The document traces the history of computing from the term 'computer' as a job title for human calculators to the development of early mechanical and electronic devices. It discusses key inventions like logarithms, the slide rule, and various calculators, leading to Charles Babbage's analytical engine, which laid the groundwork for modern computing. Additionally, it outlines the evolution of computer generations, detailing advancements in technology, CPU architecture, and storage, illustrating the ongoing transformation of computing capabilities.

2. "Computer" was originally a job title: it
was used to describe those human beings
(usually women  ) whose job it was to
perform the repetitive calculations.
The first computers
were … people

4. In 1617 John Napier from Scotland invented
logarithms, which are a technology that allows
multiplication to be performed via addition.
Napier's invention led directly to the slide rule.

5. The Pascaline
Blaise Pascal invented it in 1642 , at age 19, to help
his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50
of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could
only add). But they really weren't that accurate.

6. A few years after Pascal,
the German Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz built a
four-function (addition,
subtraction,
multiplication, and
division) calculator.

7. In 1801 the Frenchman
Joseph Marie Jacquard
invented a power loom
that could base its weave
upon a pattern
automatically read from
punched wooden cards,
held together in a long
row by rope.
Descendents of these
punched cards have been
in use ever since.

8. punched cards

9. Charles Babbage, the
English mathematician
of the 19th century, was
the first who conceived
the idea of the automatic
machine for complex
calculations. He
designed his Analytical
Engine to perform four
arithmetic operations.

10. Analytical Engine

11. In 1834 Charles Babbage and
Lady Lovelace, Lord Byron's
daughter, worked out the first
coded program. Lady Lovelace
was a brilliant mathematician.
She took an active part in
Babbage's experiments.
So, it is fair to say that she was
the world's first computer
programmer.

12. In 1884 Hollerit invented
Hollerith Desk. It
consisted of a card reader
and a large wall of dial
indicators to display the
results of the count.
Hollerith Desk

13. The Hollerith
census machine was
the first machine to
ever be featured on
a magazine cover.

14. Hollerith built a company, the
Tabulating Machine Company
which eventually became
International Business Machines,
known today as IBM.

15. In 1937 Dr. H. Aiken
of Harvard University
began to work at the
first completely
automatic digital
computer which he
called the Mark1. He
completed it in 1944.
One of the primary
programmers for the
Mark1 was a woman,
Grace Hopper.

16. The first electronic
computer, the
Electronic Numerical
Integrator
and Calculator
(ENIAC)
was constructed in
1946 at the
University of
Pennsylvania.

17. In 1945 John von
Neuman worked out
the concept of the
stored program.

18. Today we can speak about 5 generations of
computer development:
The
first
The
second
The
third
The
fourth
The fifth

19. The first generation computers
(from 1940s till 1959)
 large in size
 thousands of
vacuum tubes
 slow

20. The second generation (began in 1959)
 use of
transistors
 smaller, more
powerful, and
more reliable
 programming
languages

21. The third generation
 silicon chips
 small size
 large
capabilities

22. The fourth generation
 All computers of
the present time,
from the
microcomputer to
the supercomputer

23. The fifth generation computer
 differ in size,
speed, and storage
capacity
 artificial
intelligence

24.  natural languages
 large-scale
integration
technologies

25. Computer
Architecture

26. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
 The central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of
a computer system that carries out the instructions
of a computer program, and is the primary element
carrying out the computer's functions.
 The form, design and implementation of CPUs have
changed dramatically since the earliest examples,
but their fundamental operation remains much the
same.

27. The CPU: It has five basic
components.
• RAM
• Registers
•Control Unit
•ALU
•Buses
A picture of an actual
Central Processing Unit
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

28. RAM
 RAM stands for
RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY.
 It is a form of data
storage.
 It stores program
instructions and data.

29. Registers
 A small amount of
storage available on a
CPU.
 It’s content can be
easily and more
quickly accessed than
storage available
elsewhere.
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30. Control Unit
 A Control Unit is part
of the machinery that
controls its operation.
 It coordinates the
input and output
devices of a computer
system.

31. ALU
 ALU stands for
Arithmetic Logic Unit.
 is a digital circuit that
performs arithmetic
and logical operations.

32. Buses
 A bus is a subsystem that
transfers data between
computer components inside a
computer or between
computers.
 Any computer can be accessed
directly and messages can be
sent in a relatively simple and
fast way.

33. Von Neumann Architecture
 is a design model for a
stored-program digital
computer that uses a
CPU and a single
separate storage
memory to hold both
instructions and data.

34. How it Relates to Modern Day
 Early computers used
fixed programs
 A stored-program
design also lets
programs modify
themselves while
running.

35. NorthBridge
 The northbridge is one
of the two chips in the
core logic chipset on a
PC motherboard
 The northbridge
typically handles
communications
among the CPU and
RAM

36. South Bridge
 The Southbridge is the
second of the two chips in
the core logic chipset on a
PC motherboard
 The southbridge typically
implements the "slower"
capabilities of the
motherboard

37. Fetch And Execute Cycle
 It is the basic operation
cycle of a computer
 It is the process by which a
computer retrieves a
program instruction from
its memory, determines
what actions the
instruction requires, and
carries out those actions

38. CONCLUSION
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39. CONCLUSION