1973: Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for
Xerox, develops Ethernet for connecting multiple
computers and other hardware.

29. 1977: The Commodore Personal Electronic
Transactor (PET), is released onto the home
computer market, featuring an MOS
Technology 8 bit 6502 microprocessor, which
controls the screen, keyboard and cassete
player. The PET is especially successful in the
education market, according to O’Regan.

30. 1975:The magazine cover of the January issues of
“Popular Electronics” highlights the Altar 8080 as the
“world’s first minicomputer kit to rival commercial
models” computer geeks”, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer
to write software for the Altair, using the new BASIC
language. On April 4, after the success of this first
endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own
software company,Microsoft.

31. 1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak co-found Apple
Computer on Aprils Fool’s Day, They unveil Apple I, the
first computer with single-circuit board and ROM (Read
Only Memory), according to MIT.

32. 1977: Radio Shack began its initial production run of
3,000 TRS-80 Model 1 computers disparagingly known as
the “trash 80” priced at $599, according to the book “
How TRS-80 enthusiasts Helped Spark the PC Revolution”
(The Seeker Books, 2007).

33. 1977: The first West Coast Computer Faire
is held in San Francisco. Jobs and Wozniak
present the Apple II computer at the Faire,
which includes color graphics and features
an audio cassette drive for storage.

34. 1978:VisiCalc, the first
computerized spreadsheet
program is introduced.

35. 1991: Wifi, the abbreviated term for “wireless
fidelity” is developed, initially covering a
distsance of up to 300 feet (91 meters) Wired
reported.

36. 2001: Mac OS X, later renamed OS X then simply
macOS, is released By Apple as the successor to
its standard Mac Operating System. OS X goes
through 16 different versions, each with “10” as
its title, and the first nine iterations are
nicknamed after being codenamed “cheetah”.

37. 2005: Google buys Android, a Linux mobile phone operating
system
2009:Microsoft launches Windows 7 on July 22. The new
operating system features the ability to pin applications to
the taskbar, scatter windows away by shaking another
window, easy to access jomplists, easier previews of tiles
and more.

38. 2010: The iPad, Apple’s flagship handheld tablet, is
unveiled.
2015: Apple releases the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases
Windows 10.

39. 2016: The first reprogrammable quantum computer was
created. Until now, there hasn’t been any quantum-
computing platform that had the capability to program
new algorithms into their system. They,re usually each
tailored to attack a particular algorithm,” said study lead
author Shantanu Debnath, a quantum physicist and
optical engineer at the University of Msryland Colleged
Park.

40. THANK YOU^^