This document discusses learning disabilities and ways to support learners with learning disabilities in an inclusive setting. It defines learning disabilities as neurological processing problems that can cause trouble learning and applying new information and skills. It describes common types of learning disabilities like dyslexia, dyscalculia, and auditory processing disorder. Signs of learning disabilities are provided for different age groups. The document advocates for inclusive education and early intervention. It recommends teaching strategies for learners with disabilities like breaking learning into small steps and providing regular feedback. Supporting individual achievement through individualized, intensive instruction is emphasized.

1. Online assignment
Shamna Beegum.S
Reg No:16514300012
Ways of Dealing Learners with Learning Disability in Inclusive Setting
Learning disability,otherwise known as learningdisorder,is a term used widelyfor a
variety of learningproblems.It is not a problem withintelligence or motivation.Learners with
learningdisabilities are notlazy or dumb.They are smart as others.Learningdisabilities are
neurologically-based processing problems which canleadto troublewithlearning new
informationand skillsand applying them.
Types of learning disabilities:
The most common types of learning disabilities are problemswithreading,writing,math,
reasoning,listening,and speaking.They canalso interfere with higher level skills suchas
organization,timeplanning,abstract reasoning,longor short term memoryand attention. Itcan
affect an individual's life beyondacademicsand canimpact relationships withfamily,friends
and in the workplace.The different types of learning disabilities are
Dyscalculia
Poorcomprehension of math symbols is a symptom of this learning disability.
Person's ability to understand numbers and learn math facts would be so poor.
Individuals with this type of learning disability may struggle with memorizing and
organizing numbers, have difficulty telling time, or have trouble with counting.
Dysgraphia
This learningdisability affects a person's handwritingabilityand fine motor skills.
Problems may includeillegiblehandwriting,inconsistent spacing,poor spatial planning on
paper, poor spelling,and difficulty' composing writing as well as thinkingand writingat the
same time.

2. Dyslexia
This is the learningdisability that affects reading andrelated language-based processing
skills.The severitycan differin each individual but can affect reading fluency,decoding,
reading comprehension,recall,writing,spelling,and sometimes speech andcan exist along with
other related disorders.Dyslexiais sometimes referred to as a Language-Based Learning
Disability.
Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities
A disorder whichis usually characterizedby a significant discrepancybetween higher
verbal skills andweaker motor,visual-spatial and social skills.Typically,an individualwith
NLD (or NVLD) has trouble interpreting nonverbal cues like facial expressions or body language,
and may havepoor coordination.
AuditoryProcessingDisorderCAPO)
This is a conditionthatadverselyaffects soundtravellingthroughtheear andis processed
or interpretedby thebrain.Individuals withAPD donot recognizesubtledifferencesbetween
soundsin words,even when thesounds areloud and clearenoughto be heard.They can also find
it difficult to tellwheresoundsare coming from,to make sense of theorderof sounds,or to
block outcompeting background noises.This condition is also knownas Central Auditory
ProcessingDisorder
Language Processing Disorder
A type of AuditoryProcessingDisorder (APD) in which thereis difficultyattaching
meaning to sound groupsthat form words,sentencesand stories.Whilean APD affects the
interpretation of all sounds coming intothe brain,a Language Processing Disorder (LPD) relates
only to the processing of language.LPD canaffect expressive language and/or receptive
language.
Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit
A disorder that affectsthe understanding of informationthata personsees,or the abilityto
draw or copy.A characteristic seenin people with learningdisabilitiessuch as Dysgraphiaor
Non-verbal Learning Disability,it can resultin missingsubtle differences in shapesor printed
letters,losing place frequently,struggleswithcutting,holding pencil too tightly,or poor
eye/handcoordination.

3. ADHD
A disorder that includesdifficultystayingfocusedandpaying attention,difficulty
controllingbehaviorandhyperactivity.AlthoughADHD is not considereda learningdisability,
researchindicates that from 30-50percent of children withADHD alsohave a specificlearning
disability,andthatthe two conditionscaninteractto makelearningextremely challenging.
Dyspraxia
A disorder that is characterized bydifficultyin muscle control,which causesproblems
with movement andcoordination,languageand speech,andcanaffect learning.Although not a
learning disability,dyspraxiaoften exists along withdyslexia,dyscalculia or ADHD.
Executive Functioning
An inefficiency in thecognitivemanagementsystems of the brain that affectsa varietyof
neuropsychological processes such as planning,organization,strategizing,payingattention to
and remembering details,and managingtime andspace.Althoughnota learning disability,
differentpatterns of weakness in executive functioningare almost alwaysseenin the learning
profiles of individuals who havespecific learningdisabilities or ADHD.
Memory
Three types of memory are important to learning.Working memory,short-term memory
and long-term memoryare usedin the processing of both verbal andnon-verbalinformation.If
there aredeficits inanyorallof thesetypes of memory,the ability to store and retrieve
information requiredto carryouttaskscanbe impaired.
Signs andsymptomsof learning disabilities:
Preschool signs and symptomsof learningdisabilities
 Problemsin pronouncingwords
 Troublein finding the right word
 Difficultyin rhyming
 Troublein learningthealphabet,numbers,colours,shapes,daysof theweek

4.  Difficultyin following directions orlearningroutines
 Difficultyin controllingcrayons,pencils,and scissors or colouringwithinthelines
 Troublewithbuttons,zippers,snaps,learningto tie shoes
Ages 5-9signs and .symptomsof learningdisabilities
 Troublein learningtheconnectionbetweenlettersandsounds
 Disabilityto blendsoundsto make words
 Confusesbasicwordswhenreading
 Consistentlymisspellswords and makes frequent reading errors
 Troublelearningbasic math concepts
 Difficultyin telling timeandremembering sequences
 Slow to learn new skills
Ages10-13signsandsymptoms oflearningdisabilities
 Difficultywithreading comprehensionor math skills
 Troublewithopen-endedtest questionsandwordproblems
 Dislikes readingandwriting;avoidsreading aloud
 Spellsthesameworddifferently ina singledocument
 Poor organizationalskills (bedroom,homework,desk is messyand disorganized)
 Troublefollowingclassroom discussions and expressingthoughts aloud
 Poor handwriting .
Learningdisability can beeasily identified during the school years.Peoplewith learning
disabilitiesusually possessaverageor aboveaverage intelligence.Butthereoftenappearsa gap
between theindividual'spotential andactual achievement.Thisis why learning disabilities are

5. referredto as "hiddendisabilities"; thepersonlooks perfectly"normal" andseemsto be a very
brightandintelligent person,yet maynotbe able todemonstrate theskilllevelexpectedfrom
someoneof a similarage. A learningdisabilitycannotbe curedor fixedas it is a lifelong
challenge.But ,still,withappropriatesupportandintervention,people withlearningdisabilities
can achievesuccessin school,at work,in relationships,andin thecommunity.
Ways of Dealing Learners with Learning Disability in Inclusive Setting
Enrolling learners withdisabilityin regularclasses wheretheyplay learnandgrow with
nondisabledpeers (inclusivesetting)is a challenging task for parents,learners as well as teachers.
They are not isolated in such schools but they aretaught as normal children.Inclusive and child-
friendly educationshould therefore be seenan approachto school improvement,inclusion is
about makingqualityeducationavailableto all.Earlydetection,identificationandintervention
are essential forchildren withdisabilities to reach theirfull intellectual,social,emotional and
physical potential.Many parents of childrenwithdisabilitieswill need support from child-care,
education and health professionals,as theymayfeel insecurewhen raisinga child with a
disability.Parentsshould beencouragedto look at their childrenfirst andforemostas children,
learn to discover and valuetheir abilities,ratherthanfocusingon the disabilities.Theyshould be
empowered to trust,their instincts as parents,while they also mayneed to learnsomebasic
techniquesandskills in order to better communicatewiththeir childrenandsupportthem in their
development.
Many of thedisablingeffects of impairments canbe reduced if childrenhave theopportunity:
To interact withfriends,peers and adults in theircommunity.
To experience a rangeof environments that minimise theimpact ofimpairment
To be taught by parents andteachers whohelpthem to learn new skills.
To meet andlearnfrom other people withdisabilitieswhocanbecomerolemodelsandsources
of inspiration
These turn to be theadvantages of inclusivesetting
Teaching learners withlearning disability canbe made ease by
 breakinglearning into small steps;

6.  administeringprobes;
 supplying regular,qualityfeedback;
 using diagrams,graphics and pictures to augment whattheysayin words;
 providing ampleindependent,well-designedintensive practice;
 giving modelinstructionalpractices that theywant studentsto follow;
 providing promptsof strategiesto use; and
 Engaging studentsin processtypequestions like"How is the strategy working? Where else
might youapplyit?" etc
Success forthe student withlearningdisabilitiesrequires a focuson individual achievement,
individual progress,andindividual learning.Thisrequires specific,directed,individualized,
intensiveremedialinstruction for students whoare struggling.Scaffoldingthesestudents is the
most important thingwhen dealing withthem
References:
1."NINDS Learning Disabilities Information Page." Learning Disabilities
Information Page:NationalInstitute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).
2. "Learning Disabilities and Disorders." : Types of Learning Disorders and Their
Signs.

7. Online assignment
Ways of Dealing Learners with Learning Disability in Inclusive Setting
Shamna Beegum.S
Reg No: 16514300012