The document summarizes the effects of witnessing parental violence on children. It states that the effects are numerous and include feelings of guilt, cognitive problems, and stress-related physical illnesses. It then discusses two specific effects in more detail: children believing the violence is their fault, and difficulties with focus and concentration in school. It concludes that the effects of growing up in a hostile environment are serious and detrimental to children's well-being.

2. LET’S START!

3. idea
idea
Thesis
statement

4. Restatement
of the main
idea of the TS
Repeated
key
words
Transition
signals
COHESION
Demonstrative
pronouns
Synonyms
Definite
article
Personal
pronouns

6. RESTATEMENT
• Thesis statement:
The effects of witnessing parental violence on children
are numerous, which include the feeling of guilt, the
development of cognitive problems and the
experiencing of stress-related physical illnesses.
• Supporting point 1:
The first effect is that these children believe the
violence is caused by something that they have done.
• Supporting point 2:
Another effect on children involves the inability to
focus and concentrate.

7. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
• he, she, they, his, her, them
• Represent nouns in previous sentence
• Example:
These unfortunate children, more
often than not, feel responsible for the
abuse they witnessed. They somehow
believe that the violence is caused by
something that they have done.

8. DEFINITE ARTICLE
• ‘the’ is related to a noun mentioned
previously
• Example:
The effects of witnessing parental violence on
children are numerous. These unfortunate
children more often than not, feel responsible
for the abuse they witnessed. They somehow
believe that the violence is caused by
something that they have done.

9. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
• ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, ‘those’
• Example:
The effects of witnessing parental violence on
children are numerous. These unfortunate
children more often than not, feel responsible
for the abuse they witnessed.

10. TRANSITION SIGNALS
• signals showing the relationship between ideas
1. To add an deai
2. To show itme and
ecnquese
3. To attocnrs
4. To show lusret
5. To show sasmephi
A. however, in contrast, on the other hand,
nevertheless, whereas
B. as a result, therefore, consequently, hence, thus
C. in fact, indeed, certainly
D. in general, in short, all in all
E. first, second, next, then, last, finally
F. in conclusion, in summary, in short, in a nutshell,
to conclude
6. To show an palxeme
G. for example, for instance, in particular
7. To isenagerle
H. in addition, furthermore, also, moreover,
8. To docelcnu
besides, another

11. Try this out! Happy reading =)
The effects of witnessing parental violence on
children are numerous, which include the feeling
of guilt, the development of cognitive problems
and the experiencing of stress-related physical
illnesses.
The first effect is that these children believe
that the violence is caused by something that
they have done. These unfortunate children more
often than not, feel responsible for the abuse
they witnessed. In fact, they even feel guilty for
not being able to stop the violence.
[see next page

12. Happy reading! (again~)
Another effect on children involves the inability to
focus and concentrate. Children from violent homes
tend to have problems in school as they constantly feel
anxious and depressed. As a result, their academic
achievement is low.
The last effect is that these children develop
illnesses such as headaches and ulcers, which are
common among stressful adults. Although not much is
known about how domestic violence induces stressrelated illnesses in children, most of the children who
have been saved from violent homes are found to have
severe migraine and chronic ulcers.
In short, the effects of growing up in a hostile
environment on children are serious and detrimental.
Hence, these children need to be saved from their
violent homes immediately!

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15. Writing INTRODUCTION
• Defining words or phrases
• Telling a story or account
• Describing a dilemma or asking question
• Using quotation, interesting fact or statistic
• Making a comparison and contrast
• Stating the importance of a topic
• Making a general statement  narrowing it
down

17. Writing CONCLUSION
• Recommend a notoslui
• Express phoe
• Make a strong mectmon
• Use totiquano
• State powerful tafc
• State secqunocesen