Ninth lecture for my students in English 192, "Science Fiction," summer 2013 at UC Santa Barbara.
Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/m13/
This document discusses historiographical metafiction and Linda Hutcheon's theories on postmodernism. It defines metafiction as fiction that draws attention to its fictional nature. Hutcheon is known for her work on postmodernism and metafiction. The essay examines how postmodern novels reject presenting the past based on present views and assert the specificity of past events. Historiographical metafiction questions the distinction between facts and events, and sees both history and fiction as subjective narratives. It utilizes techniques like multiple perspectives and parody to examine and question historical accounts.
This powerpoint presentation will give us a quick recap on the different literary criticisms. Primarily, this will present us an overview on what Marxist literary criticism is all about and how you apply it in certain situations.
Hua li contemporary_chinese_fiction_by_su_tong_and_yu_hua_sinica_leidensia___...SherrifKakkuzhiMalia
This document provides an introduction to a book that analyzes contemporary Chinese coming-of-age fiction by authors Su Tong and Yu Hua set during the Cultural Revolution. The introduction argues that their works form a type of tragic and parodistic Bildungsroman that deviates from both traditional Chinese coming-of-age stories and the European Bildungsroman genre. It will examine how their young protagonists fail to achieve maturity or find their place in society, in contrast to previous optimistic visions of Chinese youth during this time period. The analysis will be grounded in comparisons to the development of the Chinese coming-of-age genre as well as concepts from Bildungsroman theory.
The poem "Manggagawa" by Jose Corazon de Jesus depicts the disparity between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the lower class proletariat in a capitalist society through vivid descriptions of the hard labor of workers and the luxuries enjoyed by the rich. It highlights the oppression and control the bourgeoisie have over wealth production as well as the government, reflecting Marx's theories. In the end, the poem calls loudly for equality and due recognition of the working class's contributions to society and the nation's progress.
Marxist Literary Criticism analyzes literature through a sociological lens, viewing works as products of their historical/material conditions. It sees what we think of as worldviews as actually reflecting the dominant class's ideology. It focuses on class struggles and power dynamics revealed through literature. Key concepts include commodification, conspicuous consumption, dialectical materialism, material circumstances, and reflectionism. Strengths include encouraging close readings, but it is limited in only examining one aspect and potentially threatening/dismissing aesthetic qualities.
This document summarizes Jerome Bruner's view that people construct narratives to make sense of their lives and experiences. Bruner argues that we have no way to describe lived experiences other than through narrative form. He also argues that life and narrative influence each other, with narratives imitating life and life imitating narratives. According to Bruner, autobiographies are interpretive constructions rather than objective accounts, and are shaped by cultural narratives and storytelling conventions.
1) The document analyzes Shakespeare's play Macbeth through a Marxist ideological lens. It argues that the play supports dominant ideologies of Shakespeare's time, including the divine right of kings and the idea that challenging authority will lead to ruin.
2) Macbeth depicts the consequences of Macbeth's violent ambition which disrupts the social order, showing evil results from challenging the prevailing power structures. Violence is depicted as acceptable when supporting those in power but not when threatening it.
3) The play reinforces support for the monarchy and status quo through depicting the restoration of order once Macbeth is defeated. It served as political propaganda for its time by arguing that social harmony relies on accepting
This document discusses historiographical metafiction and Linda Hutcheon's theories on postmodernism. It defines metafiction as fiction that draws attention to its fictional nature. Hutcheon is known for her work on postmodernism and metafiction. The essay examines how postmodern novels reject presenting the past based on present views and assert the specificity of past events. Historiographical metafiction questions the distinction between facts and events, and sees both history and fiction as subjective narratives. It utilizes techniques like multiple perspectives and parody to examine and question historical accounts.
This powerpoint presentation will give us a quick recap on the different literary criticisms. Primarily, this will present us an overview on what Marxist literary criticism is all about and how you apply it in certain situations.
Hua li contemporary_chinese_fiction_by_su_tong_and_yu_hua_sinica_leidensia___...SherrifKakkuzhiMalia
This document provides an introduction to a book that analyzes contemporary Chinese coming-of-age fiction by authors Su Tong and Yu Hua set during the Cultural Revolution. The introduction argues that their works form a type of tragic and parodistic Bildungsroman that deviates from both traditional Chinese coming-of-age stories and the European Bildungsroman genre. It will examine how their young protagonists fail to achieve maturity or find their place in society, in contrast to previous optimistic visions of Chinese youth during this time period. The analysis will be grounded in comparisons to the development of the Chinese coming-of-age genre as well as concepts from Bildungsroman theory.
The poem "Manggagawa" by Jose Corazon de Jesus depicts the disparity between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the lower class proletariat in a capitalist society through vivid descriptions of the hard labor of workers and the luxuries enjoyed by the rich. It highlights the oppression and control the bourgeoisie have over wealth production as well as the government, reflecting Marx's theories. In the end, the poem calls loudly for equality and due recognition of the working class's contributions to society and the nation's progress.
Marxist Literary Criticism analyzes literature through a sociological lens, viewing works as products of their historical/material conditions. It sees what we think of as worldviews as actually reflecting the dominant class's ideology. It focuses on class struggles and power dynamics revealed through literature. Key concepts include commodification, conspicuous consumption, dialectical materialism, material circumstances, and reflectionism. Strengths include encouraging close readings, but it is limited in only examining one aspect and potentially threatening/dismissing aesthetic qualities.
This document summarizes Jerome Bruner's view that people construct narratives to make sense of their lives and experiences. Bruner argues that we have no way to describe lived experiences other than through narrative form. He also argues that life and narrative influence each other, with narratives imitating life and life imitating narratives. According to Bruner, autobiographies are interpretive constructions rather than objective accounts, and are shaped by cultural narratives and storytelling conventions.
1) The document analyzes Shakespeare's play Macbeth through a Marxist ideological lens. It argues that the play supports dominant ideologies of Shakespeare's time, including the divine right of kings and the idea that challenging authority will lead to ruin.
2) Macbeth depicts the consequences of Macbeth's violent ambition which disrupts the social order, showing evil results from challenging the prevailing power structures. Violence is depicted as acceptable when supporting those in power but not when threatening it.
3) The play reinforces support for the monarchy and status quo through depicting the restoration of order once Macbeth is defeated. It served as political propaganda for its time by arguing that social harmony relies on accepting
Metafiction is a type of fiction that is self-referential by drawing attention to itself as an artifact. Historiographic metafiction attempts to confront history through fiction by rewriting history in a way that has not been recorded before. It blurs the line between history and fiction. Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children uses techniques like magic realism, allegory and metafiction to subversively historicize and problematize certain events in Indian history by making the protagonist Saleem's personal life mirror that of India's with magical connections. Through Saleem's "chutnification" or pickling of history, Rushdie undermines conventional ideas of historicity by positing multiple histories. The narrative can
Marxist criticism by Dr Digambar M. GhodkePratikGhodke6
Karl Marx developed a methodology for analyzing social organization scientifically and viewed human history as a series of class struggles between the oppressed and oppressors. Marxist ideology sees political evolution leading from feudalism to bourgeois capitalism and eventually to socialism and communism. Under capitalism, the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat labor force, growing poorer over time until revolt leads to restructuring. True communism involves the underclasses owning the means of production, not the government. Marxist literary theory analyzes how literature reflects social institutions and class struggles, serving ideological functions. The Marxist critic examines how works portray class relations and oppression.
This document provides an overview of New Historicism and the work of Hayden White. It discusses key ideas of New Historicism, such as reading texts in their historical context and acknowledging the role of power and ideology. It outlines White's argument that history involves narrative structures and literary devices like plots and tropes. White identified four potential plot structures (tragic, comic, romantic, ironic) that correspond to four master tropes (metaphor, metonymy, synechdoque, irony). The document examines White's view that historians construct narratives and meanings from raw data through emplotment, rather than objectively representing reality.
Marx dobie, ann theory into practice - marxist criticismInvisible_Vision
The document analyzes Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism and Marxist literary criticism through examining Guy de Maupassant's short story "The Diamond Necklace". It discusses how the economic system depicted in the story divides society into bourgeoisie and proletariat classes based on ownership of property and means of production. Madame Loisel, as a member of the proletariat class, has no power or opportunity for social mobility. The story reveals how the internal contradictions of capitalism cause ongoing class struggle and psychological damage by commodifying possessions. A Marxist analysis seeks to uncover these dynamics to further the proletariat revolution against the bourgeoisie.
This document provides an overview of New Historicism. It defines New Historicism as a method that reads literary and non-literary texts from the same time period in parallel to understand how events were interpreted and what those interpretations reveal about the interpreters. Key figures in New Historicism mentioned are Stephen Greenblatt, J.W. Lever, Jonathan Dollimore, and H.Aram Veeser. The document also discusses how New Historicism analyzes works like Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice in their original historical context.
Literary Theories: A Short IntroductionBAYA BENSALAH
This document provides an overview of literary theory and the major theories that have influenced the study of literature. It discusses theorists like Marx, Freud, Nietzsche and Darwin who shaped modern thought. Some key theories mentioned include formalism, structuralism, reader-response theory, poststructuralism, feminism and queer theory. The document also addresses what literary theory is used for, such as providing better understanding, interpretation and appreciation of texts, culture and different perspectives.
Robert Musil's other postmodernism, by M. FreedMariane Farias
This document provides an analysis of Robert Musil's engagement with philosophical modernism through his novel Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften and his concept of "Essayismus". The author argues that Musil critiques philosophical modernism's tendency toward subject-centered reason and certainty, and develops Essayismus as a discursive alternative that reimagines modernity without relying on the self-privileging of modern philosophy. Positioning Musil within debates about postmodernism, the author contends that Musil's work points to a nonmodern postmodernism distinct from typical postmodern critiques that aim to overcome or destabilize philosophical modernism.
The document analyzes William Blake's poem "London" using historical criticism and new historicism. It summarizes that the poem depicts a bleak view of London where people are dominated by sorrow, fear, and obsession with materialism. It describes how the poem uses archetypes like chimney sweepers and soldiers to represent how institutions like the monarchy and church cause human suffering. The analysis concludes that the poem shows how diseases and issues like syphilis destroy life and families, which are important parts of English society at that time.
This document provides an overview of the concept of metafiction. It defines metafiction as fictional writing that draws attention to itself as an artifact in order to examine the relationship between fiction and reality. Metafiction explores such questions by self-consciously displaying its own methods of construction. It reflects broader cultural interests in how humans construct and mediate their experience of the world. Metafiction uses techniques like violating narrative levels and experimental styles to blur the lines between fiction and reality.
This document discusses the concept of "historiographic metafiction", a type of postmodern fiction that is both metafictional and historical in its references to past texts and contexts. It argues that postmodern fiction engages with both literary and historical intertexts through parody and intertextuality. By embedding these intertextual pasts, postmodern fiction both asserts and questions notions of history and literature as human constructs. This doubles as a formal marking of historicity. The document provides examples of novels that exemplify historiographic metafiction, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude and The French Lieutenant's Woman.
Reconstructing Historicism is a literary theory that interprets literature through the historical context of both the author and the critic. It was introduced by Stephen Greenblatt in 1980 to study literature within the context of non-literary texts from the same time period. The theory emphasizes understanding power structures of the society surrounding a text in order to interpret it. New Historicism is related to cultural studies and emphasizes that individual experience is culturally specific rather than universal.
1. The document discusses New Historicism, a literary theory that emerged in the 1980s in response to New Criticism.
2. New Historicism views history as a narrative shaped by subjective biases rather than objective facts, and believes literary texts should be understood within their social and cultural contexts rather than in isolation.
3. Prominent figures associated with New Historicism mentioned include Stephen Greenblatt and Hippolyte Adolphe Taine. New Historicism tends to examine popular works and marginalized groups to uncover neglected historical voices.
This document provides an analytical study of the 2013 film adaptation of The Great Gatsby directed by Baz Luhrmann. It discusses Linda Hutcheon's theory of adaptation, which examines what is adapted, who the adapter is and their motivations, how the adaptation is constructed, and the contextual influences of when and where it was adapted. The study aims to analyze the similarities and differences between the novel and film through Hutcheon's framework. It provides context on the relationship between literature and film historically and discusses key adaptation scholars. The methodology draws on comparative literature and focuses on applying Hutcheon's adaptation categories to Luhrmann's The Great Gatsby film.
Literary criticism is the study and interpretation of literature, often informed by literary theory. While criticism and theory are closely related, critics are not always theorists. Literary criticism functions to purge negative emotions from works according to Aristotle, while Plato believed works showing "bad mimesis" should be censored. Romantic theory views literature as an organic unity independent of author or context. Psychoanalytic theory applies Freudian concepts of id, ego and superego to literature. Mythological theory is based on Jung's idea of a collective unconscious expressed through myths. Deconstruction questions texts and reading practices by revealing hidden meanings and flaws. Marxist theory examines the political and economic underpinnings of literature. Feminist theory aims to
This poem by Jose Corazon De Jesus examines class relations through a Marxist lens. It contrasts the lives of wealthy capitalists who benefit from the labor of workers. The worker ("Manggagawa") toils from birth to death, creating the materials and buildings that uplift society, yet receives little credit or wealth. While the elite "flaunt" their status, the worker remains oppressed. The poem calls for recognizing the worker's dignity and contributions to progress, challenging the inequality of the capitalist system that privileges the bourgeoisie over the proletariat. In its celebration of the worker and indictment of class disparity, the poem employs Marxist concepts of historical materialism and class struggle.
New Criticism was a major literary theory movement of the mid-20th century that advocated for close reading of texts and rejection of biographical or historical context. Key concepts of New Criticism included ambiguity, the intentional fallacy which rejected authorial intent, and the affective fallacy which rejected reader reaction. Prominent figures included I.A. Richards, William K. Wimsatt, Monroe Beardsley, T.S. Eliot, F.R. Leavis, William Empson, Robert Penn Warren, and Cleanth Brooks. New Criticism was criticized for being ahistorical and for isolating texts from their contexts.
Many 20th century artists explored existentialist themes in their work as a response to how industrialization had changed society and humanity's place in the world. Notable artists who reflected existentialist ideas include Cézanne through his simplified forms, Van Gogh through themes of emptiness and isolation in works like "Night Cafe", and Picasso in his depiction of the horror of war in "Guernica". Overall, existentialist art emphasizes the individual experience in a world that can be hostile or indifferent.
paper no-8 cultural study "new historicism jinalparmar
This document provides an overview of five types of cultural studies: New Historicism, Postmodernism and Popular Culture, and Postcolonial Studies. It defines each approach and provides some key details about each. New Historicism examines cultural works within their historical context and aims to understand history through literature. Postmodernism departs from modernism in arts and includes concepts like deconstruction. Popular culture refers to everyday cultural phenomena and can be analyzed through production, textual, audience, and historical lenses. Postcolonial studies analyzes the legacies of colonialism and imperialism, referring to the period when former colonies gained independence. It discusses thinkers like Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Homi Bhabha, and Franz
This document provides information about a paper submitted by Umaba Gohil on the topic of New Historicism. New Historicism aims to understand literary works through their historical context and time/place of composition. It views culture as text and literature as reflecting and commenting on its sociocultural context. New Historicists study both canonical and non-canonical works and take an interdisciplinary approach, discussing politics, class and power in relation to literature.
Realism and existentialism were popular literary movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Realism focuses on realistic depictions of ordinary life, while existentialism examines individual existence and meaning. Famous authors who wrote in these styles include Stephen Crane, known for realistic fiction, and Albert Camus and Franz Kafka, who explored existential themes. T.S. Eliot also used existentialism in works like The Wasteland. These writers brought philosophical ideas to life through their realistic and existential fiction.
The document provides steps for factoring trinomial expressions:
1. Look for a common monomial to factor out of both terms.
2. Identify if there are squares present and factor accordingly using the difference of squares formula.
3. To factor trinomials with a leading coefficient of 1, find two numbers whose product is the last term and sum is the coefficient of the middle term.
Lecture 14: The Beginning Is the End Is the BeginningPatrick Mooney
1) The document discusses the biblical story of Noah and the Great Flood, in which God destroys corrupt humanity and spares Noah and his family.
2) It then discusses themes from the novel Blindness such as the loss of identity and humanity without sight, the disorientation of living in a "groping city" without vision, and new forms of community emerging among the blind.
3) Key characters debate what it means to be human without sight and whether blindness is a temporary condition or a new way of being.
Metafiction is a type of fiction that is self-referential by drawing attention to itself as an artifact. Historiographic metafiction attempts to confront history through fiction by rewriting history in a way that has not been recorded before. It blurs the line between history and fiction. Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children uses techniques like magic realism, allegory and metafiction to subversively historicize and problematize certain events in Indian history by making the protagonist Saleem's personal life mirror that of India's with magical connections. Through Saleem's "chutnification" or pickling of history, Rushdie undermines conventional ideas of historicity by positing multiple histories. The narrative can
Marxist criticism by Dr Digambar M. GhodkePratikGhodke6
Karl Marx developed a methodology for analyzing social organization scientifically and viewed human history as a series of class struggles between the oppressed and oppressors. Marxist ideology sees political evolution leading from feudalism to bourgeois capitalism and eventually to socialism and communism. Under capitalism, the bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat labor force, growing poorer over time until revolt leads to restructuring. True communism involves the underclasses owning the means of production, not the government. Marxist literary theory analyzes how literature reflects social institutions and class struggles, serving ideological functions. The Marxist critic examines how works portray class relations and oppression.
This document provides an overview of New Historicism and the work of Hayden White. It discusses key ideas of New Historicism, such as reading texts in their historical context and acknowledging the role of power and ideology. It outlines White's argument that history involves narrative structures and literary devices like plots and tropes. White identified four potential plot structures (tragic, comic, romantic, ironic) that correspond to four master tropes (metaphor, metonymy, synechdoque, irony). The document examines White's view that historians construct narratives and meanings from raw data through emplotment, rather than objectively representing reality.
Marx dobie, ann theory into practice - marxist criticismInvisible_Vision
The document analyzes Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism and Marxist literary criticism through examining Guy de Maupassant's short story "The Diamond Necklace". It discusses how the economic system depicted in the story divides society into bourgeoisie and proletariat classes based on ownership of property and means of production. Madame Loisel, as a member of the proletariat class, has no power or opportunity for social mobility. The story reveals how the internal contradictions of capitalism cause ongoing class struggle and psychological damage by commodifying possessions. A Marxist analysis seeks to uncover these dynamics to further the proletariat revolution against the bourgeoisie.
This document provides an overview of New Historicism. It defines New Historicism as a method that reads literary and non-literary texts from the same time period in parallel to understand how events were interpreted and what those interpretations reveal about the interpreters. Key figures in New Historicism mentioned are Stephen Greenblatt, J.W. Lever, Jonathan Dollimore, and H.Aram Veeser. The document also discusses how New Historicism analyzes works like Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice in their original historical context.
Literary Theories: A Short IntroductionBAYA BENSALAH
This document provides an overview of literary theory and the major theories that have influenced the study of literature. It discusses theorists like Marx, Freud, Nietzsche and Darwin who shaped modern thought. Some key theories mentioned include formalism, structuralism, reader-response theory, poststructuralism, feminism and queer theory. The document also addresses what literary theory is used for, such as providing better understanding, interpretation and appreciation of texts, culture and different perspectives.
Robert Musil's other postmodernism, by M. FreedMariane Farias
This document provides an analysis of Robert Musil's engagement with philosophical modernism through his novel Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften and his concept of "Essayismus". The author argues that Musil critiques philosophical modernism's tendency toward subject-centered reason and certainty, and develops Essayismus as a discursive alternative that reimagines modernity without relying on the self-privileging of modern philosophy. Positioning Musil within debates about postmodernism, the author contends that Musil's work points to a nonmodern postmodernism distinct from typical postmodern critiques that aim to overcome or destabilize philosophical modernism.
The document analyzes William Blake's poem "London" using historical criticism and new historicism. It summarizes that the poem depicts a bleak view of London where people are dominated by sorrow, fear, and obsession with materialism. It describes how the poem uses archetypes like chimney sweepers and soldiers to represent how institutions like the monarchy and church cause human suffering. The analysis concludes that the poem shows how diseases and issues like syphilis destroy life and families, which are important parts of English society at that time.
This document provides an overview of the concept of metafiction. It defines metafiction as fictional writing that draws attention to itself as an artifact in order to examine the relationship between fiction and reality. Metafiction explores such questions by self-consciously displaying its own methods of construction. It reflects broader cultural interests in how humans construct and mediate their experience of the world. Metafiction uses techniques like violating narrative levels and experimental styles to blur the lines between fiction and reality.
This document discusses the concept of "historiographic metafiction", a type of postmodern fiction that is both metafictional and historical in its references to past texts and contexts. It argues that postmodern fiction engages with both literary and historical intertexts through parody and intertextuality. By embedding these intertextual pasts, postmodern fiction both asserts and questions notions of history and literature as human constructs. This doubles as a formal marking of historicity. The document provides examples of novels that exemplify historiographic metafiction, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude and The French Lieutenant's Woman.
Reconstructing Historicism is a literary theory that interprets literature through the historical context of both the author and the critic. It was introduced by Stephen Greenblatt in 1980 to study literature within the context of non-literary texts from the same time period. The theory emphasizes understanding power structures of the society surrounding a text in order to interpret it. New Historicism is related to cultural studies and emphasizes that individual experience is culturally specific rather than universal.
1. The document discusses New Historicism, a literary theory that emerged in the 1980s in response to New Criticism.
2. New Historicism views history as a narrative shaped by subjective biases rather than objective facts, and believes literary texts should be understood within their social and cultural contexts rather than in isolation.
3. Prominent figures associated with New Historicism mentioned include Stephen Greenblatt and Hippolyte Adolphe Taine. New Historicism tends to examine popular works and marginalized groups to uncover neglected historical voices.
This document provides an analytical study of the 2013 film adaptation of The Great Gatsby directed by Baz Luhrmann. It discusses Linda Hutcheon's theory of adaptation, which examines what is adapted, who the adapter is and their motivations, how the adaptation is constructed, and the contextual influences of when and where it was adapted. The study aims to analyze the similarities and differences between the novel and film through Hutcheon's framework. It provides context on the relationship between literature and film historically and discusses key adaptation scholars. The methodology draws on comparative literature and focuses on applying Hutcheon's adaptation categories to Luhrmann's The Great Gatsby film.
Literary criticism is the study and interpretation of literature, often informed by literary theory. While criticism and theory are closely related, critics are not always theorists. Literary criticism functions to purge negative emotions from works according to Aristotle, while Plato believed works showing "bad mimesis" should be censored. Romantic theory views literature as an organic unity independent of author or context. Psychoanalytic theory applies Freudian concepts of id, ego and superego to literature. Mythological theory is based on Jung's idea of a collective unconscious expressed through myths. Deconstruction questions texts and reading practices by revealing hidden meanings and flaws. Marxist theory examines the political and economic underpinnings of literature. Feminist theory aims to
This poem by Jose Corazon De Jesus examines class relations through a Marxist lens. It contrasts the lives of wealthy capitalists who benefit from the labor of workers. The worker ("Manggagawa") toils from birth to death, creating the materials and buildings that uplift society, yet receives little credit or wealth. While the elite "flaunt" their status, the worker remains oppressed. The poem calls for recognizing the worker's dignity and contributions to progress, challenging the inequality of the capitalist system that privileges the bourgeoisie over the proletariat. In its celebration of the worker and indictment of class disparity, the poem employs Marxist concepts of historical materialism and class struggle.
New Criticism was a major literary theory movement of the mid-20th century that advocated for close reading of texts and rejection of biographical or historical context. Key concepts of New Criticism included ambiguity, the intentional fallacy which rejected authorial intent, and the affective fallacy which rejected reader reaction. Prominent figures included I.A. Richards, William K. Wimsatt, Monroe Beardsley, T.S. Eliot, F.R. Leavis, William Empson, Robert Penn Warren, and Cleanth Brooks. New Criticism was criticized for being ahistorical and for isolating texts from their contexts.
Many 20th century artists explored existentialist themes in their work as a response to how industrialization had changed society and humanity's place in the world. Notable artists who reflected existentialist ideas include Cézanne through his simplified forms, Van Gogh through themes of emptiness and isolation in works like "Night Cafe", and Picasso in his depiction of the horror of war in "Guernica". Overall, existentialist art emphasizes the individual experience in a world that can be hostile or indifferent.
paper no-8 cultural study "new historicism jinalparmar
This document provides an overview of five types of cultural studies: New Historicism, Postmodernism and Popular Culture, and Postcolonial Studies. It defines each approach and provides some key details about each. New Historicism examines cultural works within their historical context and aims to understand history through literature. Postmodernism departs from modernism in arts and includes concepts like deconstruction. Popular culture refers to everyday cultural phenomena and can be analyzed through production, textual, audience, and historical lenses. Postcolonial studies analyzes the legacies of colonialism and imperialism, referring to the period when former colonies gained independence. It discusses thinkers like Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Homi Bhabha, and Franz
This document provides information about a paper submitted by Umaba Gohil on the topic of New Historicism. New Historicism aims to understand literary works through their historical context and time/place of composition. It views culture as text and literature as reflecting and commenting on its sociocultural context. New Historicists study both canonical and non-canonical works and take an interdisciplinary approach, discussing politics, class and power in relation to literature.
Realism and existentialism were popular literary movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Realism focuses on realistic depictions of ordinary life, while existentialism examines individual existence and meaning. Famous authors who wrote in these styles include Stephen Crane, known for realistic fiction, and Albert Camus and Franz Kafka, who explored existential themes. T.S. Eliot also used existentialism in works like The Wasteland. These writers brought philosophical ideas to life through their realistic and existential fiction.
The document provides steps for factoring trinomial expressions:
1. Look for a common monomial to factor out of both terms.
2. Identify if there are squares present and factor accordingly using the difference of squares formula.
3. To factor trinomials with a leading coefficient of 1, find two numbers whose product is the last term and sum is the coefficient of the middle term.
Lecture 14: The Beginning Is the End Is the BeginningPatrick Mooney
1) The document discusses the biblical story of Noah and the Great Flood, in which God destroys corrupt humanity and spares Noah and his family.
2) It then discusses themes from the novel Blindness such as the loss of identity and humanity without sight, the disorientation of living in a "groping city" without vision, and new forms of community emerging among the blind.
3) Key characters debate what it means to be human without sight and whether blindness is a temporary condition or a new way of being.
Google Docs se creó a partir de dos productos separados y permite a los usuarios acceder y editar documentos de forma segura desde cualquier dispositivo, incluidos teléfonos móviles.
Math MSA Determine a point from an Equationapplepi
The document provides instructions for finding the unit rate of relationships between two quantities and writing equations to represent those relationships. It gives examples of finding the unit rate for costs of t-shirts, video games rentals, and sugar in glasses of soda. It then explains that to find a point on a line represented by an equation, you substitute a value for the variable and solve for the other variable. Examples are given of determining the point for equations relating hats and costs, distance and time, temperature and hours, and barbie doll height and years.
Lecture 13 - “Endless quantities of the Real”Patrick Mooney
Thirteenth lecture for my students in English 165EW, "Life After the End of the World," winter 2013 at UC Santa Barbara.
Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/w13/
Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/w13/
This document does not contain any meaningful information to summarize. It appears to be random characters and does not convey any essential ideas or topics in a coherent manner.
Lecture 10 - What Language Does: Gender in Lonely Hunter (2 May 2012)Patrick Mooney
Tenth lecture for my students in English 104A, UC Santa Barbara, spring 2012. Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/s12/index.html
Lecture 08 - “the walking dead in a horror film”Patrick Mooney
Eighth lecture for my students in English 165EW, "Life After the End of the World," winter 2013 at UC Santa Barbara.
Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/w13/
Fourth lecture for my students in English 192, "Science Fiction," summer 2013 at UC Santa Barbara.
Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/m13/
Sixteenth lecture for my students in English 165EW, "Life After the End of the World," winter 2013 at UC Santa Barbara.
Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/w13/
This document provides a summary of various websites that contain resources to help teachers improve their instruction of civics and government. It lists over 20 organizations and provides a brief 1-2 sentence description of each site and the types of materials available. These include lesson plans, primary source documents, videos, research studies and more. The resources cover a wide range of civics-related topics and are intended to help teachers plan effective lessons to enhance students' understanding of citizenship and government.
Seventeenth lecture for my students in English 104A, UC Santa Barbara, spring 2012. Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/s12/index.html
Rostros diferentes, comunidades cambiantes: Immigración y racismo, empleos, e...Everyday Democracy
Esta guía para diálogos comunitarios ayuda a comunidades diversas a enfrentar retos relacionados a los inmigrantes, diferencias de idioma, los empleos, y las escuelas. La meta de esta guía es de crear un mejor entendimiento, eliminar estereotipos, y promover mejores relaciones entre diferentes grupos en las comunidades.
Web Design for Literary Theorists III: Machines Read, Too (just not well) (v ...Patrick Mooney
Third (and last) in a series of workshops for graduate students in the Department of English at UC Santa Barbara.
More information: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/lead-ta/web-design/2013-2014/
YouTube screencast with audio: http://youtu.be/IwuS0K21ZoU
Tenth lecture for my students in English 165EW, "Life After the End of the World," winter 2013 at UC Santa Barbara.
Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/w13/
Slideshow for the eighteenth lecture in my summer course, English 10, "Introduction to Literary Studies: Deception, Dishonesty, Bullshit."
http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/m15/
Eleventh lecture for my students in English 140, UC Santa Barbara, Summer 2012. Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/su12/index.html
Lecture 15 - "It will go fast, now": Time and Place in 'salem's Lot (21 May 2...Patrick Mooney
Fifteenth lecture for my students in English 104A, UC Santa Barbara, spring 2012. Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/s12/index.html
Lecture 07 - Purity, Deviation, and JudgmentPatrick Mooney
Seventh lecture for my students in English 192, "Science Fiction," summer 2013 at UC Santa Barbara.
Course website: http://patrickbrianmooney.nfshost.com/~patrick/ta/m13/
- Jameson analyzes the threat posed by understanding history solely from a synchronic perspective, which views situations statically without considering their development over time. Focusing only on structures risks naturalizing them and eliminating the possibility of change.
- The document discusses the concepts of defamiliarization, how habitual perceptions can be disrupted to see things in a new light, and Orwell's arguments that political language can corrupt thought and that conscious effort is needed to improve writing.
- Key terms are introduced, such as synchronic vs. diachronic perspectives, ostranenie or defamiliarization, and how concepts from different thinkers relate to questions of language, perception, and politics.
The transmission model of communication has some key limitations in fully capturing the process of communication:
- It views communication primarily as a one-way transmission of information from sender to receiver, neglecting the complexities of human interaction that involve feedback, shared meaning-making, and context.
- It assumes a passive audience that simply receives the transmitted message rather than actively interpreting and responding to messages based on their own experiences, perspectives, and circumstances.
- It fails to account for how the medium itself shapes the communication process and alters the message, treating the medium as a neutral conduit rather than part of the context that gives meaning.
- By focusing on transmission efficiency it can undermine understanding the social and cultural dimensions of communication that involve
The present research aims to study Mitchell (2004) Cloud Atlas from a narratological point of view for its generic hybridity which makes it a significant work of postmodern literature. David Stephen Mitchell (1969) is one of Britain’s foremost contemporary writers who won prominent literary prizes including 2004 and 2002 Man Booker Prize for Fiction. This research analyzes the novel’s narrative style and particular conventions which lead to a certain genre to investigate the implications and their relation to reality. It tries to unsettle the following questions: Are there any significant elements of dystopian science fiction in the novel? If yes, what are the political, philosophical, and moral implications of such categorization? To answer the questions narratological approach particularly genre criticism is applied to the novel. After the "Introduction", in the "Discussion" section, key words are introduced and defined; the elements of dystopian science fiction are searched for in the novel; and the implications of those elements will be discussed. In the "Conclusions" the genre and its ontological significance will be touched upon. This article shows that Cloud Atlas is a science fiction as it depicts a future advanced in technology, economy, health, transportation, and communication. Also the dystopian attitude is dominant because the pictured world has failed to consider societal and ethical issues and for its capitalism, genetic manipulation, and ignorance of and towards human and humanity. The ontology of the story has its own kind of reality whose characteristics can be generalized to the real world out of the novel. The issues fictionalized in the novel have roots in the present time problems of the world. It is concluded that the novel tries to warn people and the ontological solutions given to these problems are considered to be useful in the reality. Mitchell’s dystopian world in "An Orison of Sonmi-451" is not the hopeless end of everything. He thinks that there is a chance to save the world by reading about other societies and creating a balance between nature and science.
This document provides an overview of New Historicism and Cultural Materialism critical theories. It defines New Historicism as examining literature within its historical context through parallel readings of literary and non-literary texts from the same time period. Cultural Materialism studies the implications of literary texts in history and takes a materialist approach, seeing culture as the object of study rather than just literature. The document outlines the key influences, characteristics, differences and examples of applying these theories to texts like Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream and Othello.
1) The document discusses a Marxist analysis of the Korean TV show Secret Garden, using Antonio Gramsci's theory of hegemony and the role of intellectuals.
2) Secret Garden portrays social class struggles in Korean society, with a rich male protagonist falling for a common female protagonist. This explores issues of achieving social status.
3) Using Gramsci's framework, the document analyzes how hegemony is exercised through the media, and the potential for media to both reinforce and challenge the existing social order through influencing mass consciousness.
This document discusses dystopian fiction and its development over time. Some key points:
1. Dystopian fiction emerged in the early 20th century in response to totalitarian regimes and world wars. Authors like Orwell and Burgess used dystopias to critique present tendencies and warn of potential dark futures if unchecked.
2. Dystopias depict gloomy, oppressive futures where individuals have little freedom or choice. Societies are often controlled through psychological manipulation and lack of individualism.
3. The genre absorbed modernist techniques and responded to rapid social and technological changes of the time. It questioned political structures and assumptions from the post-Enlightenment era.
4. Dystopian fiction provides
This document provides a literature review and analysis of Kazuo Ishiguro's novels An Artist of the Floating World and The Remains of the Day. It discusses how the novels use narrative techniques like disnarration to represent political contexts and histories that the characters have repressed or forgotten. Through analyzing silences and omitted details, the novels highlight how individuals can become entangled in larger historical forces and political ideologies. The document aims to uncover the political scenarios of postwar Japan and Britain through a disnarrative reading of the texts.
Analysing the post_colonial_aspects_of_midnight childrenGoswami Mahirpari
The document provides an abstract and literature review for a research paper analyzing postcolonial aspects of Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children. Some key points:
1) The paper examines how Rushdie's novel is a perfect example of a postcolonial work that uses magical realism to uncover truths about India's history and the intermingling of public and personal histories.
2) The literature review discusses several sources that analyze postcolonialism, Rushdie as an author, and aspects of Midnight's Children like its use of allegory, counter-colonial discourse, metanarratives, magic realism and hybridity.
3) Postcolonial literature typically addresses the issues and
Post-structuralism emerged as a reaction against structuralism in 1960s France. It rejects the idea that there are absolute truths or facts about the world that can be discovered. Post-structuralism views meaning as dependent on the individual reader rather than being inherent in a text or determined by the author's intent. It emphasizes that meaning is unstable and that concepts like identity are socially constructed. Key figures like Derrida, Foucault, and Barthes developed theories like deconstruction that aimed to expose assumptions and destabilize perceived hierarchies in opposing concepts.
One of the most influential literary critical movements of the 20th century. Speaking very generally, Russian Formalism as a critical movement was interested in identifying the specific quality of language use that separated the literary text from the non-literary text. Their approach was scientific inasmuch as they thought it was possible to establish what it is precisely that distinguishes ordinary usages of language from the poetic. Unlike the later post-structuralists, the Russian Formalists treated poetry as an autonomous form of discourse that was distinct from all other forms of discourse. They referred to this difference in qualitative terms as literaturnost (literariness) and sought to quantify (i.e. formalize) it by means of their theory of ostranenie (estrangement), which simply put is the process of making the already familiar seem unfamiliar or strange, thereby awakening in us a heightened state of perception.
Here you will find; Marxism by Karl Marx. Introduction of Karl Marx. Marxism and Marx. Marxist Critic has three points. Marxist Criticism.
A political and economic system in which there are no classes and everyone contributes to the betterment of society. George Hegel was an influence on him (his famous work is Dialectal Materialism).
Marx primarily addressed the issues of class conflict, rich/poor, owner and worker.
This document discusses poetics as a system in literary history. It argues that poetics, or the theory of genres, often exhibited a tendency toward systemization in different periods. Poetic theory aimed both to elucidate the nature of poetry as a whole and to propose theories of genres or species. This dual purpose led poetic theory to organize genres according to principles derived from interpreting poetry, establishing intellectual orders. These systems provided writers conceptual frameworks and delimited their options. A system exists in literary history when no element can be understood in isolation from the whole it is part of.
Sociology is defined as the systematic study of human social behavior and groups. It focuses on how social relationships influence individuals and how societies are established and change. The origins of sociology can be traced back to key thinkers like Auguste Comte, who coined the term "sociology," and Karl Marx, who argued that social existence shapes human consciousness. Major early sociological theorists included Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Talcott Parsons, who developed structural functionalism. Modern sociology encompasses different theoretical perspectives in seeking to understand individuals and societies using the sociological imagination.
8/26/2015 Untitled Document
http://www.bdavetian.com/Postmodernism.html 1/5
Postmodernism
Dr. Mary Klages, Associate Professor, English Department, University of Colorado, Boulder
http: www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klagespomo.html
Postmodernism is a complicated term, or set of ideas, one that has only emerged as an area of academic
study since the mid-1980s. Postmodernism is hard to define, because it is a concept that appears in a wide
variety of disciplines or areas of study, including art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology,
communications, fashion, and technology. It's hard to locate it temporally or historically, because it's not
clear exactly when postmodernism begins.
Perhaps the easiest way to start thinking about postmodernism is by thinking about modernism, the
movement from which postmodernism seems to grow or emerge. Modernism has two facets, or two
modes of definition, both of which are relevant to understanding postmodernism.
The first facet or definition of modernism comes from the aesthetic movement broadly labeled
"modernism." This movement is roughly coterminous with twentieth century Western ideas about art
(though traces of it in emergent forms can be found in the nineteenth century as well). Modernism, as you
probably know, is the movement in visual arts, music, literature, and drama which rejected the old
Victorian standards of how art should be made, consumed, and what it should mean. In the period of
"high modernism," from around 1910 to 1930, the major figures of modernism literature helped radically
to redefine what poetry and fiction could be and do: figures like Woolf, Joyce, Eliot, Pound, Stevens,
Proust, Mallarme, Kafka, and Rilke are considered the founders of twentieth-century modernism.
From a literary perspective, the main characteristics of modernism include:
1. an emphasis on impressionism and subjectivity in writing (and in visual arts as well); an emphasis on
HOW seeing (or reading or perception itself) takes place, rather than on WHAT is perceived. An example
of this would be stream-of-consciousness writing.
2. a movement away from the apparent objectivity provided by omniscient third-person narrators, fixed
narrative points of view, and clear-cut moral positions. Faulkner's multiply-narrated stories are an
example of this aspect of modernism.
3. a blurring of distinctions between genres, so that poetry seems more documentary (as in T.S. Eliot or ee
cummings) and prose seems more poetic (as in Woolf or Joyce).
4. an emphasis on fragmented forms, discontinuous narratives, and random-seeming collages of different
materials.
5. a tendency toward reflexivity, or self-consciousness, about the production of the work of art, so that
each piece calls attention to its own status as a production, as something constructed and consumed in
particular ways.
6. a rejection of elaborate formal aesthetics in favor of minimalist designs (as in the poetry of William
Carlos Williams) and a rej.
8/26/2015 Untitled Document
http://www.bdavetian.com/Postmodernism.html 1/5
Postmodernism
Dr. Mary Klages, Associate Professor, English Department, University of Colorado, Boulder
http: www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klagespomo.html
Postmodernism is a complicated term, or set of ideas, one that has only emerged as an area of academic
study since the mid-1980s. Postmodernism is hard to define, because it is a concept that appears in a wide
variety of disciplines or areas of study, including art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology,
communications, fashion, and technology. It's hard to locate it temporally or historically, because it's not
clear exactly when postmodernism begins.
Perhaps the easiest way to start thinking about postmodernism is by thinking about modernism, the
movement from which postmodernism seems to grow or emerge. Modernism has two facets, or two
modes of definition, both of which are relevant to understanding postmodernism.
The first facet or definition of modernism comes from the aesthetic movement broadly labeled
"modernism." This movement is roughly coterminous with twentieth century Western ideas about art
(though traces of it in emergent forms can be found in the nineteenth century as well). Modernism, as you
probably know, is the movement in visual arts, music, literature, and drama which rejected the old
Victorian standards of how art should be made, consumed, and what it should mean. In the period of
"high modernism," from around 1910 to 1930, the major figures of modernism literature helped radically
to redefine what poetry and fiction could be and do: figures like Woolf, Joyce, Eliot, Pound, Stevens,
Proust, Mallarme, Kafka, and Rilke are considered the founders of twentieth-century modernism.
From a literary perspective, the main characteristics of modernism include:
1. an emphasis on impressionism and subjectivity in writing (and in visual arts as well); an emphasis on
HOW seeing (or reading or perception itself) takes place, rather than on WHAT is perceived. An example
of this would be stream-of-consciousness writing.
2. a movement away from the apparent objectivity provided by omniscient third-person narrators, fixed
narrative points of view, and clear-cut moral positions. Faulkner's multiply-narrated stories are an
example of this aspect of modernism.
3. a blurring of distinctions between genres, so that poetry seems more documentary (as in T.S. Eliot or ee
cummings) and prose seems more poetic (as in Woolf or Joyce).
4. an emphasis on fragmented forms, discontinuous narratives, and random-seeming collages of different
materials.
5. a tendency toward reflexivity, or self-consciousness, about the production of the work of art, so that
each piece calls attention to its own status as a production, as something constructed and consumed in
particular ways.
6. a rejection of elaborate formal aesthetics in favor of minimalist designs (as in the poetry of William
Carlos Williams) and a rej ...
This was a slideshow I had to do for another writing class. We had to go through the texts and pick out twenty quotes to put together that made a point. I chose the idea that we all have the ability to participate as intellectuals in the community and in the classroom.
This document discusses postmodernism in literature and other art forms. It provides definitions and examples of postmodern architecture, history, literary theory, and historiographic metafiction. Key aspects of postmodernism highlighted include irony, contradiction, self-reflexivity, challenging institutions and blurring boundaries between genres. The document also examines how postmodern art interacts with and challenges theoretical discourses.
The First Political Theory (liberalism) is short of breath and although it has achieved boundless totalitarian power, it is no longer able to ensure order. It will explode like Aesop's frog: it swelled beyond its ability to bear "
The document discusses the emergence of a new multipolar world order as liberalism declines and is no longer able to ensure order. It argues that liberalism has achieved totalitarian power but is now short of breath. The failure of unions and parties indicates that the First Political Theory of liberalism is declining. A new multipolar world order will see the defeat of American unipolar hegemony. The desirable scenario is the overthrow of unipolarity and affirmation of a multipolar order that respects cultural diversity. The Russian-Ukrainian war is accelerating changes and signs of a new multipolar world are already emerging as countries coordinate financially without the dollar.
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1. Lecture 9: “Utopia and Other
Science Fictions”
English 192
Summer 2013
19 August 2013
“History is therefore the experience of Necessity, and it is this
alone which can forestall its thematization or reification as a mere
object of representation or as one master code among many
others. Necessity is not in that sense a type of content, but rather
the inexorable form of events […] History is what hurts, it is what
refuses desire and sets inexorable limits to individual as well as
collective praxis, which its "ruses" turn into grisly and ironic
reversals of their overt intention. But this History can be
apprehended only through its effects, and never directly as some
reified force.”
— Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious
2. Administrative matters
● Reminder: tomorrow is the last day to drop classes.
● I know that no one is thinking of dropping this class. This is
just a friendly reminder that the deadline is rapidly
approaching, in case any of your other classes are less fun.
● Papers are due at the beginning of lecture on
Thursday.
● Today is the last day to propose a paper topic not on the list
of paper topics handed out last week.
● As with all other course-related issues, I am happy to
discuss paper-related matters in my office hours or via
email.
● Questions? Other matters?
3. Utopian thought
● … generally attempts to envision a society in which
the various social, political, and economic ills of the
real world have been solved.
● … is first recorded in systematic form in Plato’s
Republic (ca. 380 BCE), a dialogue between
Socrates and various others which discusses
existing political forms and describes a city
(Kallipolis) ruled by philosopher-kings.
● … gets a generic name in Thomas More’s Utopia
(1516); it depicts a fictional island society and its
religious, social and political customs.
● “Utopia” may be read as both “Outopía,” no-place-land,
and “Eutopiā,” good-place-land.
4. Intentional communities
● Flourished especially in the early 19th century.
● Saw themselves as radically altering social
structure for those within the communities.
● Frequent areas of critique and intervention
included commercialism and capitalism.
● Religious communities also formed after the
Second Great Awakening (ca. 1790-1840) to
provide believers with spaces in which all
aspects of their lives could be lived according to
their religious principles.
5. Later literary examples
● Left-leaning (socialist):
● Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward (1887)
● William Morris, News from Nowhere (1890)
● H.G. Wells, A Modern Utopia (1905)
● Right-leaning (libertarian):
● Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged (1957)
● Robert Heinlein, The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress
(1966)
● Psychologically oriented:
● B.F. Skinner, Walden Two (1948)
6. ● Gender-oriented:
● Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Herland (1915)
● Joanna Russ, The Female Man (1975)
● Marge Piercy, Woman on the Edge of Time (1976)
● Twentieth-century fiction treating the topic
increasingly sees the attempt to rationally solve
all problems as leading in the direction of
horrifically dystopian fiction:
● H.G. Wells, The Time Machine (1895)
● Yevgeny Zamyatin, We (1924)
● Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (1932)
● George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)
● Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale (1985)
7. Fredric Jameson (1934-)
● Possibly the best-known
and most productive
Marxist literary critic and
theorist working today.
● Most commonly read
works are probably The
Political Unconscious
(1981) and
Postmodernism: The
Cultural Logic of Late
Capitalism (1991).
● Has taught at UCSD and
UCI; currently at Duke
University.
Jameson at the Holberg Prize Symposium
(Norway), 2008.
8. Some formal notes on SF
“we need not examine the scientific premise any
too closely, since it is rather the mimesis of a
scientific premise which is the crucial feature (and
which, according to Aristotle, must be plausible
rather than necessarily true).” (Jameson 90)
“literary analysis is best served by a conception of
such scientific content as constituting a formal
device: here [in Asimov’s ‘Nightfall’], in other
words, a specific scientific effect or mathematical
paradox (or, if you prefer, the plausible mimesis of
those things) serves as a frame, or better still, a
pseudo-causal hypothesis to be matched up with a
story type of a different order.” (91)
9. “Dominants” in SF periodization
“I think it might be better to take an immediate
lesson from our own immediate theme of the
synchronic system versus the diachronic
narrative, and to rewrite Asimov’s periodizing
narrative of SF history in terms of so many
possible dominants which form different
functional constellations in any given period.”
(92)
● We will return to Jameson’s periodization of SF
(90-94) later this term.
10. The Utopian impulse
“Utopia seems to have recovered its vitality as a
political slogan and a politically emerging perspective.
“Indeed, a whole new generation of the post-
globalization Left […] has more and more frequently
been willing to adopt this slogan, in a situation in
which the discrediting of communist and socialist
parties alike, and the skepticism about traditional
conceptions of revolution, have cleared the discursive
field. The consolidation of the emergent world market
– for this is really what is at stake in so-called
globalization – can eventually be expected to allow
new forms of political agency to develop.” (Jameson
xii)
11. But what about our argument that SF cannot
radically transcend our own perspectives?
“On the social level, this means that our
imaginations are hostages to our own mode of
production (and perhaps to whatever remnants
of past ones it has preserved). It suggests that
at best Utopia can serve the negative purpose
of making us more aware of our mental and
ideological imprisonment […] and that therefore
the best Utopias are those that fail the most
comprehensively.” (xiii)
12. “These [Utopian] texts are so often taken to be
the expressions of political opinion or ideology
that there is something to be said for redressing
the balance in a resolutely formalist way […] It is
not only the social and historical raw materials of
the Utopian construct which are of interest from
this perspective, but also the presentational
relations established between them – such as
closure, narrative and exclusion or inversion.
Here as elsewhere in narrative analysis what is
most revealing is not what is said, but what
cannot be said, what does not register on the
narrative apparatus.” (xiii)
13. “It is important to complete this Utopian formalism with
what I hesitate to call a psychology of Utopian
production: a study of Utopian fantasy mechanisms,
rather, and one which eschews individual biography in
favor of historical and collective wish-fulfillment. […] This
is clearly a question that needs to be enlarged to include
Science Fiction as well, if one follows Darko Suvin [in
Metamorphoses of Science Fiction], as I do, in believing
Utopia to be a socio-economic sub-genre of that broader
literary form. Suvin’s principle of ‘cognitive
estrangement’ – an aesthetic which, building on the
Russian Formalist notion of ‘making strange’ as well as
the Brechtian Verfremdungseffekt, characterizes SF in
terms of an essentially epistemological function […] –
thus posits one specific subset of this generic category
specifically devoted to the imagination of alternative
social and economic forms.” (xiii-xiv)
14. The Utopian wish
“It has often been observed that we need to
distinguish between the Utopian form and the
Utopian wish: between the written text or genre
and something like a Utopian impulse detectable
in daily life and its practices by a specialized
hermeneutic or interpretive method. Why not add
political practice to this list, inasmuch as whole
social movements have tried to realize a Utopian
vision, communities have been founded and
revolutions waged in its name, and since, as we
have just seen, the term itself is once again
current in present-day discursive struggles?” (1)
15. “Yet the lifework of Ernst Bloch [1885-1977] is
there to remind us that Utopia is a good deal
more than the sum of its individual texts. Bloch
posits a Utopian impulse governing everything
future-oriented in life and culture; and
encompassing everything from games to patent
medicines, from myths to mass entertainment,
from iconography to technology, from
architecture to eros, from tourism to jokes and
the unconscious.” (2)
17. Wish-fulfillment in SF
● For Jameson, SF is a site in which the question of
what we want and how this constitutes our
epistemological and ontological categories comes
to the forefront in particularly revelatory ways.
“it does not seem irrelevant to inquire how the Utopias
themselves, or their SF analogues, stage wishing as
such, and what counts in them in particular as the
fulfillment of just such wishes.” (72)
“What is then so often identified as Utopian boredom
corresponds to this withdrawal of cathexis from what
are no longer seen as ‘my own’ projects or ‘my own’
daily life. This is meanwhile the sense in which
depersonalization as such becomes a fundamental or
constituent feature of Utopia as such.” (97)
18. ● Keeping in mind our provisional assessment (from
lecture 6) that SF “explores the consequences of
some transformation to the basic parameters of
existence,” the genre can frequently be seen as the
exscriptive (in Lippit’s sense) projection outward of
human desires.
● It is worth remembering that Jameson has advocated
(on page 1) the hermeneutic detection of wishes in
everyday life as well as in literary writing.
“as Science Fiction approaches the condition of Utopia […], a
peculiar fairy-tale topology begins to rise towards the surface
like a network of veins.” (74)
● Note that Jameson, in today’s selections, is explicitly
linking the SF genre to several predecessors and
related discursive fields, including earlier Utopian writing
(throughout his book), fantasy (e.g., 74, 83), the fairy
tale (e.g., 77), and historical fiction (e.g., 76).
19. ● Ultimately, wishing itself, and the object of the
wish, is a fundamental characteristic of Jameson’s
Utopian hermeneutic.
“Freud’s insights […] identified the particularity of the
wish as the insatiably egoistic fantasy which repels us
not because it is egoistic but because it is not mine: a
formulation which discloses an unpleasant swarm of
competing and irreconcilable desires behind the social
order and its cultural appearance.” (76)
“[We can] reduce the stakes somewhat, and make of
Haber [in Ursula Le Guin’s Lathe of Heaven] not a
Utopian revolutionary, who wishes to change everything
and to transform the very totality of being, and read him
rather as a New Dealer and a liberal or social
democrat, eager for reform rather than revolution, and
intent on changing now this, now that, as he encounters
the various ills of society one by one on his path.” (80)
20. Synchronic and diachronic systematics
Synchronic. Linguistics. [translating French
synchronique (F. de Saussure a1913, in Cours de
linguistique générale (1916) iii. 117).] Pertaining to or
designating a method of linguistic study concerned with
the state of a language at one time, past or present;
descriptive, as opposed to historical or diachronic. Also
transf. in Anthropology, etc.
Diachronic. Linguistics. [translating French
diachronique (F. de Saussure a1913, in Cours de
linguistique générale (1916) iii. 120).] Pertaining to or
designating a method of linguistic study concerned with
the historical development of a language; historical, as
opposed to descriptive or synchronic. Also transf., in
Anthropology, etc.
(from the Oxford English Dictionary)
21. “Bradley’s elegant formulation warns us of the
self-defeating price to be paid for any truly
thoroughgoing exercise of systemic thinking in
history; and this, whether we have to do with a
relatively contemporary (structural) conception
of the synchronic (or of totality, or of the mode
of production, or the Foucauldian episteme), or
simply (as in Bradley) of some state a/state b
progression, or indeed with some more general
sense of the present as an immense and
interrelated web from which not even a dead
butterfly can fall at the peril of the whole.”
(Jameson 87)
22. Media Credits
● The photo of Fredric Jameson at the Holberg
Prisen Symposium was taken by Tor Erik H.
Mathiesen. It is shared under a Creative
Commons-Attribution license. Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fredric_James
on.jpg