This document provides information on several English grammar topics: - Phrasal verbs, which are verb combinations with prepositions or adverbs that take on new meanings, like "tore up" or "broke down." - Modal verbs of obligation like "have to," "must," and "should" which express levels of obligation or advice. - Future tenses formed with "will" to express predictions and "going to" to express intentions. - Tag questions using forms of "to be" added to statements to check or deny the content, like "It's a beautiful day, isn't it?"

1. LEARNING ENGLISH

2. • A phrasal verb is a combination of words (a verb + a preposition or verb +adverb) that when
used together, usually take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.
• When we use phrasal verbs, we use them like normal verbs in a sentence, regardless if it’s a
regular or irregular verb.
Examples
• Elle tore up the letter after she read it.
• Their car broke down two miles out of town.
• Did the manager deal with that customer’s complaint.
• Be sure to put on a life jacket before getting into the boat.
• We left out the trash for pickup.
USE OF PHRASAL VERBS

3. USE OF MODAL VERBS OF ADVICE AND
OBLIGATION
MODAL VERBS OF OBLIGATION
• We can use have to + infinitive, must + infinitive and should + infinitive to express obligation
(something you have to do).
Present Positive Negative
have to /
don't have to
•strong obligation (possibly from
outside)Children have to go to
school.
(sometimes 'have got to')
•no obligation
I don't have to work on Sundays.
•
You don't have to eat anything you
don't like.
must / mustn't •strong obligation (possibly based
on the speaker's opinion)I must
study today.
•negative obligation
You mustn't smoke here.
should / shouldn't
•mild obligation or adviceYou
should save some money.
•mild negative obligation or advice.
You shouldn't smoke so much.

4. FUTURE TENSES
FUTURE USING WILL
• The auxiliary verb will is used in making predictions or simple statements of fact about the future.
EXAMPLES:
• The sun will rise at 6.30 tomorrow.
• Lunch break today will be 10 minutes longer than usual.
• In the year 2050 all students will have their own computers in school.
• If you help me, I will help you.
• Do you think she will come soon?

5. FUTURE TENSES
FUTURE USING GOING TO
• The auxiliary verb going to is used in talking about intentions. (An intention is a plan for the future that
you have already thought about.)
EXAMPLES
• We're going to buy a new car next month.
• I'm going to work in a bank when I leave school.
• In the new year I'm going to stop eating so much junk.
• He's not going to go to the dance. He's got too much work.
• I'm not going to watch TV until my science project is finished.

6. TAG QUESTION WITH BE
•
Tag questions are small phrases or questions (mini-questions) that are placed at the end of an
affirmative or negative sentence and that aim to regulate or deny the content of the phrase itself. Is it
the equivalent of truth? Spanish or not? Most used in the countries of America.
• Tag Questions with to be Verb
• EXAMPLES
• It's a beautiful day, isn't it?
Martha is angry, isn't she?
You are really tired, aren't you?
They're very nice people, aren't they?
• You are coming tomorrow, aren't you?
Pedro's flying now, isn't he?