The document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the use of electronic computers, communication devices, and software to process and transmit information. The document then describes the evolution of computers through 5 generations from the 1940s to present. It discusses the development of hardware technologies over these generations like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. It also outlines how ICT is used in education, banking, industry, commerce, and its impact on society.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from early forms like sign language to modern technologies like smartphones and the internet. It defines ICT as the use of computers, devices, and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. The document then covers key topics in ICT including information, communication, and technology. It provides timelines showing the development of technologies like writing, printing, telephones and computers. It also summarizes the four generations of computer development from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors.
The document discusses the evolution of communication and information technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the use of electronic devices and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. Communication has evolved from early forms like symbols and poetry to modern technologies like the Internet, email and video conferencing. The timeline traces important technology milestones from the development of writing systems to the invention of computers, internet, and smartphones. It also summarizes the four generations of computer development from the 1940s to present, focusing on innovations in hardware technology that drove each generation forward.
The document summarizes important media and information technologies from the 1970s and 1980s. It describes the creation of programming languages like C in the early 1970s. The first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was released in 1971. Email was also invented in 1971. Pong, the first commercially successful video game, was released in 1972. The first cellular phone call was made in 1973. Microsoft was founded in 1975 and Apple was founded in 1976. The Sony Walkman was first marketed in 1979. The first hard disk drive was created in 1980.
Detailed facts on computer developmentargusacademy
The document provides a detailed chronological history of many important developments in computer technology from 1901 to 1985, including the first radio message, transistor, integrated circuit, programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL, microprocessor, mouse, email, personal computer, operating systems like Unix and DOS, spreadsheet and word processing programs, and the establishment of companies like IBM, Microsoft, Intel, and Oracle. Key events and inventions are listed for each year.
This document provides an overview of information technology and computers. It discusses the history of calculating devices from the abacus to modern computers. It describes the five generations of computers and how they have evolved from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits. It also covers computer types, operating systems, programming languages, and networking topologies. In summary, the document traces the development of computing technology and its components from early manual devices to current digital networks.
The document provides a summary of the history of computers from the earliest calculating devices like the abacus and slide rule, to early mechanical computers like Babbage's analytical engine, to the first electronic digital computers developed in the 1940s such as ENIAC. It then discusses the five generations of computers, characterizing the first generation as utilizing vacuum tubes, the second using transistors, the third using integrated circuits, the fourth using microprocessors, and anticipating that the fifth generation will develop true artificial intelligence capabilities.
The first generation of computers were large room-sized machines that consumed a great deal of electricity and generated much heat, often malfunctioning as a result. The second generation introduced transistors, while the third generation brought keyboards, monitors, and greater accessibility. Each generation saw computers become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful through major technological developments.
The first generation of computers were room-sized machines that consumed large amounts of electricity and generated significant heat, causing frequent malfunctions. The second generation introduced transistors which helped computers become smaller. The third generation saw the addition of keyboards and monitors, making computers accessible to the mass audience for the first time. Each generation of computers has become increasingly smaller, cheaper and more powerful due to major technological developments.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from early forms like sign language to modern technologies like smartphones and the internet. It defines ICT as the use of computers, devices, and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. The document then covers key topics in ICT including information, communication, and technology. It provides timelines showing the development of technologies like writing, printing, telephones and computers. It also summarizes the four generations of computer development from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors.
The document discusses the evolution of communication and information technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the use of electronic devices and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. Communication has evolved from early forms like symbols and poetry to modern technologies like the Internet, email and video conferencing. The timeline traces important technology milestones from the development of writing systems to the invention of computers, internet, and smartphones. It also summarizes the four generations of computer development from the 1940s to present, focusing on innovations in hardware technology that drove each generation forward.
The document summarizes important media and information technologies from the 1970s and 1980s. It describes the creation of programming languages like C in the early 1970s. The first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was released in 1971. Email was also invented in 1971. Pong, the first commercially successful video game, was released in 1972. The first cellular phone call was made in 1973. Microsoft was founded in 1975 and Apple was founded in 1976. The Sony Walkman was first marketed in 1979. The first hard disk drive was created in 1980.
Detailed facts on computer developmentargusacademy
The document provides a detailed chronological history of many important developments in computer technology from 1901 to 1985, including the first radio message, transistor, integrated circuit, programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL, microprocessor, mouse, email, personal computer, operating systems like Unix and DOS, spreadsheet and word processing programs, and the establishment of companies like IBM, Microsoft, Intel, and Oracle. Key events and inventions are listed for each year.
This document provides an overview of information technology and computers. It discusses the history of calculating devices from the abacus to modern computers. It describes the five generations of computers and how they have evolved from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits. It also covers computer types, operating systems, programming languages, and networking topologies. In summary, the document traces the development of computing technology and its components from early manual devices to current digital networks.
The document provides a summary of the history of computers from the earliest calculating devices like the abacus and slide rule, to early mechanical computers like Babbage's analytical engine, to the first electronic digital computers developed in the 1940s such as ENIAC. It then discusses the five generations of computers, characterizing the first generation as utilizing vacuum tubes, the second using transistors, the third using integrated circuits, the fourth using microprocessors, and anticipating that the fifth generation will develop true artificial intelligence capabilities.
The first generation of computers were large room-sized machines that consumed a great deal of electricity and generated much heat, often malfunctioning as a result. The second generation introduced transistors, while the third generation brought keyboards, monitors, and greater accessibility. Each generation saw computers become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful through major technological developments.
The first generation of computers were room-sized machines that consumed large amounts of electricity and generated significant heat, causing frequent malfunctions. The second generation introduced transistors which helped computers become smaller. The third generation saw the addition of keyboards and monitors, making computers accessible to the mass audience for the first time. Each generation of computers has become increasingly smaller, cheaper and more powerful due to major technological developments.
This document summarizes the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1940s to present. It describes the key technologies used in each generation including vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and ultralarge scale integration. Memory technologies progressed from punched cards to magnetic cores, disks, and optical storage. Programming languages advanced from machine code to modern languages like Java. Computer size decreased from room-sized to portable notebooks while power and capabilities increased dramatically. Each generation brought faster, more affordable and reliable computers with wider applications in business, science and personal use.
The history of tablet computers began in the 1800s with early patents for electronic tablets used for handwriting. In the 1970s, Alan Kay conceptualized the DynaBook, an early tablet-style computer. However, the first commercially successful tablets did not emerge until the late 1950s, taking various forms throughout the 1960s and 1970s using stylus input on large terminals. It was not until the 2000s that tablet computers began to resemble the touchscreen tablets of today, though many early models in the 1980s through 1990s faced financial difficulties and were ultimately discontinued.
The document discusses the four generations of computers from 1946 to today. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, slow, and unreliable. The second generation introduced transistors, replacing vacuum tubes. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits, packing many transistors onto a single chip. The fourth generation began in 1971 with the invention of the microprocessor, putting millions of transistors onto a single chip, allowing for faster processing speeds. Advancements across generations have led to computers becoming smaller, faster, and more powerful over time.
At any given moment it is easy to look back to see how technology has changed over time. At the same time it is difficult to see what transformations are taking place in current moment, and even more difficult to see where things are going.
We will explore what technology is. For us it may be the latest tech stuff we see, something new. But what about everyday objects that we take for granted. Are those not technologies also?
How does technology evolve? We look at some ideas on evolution of technology and how it is similar to biology in some ways. We will also look at the origin of the word technology. Finally we will define the term we will use in the course. Terms defined are technology, product performance, and innovation to name few.
The document provides an overview of the history of information and communication technology (ICT) from ancient times to the present. It discusses early forms of communication like writing systems and libraries in ancient civilizations. It then covers the mechanical age with developments like the printing press and slide rules. The electro-mechanical age saw innovations in telecommunication like the telegraph and telephone. The electronic age discusses early computers using vacuum tubes and the development of stored-program computers. It outlines the four generations of digital computing from vacuum tubes to microprocessors on a single chip.
For the most time of human history, life was local and linear. Local in the way that anything that happened was close by, a least within a walking distance. Linear in the way that your life was the same as your parents and your children. Nothing changed.
Just like the evolution of man, technology improvements follow an evolutionary progress. New ideas or products are to begin with immature and fragile with slow improvements. Then the progress accelerates until the products become mature and taken for granted. Then the cycle repeats and a new layer of technology is added to the previous. This process is exponential. One such observation of exponential is Moore’s Law.
We will explore what exponential means. We look at Moore´s law and The Law of the Accelerating returns.
The Biggest Internet of Things Milestones NeuraInc
The future of Internet of Things is here to make our lives as seamless, as de-cluttered as machine-ly possible. We at Neura take you back in time and give you a little history around the much-talked-about Internet of Things.
Back in 1999, Kevin Ashton, cofounder of Auto-ID Center at MIT, first coined the phrase “Internet of Things” in his presentation about Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) at PG&E. Fast-forward 16 years and you’ll see the impact interconnectivity of devices has on our lives.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from older forms like sign language to modern technologies like phones, TV, and the internet. It defines ICT as the use of computers, devices, and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. The document then covers the topics of information, communication, and technology, providing examples of how each concept has developed over time and aided the spread of knowledge. It includes a timeline of important technological milestones in communication and introduces the four generations of computer development from the 1940s to present.
The document discusses the evolution of communication and information technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the technology used for information processing, particularly using computers, communication devices, and software. Communication has evolved from early forms like signs and symbols to modern technologies like the internet and video conferencing. The development of computers is also summarized, from the earliest counting machines to the five generations of computers and modern devices. The document then discusses how ICT is used in various sectors like education, banking, industry, e-commerce, and its impacts on society like faster communication speed and lower costs.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the earliest use of counting tools to today's microprocessor-powered computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes, which generated heat and were prone to burning out. The second generation introduced transistors, which were more reliable and efficient. Integrated circuits, containing hundreds of transistors on a silicon chip, marked the third generation. The fourth generation began in 1971 with the invention of the microprocessor, which incorporated a CPU onto a single silicon chip. Today's computers are classified as fourth generation and are faster, more powerful, and ubiquitous in homes, schools and offices compared to earlier models.
It deals with a different phases of Evolution of Computers. It deals with various generations of computer and key technology used in each generation, advantages and disadvantages of each generations. Their input method, output method , software and the type of programming languages used in each of the generations. It has lots of pictures like ENIAC's picture, CDS 3600, IBM 370,etc.
This document provides an introduction and outline for a course on computer applications. It covers the following topics:
- The course outline includes introductions to information technology, computer hardware and software, operating systems like Windows and Office applications.
- It defines key computer terms like information, technology, hardware, software and provides a brief history of computers from the dark ages to modern computers.
- The document explains the five generations of computers defined by their underlying technologies from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. Each generation brought improvements in size, cost, reliability and capabilities.
- It provides examples of some representative computers from each generation like ENIAC, IBM 360, personal computers and modern devices. The latest generation
The document summarizes the five generations of computers, defined by major technological developments that changed how computers operate. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. The second generation used transistors, which made computers smaller, faster, and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits in silicon chips, further increasing speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors built on a single chip. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through technologies like parallel processing and quantum computing.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors which made computers smaller and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits on silicon chips which further increased speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors integrated onto a single chip which led to the development of personal computers. Current and future generations aim to develop artificial intelligence through techniques like parallel processing, quantum computing, and nanotechnology.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, took up entire rooms, and could only solve one problem at a time. The second generation used transistors which made computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits which further increased speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors on a single chip making computers small enough to fit in hands and leading to personal computers. Current and future generations are focused on artificial intelligence.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from 1946 to the present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and included the ENIAC computer. The second generation used transistors, which were more reliable than vacuum tubes. The third generation used integrated circuits, which were smaller than transistors. The fourth generation used microprocessors, which contained the CPU on a single chip. The fifth generation includes modern computers with artificial intelligence capabilities. Today's computers are classified as fourth generation and have tremendous processing power and data storage.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present day:
1) First generation used vacuum tubes and were room-sized machines. Programming was done through machine language and punch cards. Examples include UNIVAC and ENIAC.
2) Second generation saw the introduction of transistors, making computers smaller and more efficient. Assembly languages were also developed.
3) Third generation used integrated circuits, allowing multiple programs to run simultaneously through operating systems. Computers became accessible to the mass market.
4) Fourth generation used microprocessors, putting entire computers on a single chip. Personal computers and networks became widespread.
5) Fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial
1. Early computers from 1940-1956 were large, slow, expensive, and unreliable. They used vacuum tubes for components which generated a lot of heat and frequently broke down.
2. The transistor was introduced from 1956-1963, making computers smaller, faster, more reliable and energy efficient compared to vacuum tubes.
3. Later generations from the 1960s onwards saw the development of silicon chips, microprocessors, and other hardware technologies that made computers over 100 times smaller than earlier models, with greater speed, storage, and reliability. This led to booming personal computer and software industries.
1) First generation computers from 1940-1956 were large, slow, expensive, and unreliable. They used vacuum tubes which generated a lot of heat and frequently burned out.
2) The second generation from 1956-1963 used transistors which were smaller, more reliable, and generated less heat than vacuum tubes.
3) The third generation from 1964-1971 saw the introduction of silicon chips, microprocessors, and smaller computer models from IBM and other companies for business and scientific use.
The document summarizes the five generations of computer evolution from 1940 to present day. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were room-sized, and relied on punched cards. The second generation used transistors, were smaller but still generated heat. The third generation used integrated circuits, were smaller and cheaper with keyboards/monitors. The fourth generation used microprocessors on a single chip, could be networked, and developed many programming languages. The fifth generation aims to develop artificial intelligence with natural language and learning capabilities.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over 7 stages:
1) The early years saw the development of counting devices like the abacus leading up to early mechanical calculators.
2) First generation computers from 1939-1954 used vacuum tubes and were huge, slow, expensive, and unreliable.
3) Second generation computers from 1954-1959 replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable.
4) Third generation computers from 1959-1971 saw the development of integrated circuits and silicon chips, making hardware smaller, cheaper, and able to run multiple programs simultaneously.
The document provides a brief history of computers over several generations from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern digital computers. It discusses early mechanical computers from the 17th century through early electronic computers of the 1940s-50s. The five generations of computers are then outlined from first generation vacuum tube computers of 1942-1955 to the emerging fifth generation with artificial intelligence capabilities. Different types of computers like analog, digital, and hybrid systems are also defined.
This document summarizes the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1940s to present. It describes the key technologies used in each generation including vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and ultralarge scale integration. Memory technologies progressed from punched cards to magnetic cores, disks, and optical storage. Programming languages advanced from machine code to modern languages like Java. Computer size decreased from room-sized to portable notebooks while power and capabilities increased dramatically. Each generation brought faster, more affordable and reliable computers with wider applications in business, science and personal use.
The history of tablet computers began in the 1800s with early patents for electronic tablets used for handwriting. In the 1970s, Alan Kay conceptualized the DynaBook, an early tablet-style computer. However, the first commercially successful tablets did not emerge until the late 1950s, taking various forms throughout the 1960s and 1970s using stylus input on large terminals. It was not until the 2000s that tablet computers began to resemble the touchscreen tablets of today, though many early models in the 1980s through 1990s faced financial difficulties and were ultimately discontinued.
The document discusses the four generations of computers from 1946 to today. The first generation used vacuum tubes and were large, slow, and unreliable. The second generation introduced transistors, replacing vacuum tubes. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits, packing many transistors onto a single chip. The fourth generation began in 1971 with the invention of the microprocessor, putting millions of transistors onto a single chip, allowing for faster processing speeds. Advancements across generations have led to computers becoming smaller, faster, and more powerful over time.
At any given moment it is easy to look back to see how technology has changed over time. At the same time it is difficult to see what transformations are taking place in current moment, and even more difficult to see where things are going.
We will explore what technology is. For us it may be the latest tech stuff we see, something new. But what about everyday objects that we take for granted. Are those not technologies also?
How does technology evolve? We look at some ideas on evolution of technology and how it is similar to biology in some ways. We will also look at the origin of the word technology. Finally we will define the term we will use in the course. Terms defined are technology, product performance, and innovation to name few.
The document provides an overview of the history of information and communication technology (ICT) from ancient times to the present. It discusses early forms of communication like writing systems and libraries in ancient civilizations. It then covers the mechanical age with developments like the printing press and slide rules. The electro-mechanical age saw innovations in telecommunication like the telegraph and telephone. The electronic age discusses early computers using vacuum tubes and the development of stored-program computers. It outlines the four generations of digital computing from vacuum tubes to microprocessors on a single chip.
For the most time of human history, life was local and linear. Local in the way that anything that happened was close by, a least within a walking distance. Linear in the way that your life was the same as your parents and your children. Nothing changed.
Just like the evolution of man, technology improvements follow an evolutionary progress. New ideas or products are to begin with immature and fragile with slow improvements. Then the progress accelerates until the products become mature and taken for granted. Then the cycle repeats and a new layer of technology is added to the previous. This process is exponential. One such observation of exponential is Moore’s Law.
We will explore what exponential means. We look at Moore´s law and The Law of the Accelerating returns.
The Biggest Internet of Things Milestones NeuraInc
The future of Internet of Things is here to make our lives as seamless, as de-cluttered as machine-ly possible. We at Neura take you back in time and give you a little history around the much-talked-about Internet of Things.
Back in 1999, Kevin Ashton, cofounder of Auto-ID Center at MIT, first coined the phrase “Internet of Things” in his presentation about Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) at PG&E. Fast-forward 16 years and you’ll see the impact interconnectivity of devices has on our lives.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from older forms like sign language to modern technologies like phones, TV, and the internet. It defines ICT as the use of computers, devices, and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. The document then covers the topics of information, communication, and technology, providing examples of how each concept has developed over time and aided the spread of knowledge. It includes a timeline of important technological milestones in communication and introduces the four generations of computer development from the 1940s to present.
The document discusses the evolution of communication and information technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the technology used for information processing, particularly using computers, communication devices, and software. Communication has evolved from early forms like signs and symbols to modern technologies like the internet and video conferencing. The development of computers is also summarized, from the earliest counting machines to the five generations of computers and modern devices. The document then discusses how ICT is used in various sectors like education, banking, industry, e-commerce, and its impacts on society like faster communication speed and lower costs.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the earliest use of counting tools to today's microprocessor-powered computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes, which generated heat and were prone to burning out. The second generation introduced transistors, which were more reliable and efficient. Integrated circuits, containing hundreds of transistors on a silicon chip, marked the third generation. The fourth generation began in 1971 with the invention of the microprocessor, which incorporated a CPU onto a single silicon chip. Today's computers are classified as fourth generation and are faster, more powerful, and ubiquitous in homes, schools and offices compared to earlier models.
It deals with a different phases of Evolution of Computers. It deals with various generations of computer and key technology used in each generation, advantages and disadvantages of each generations. Their input method, output method , software and the type of programming languages used in each of the generations. It has lots of pictures like ENIAC's picture, CDS 3600, IBM 370,etc.
This document provides an introduction and outline for a course on computer applications. It covers the following topics:
- The course outline includes introductions to information technology, computer hardware and software, operating systems like Windows and Office applications.
- It defines key computer terms like information, technology, hardware, software and provides a brief history of computers from the dark ages to modern computers.
- The document explains the five generations of computers defined by their underlying technologies from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. Each generation brought improvements in size, cost, reliability and capabilities.
- It provides examples of some representative computers from each generation like ENIAC, IBM 360, personal computers and modern devices. The latest generation
The document summarizes the five generations of computers, defined by major technological developments that changed how computers operate. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums. The second generation used transistors, which made computers smaller, faster, and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits in silicon chips, further increasing speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors built on a single chip. The fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial intelligence through technologies like parallel processing and quantum computing.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors which made computers smaller and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits on silicon chips which further increased speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors integrated onto a single chip which led to the development of personal computers. Current and future generations aim to develop artificial intelligence through techniques like parallel processing, quantum computing, and nanotechnology.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, took up entire rooms, and could only solve one problem at a time. The second generation used transistors which made computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits which further increased speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors on a single chip making computers small enough to fit in hands and leading to personal computers. Current and future generations are focused on artificial intelligence.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from 1946 to the present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and included the ENIAC computer. The second generation used transistors, which were more reliable than vacuum tubes. The third generation used integrated circuits, which were smaller than transistors. The fourth generation used microprocessors, which contained the CPU on a single chip. The fifth generation includes modern computers with artificial intelligence capabilities. Today's computers are classified as fourth generation and have tremendous processing power and data storage.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present day:
1) First generation used vacuum tubes and were room-sized machines. Programming was done through machine language and punch cards. Examples include UNIVAC and ENIAC.
2) Second generation saw the introduction of transistors, making computers smaller and more efficient. Assembly languages were also developed.
3) Third generation used integrated circuits, allowing multiple programs to run simultaneously through operating systems. Computers became accessible to the mass market.
4) Fourth generation used microprocessors, putting entire computers on a single chip. Personal computers and networks became widespread.
5) Fifth generation, still in development, focuses on artificial
1. Early computers from 1940-1956 were large, slow, expensive, and unreliable. They used vacuum tubes for components which generated a lot of heat and frequently broke down.
2. The transistor was introduced from 1956-1963, making computers smaller, faster, more reliable and energy efficient compared to vacuum tubes.
3. Later generations from the 1960s onwards saw the development of silicon chips, microprocessors, and other hardware technologies that made computers over 100 times smaller than earlier models, with greater speed, storage, and reliability. This led to booming personal computer and software industries.
1) First generation computers from 1940-1956 were large, slow, expensive, and unreliable. They used vacuum tubes which generated a lot of heat and frequently burned out.
2) The second generation from 1956-1963 used transistors which were smaller, more reliable, and generated less heat than vacuum tubes.
3) The third generation from 1964-1971 saw the introduction of silicon chips, microprocessors, and smaller computer models from IBM and other companies for business and scientific use.
The document summarizes the five generations of computer evolution from 1940 to present day. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were room-sized, and relied on punched cards. The second generation used transistors, were smaller but still generated heat. The third generation used integrated circuits, were smaller and cheaper with keyboards/monitors. The fourth generation used microprocessors on a single chip, could be networked, and developed many programming languages. The fifth generation aims to develop artificial intelligence with natural language and learning capabilities.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over 7 stages:
1) The early years saw the development of counting devices like the abacus leading up to early mechanical calculators.
2) First generation computers from 1939-1954 used vacuum tubes and were huge, slow, expensive, and unreliable.
3) Second generation computers from 1954-1959 replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable.
4) Third generation computers from 1959-1971 saw the development of integrated circuits and silicon chips, making hardware smaller, cheaper, and able to run multiple programs simultaneously.
The document provides a brief history of computers over several generations from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern digital computers. It discusses early mechanical computers from the 17th century through early electronic computers of the 1940s-50s. The five generations of computers are then outlined from first generation vacuum tube computers of 1942-1955 to the emerging fifth generation with artificial intelligence capabilities. Different types of computers like analog, digital, and hybrid systems are also defined.
Computers have evolved over five generations from vacuum tubes to artificial intelligence. The first generation from 1940-1956 used vacuum tubes, magnetic drums, and punched cards. The second generation from 1956-1963 used transistors which made computers smaller and more efficient. The third generation from 1964-1971 used integrated circuits on silicon chips which increased speed. The fourth generation from 1971 onward used microprocessors on a single chip and led to networks and the internet. The fifth generation presently aims to develop artificial intelligence using techniques like parallel processing and quantum computing.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The 1st generation (1940-1956) used vacuum tubes, were large and unreliable. The 2nd generation (1956-1963) introduced transistors which were smaller and more reliable than vacuum tubes. The 3rd generation (1964-1971) saw the development of silicon chips and microprocessors. The 4th generation (1971-present) brought personal computers from companies like Apple and IBM that were smaller and more powerful due to hardware advances. The 5th generation (present and beyond) involves new technologies like robotics, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The 1st generation (1940-1956) used vacuum tubes, were large and unreliable. The 2nd generation (1956-1963) introduced transistors which were smaller and more reliable than vacuum tubes. The 3rd generation (1964-1971) saw the development of silicon chips and microprocessors. The 4th generation (1971-present) brought personal computers from companies like Apple and IBM that were smaller and more powerful due to hardware advances. The 5th generation (present and beyond) involves new technologies like robotics, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence.
The document traces the evolution of computer systems from early counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It discusses the development of counting machines, followed by the four generations of computers from the 1940s to present day, defined by changes in technology from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits and microprocessors. The fifth generation and beyond saw further advancement including artificial intelligence and virtual reality.
it is all about the generation of computer. explained in a detailed way. helpful for those students who is seeking information about computer generation.it is available in one place
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This study aimed to develop a model of excellent teacher thinking based on data from 105 excellent teachers in Malaysia. The study found that teacher expectations and subject expertise were the most significant predictors of teaching performance, explaining 31.1% of the variance. Specifically, teacher expectations had the highest contribution to performance. The model shows that an excellent teacher's thinking incorporates teaching philosophy, pedagogical knowledge, management style, objectives, and expectations. Of these, expectations were found to be most vital for excellent teaching.
Sasaran upsr, pmr, spm & stpm 2011 jpn pulau pinangnorshipa
This document contains data comparing the 2011 targets and 2010 results for three Malaysian public examinations - UPSR, PMR, and SPM - in Penang state versus the national averages. For each exam and subject, it provides the 2010 pass rate for Penang and nationally, the 2011 Penang target pass rate, and the 2010 and 2011 GPMP (grade point average) targets for Penang and nationally. It also compares the overall 2010 results and 2011 targets for Penang versus the national level.
Sasaran UPSR, PMR, SPM & STPM 2011 JPN PULAU PINANGnorshipa
This document contains data comparing the 2011 targets and 2010 results for three Malaysian public examinations - UPSR, PMR, and SPM - in the state of Penang against national averages. For each exam and subject, it provides the 2010 pass rate for Penang and nationally, the 2011 Penang target pass rate, and the 2010 Penang and national average grades. It also aggregates some of the data and lists the 2011 targets for overall pass rates and average grades for each exam in Penang and nationally.
This document provides the conference program for the SGGS International Students' Conference 2010, held from June 13-16. The program includes details on events each day such as plenary sessions, workshops, cultural presentations, tours and meals. Some of the key topics to be discussed at plenary sessions include promoting global sustainability, optimizing student potential, and promoting global gender equality and peace. The conference will also include social activities like an icebreaker, games, and a farewell dinner with cultural presentations.
This document is a registration form for the SGGS International Students' Conference 2010 being held in Penang, Malaysia from June 13-16, 2010. It requests information such as the name and contact details of participating schools and student delegates. It also provides instructions on payment methods and participation opportunities for student delegates at the conference, including serving as chairpersons, rapporteurs, or presenters.
The document provides an overview of computer systems and their components. It can be summarized as follows:
1) A computer system consists of four major hardware components: input devices, output devices, a processor, and storage devices. It requires both hardware and software to function, with software providing instructions to tell the hardware what to do.
2) Input devices such as keyboards and mice are used to enter data into the system. Processing is carried out by the central processing unit (CPU). Output devices like monitors and printers are used to display or print the processed data. Storage devices hold data, programs and files for future use.
3) The information processing cycle involves a user inputting data, the processor carrying out
The document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the use of electronic computers, communication devices, and software to process and transmit information. The document then describes the evolution of computers through 5 generations from the 1940s to present. It discusses the development of hardware technologies over these generations like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. It also outlines the impact of ICT on different sectors like education, banking, industry, commerce, and society.
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Learning Area 1
1. SMK(P) ST GEORGE
JALAN MACALISTER
PULAU PINANG.
LEARNING AREA 1: INTRODUCTION
TO INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(ICT)
1.1.1 OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(ICT)
1.1.1.1 Define ICT
ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the
use of electronic computers, communication devices and software
applications to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve
information from anywhere, anytime.
1.1.1.2 Describe the brief evolution of computers
TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE
Technology Year
In 3500 BC, the Sumerians
developed cuneiform writing.
In 1500 BC, the Phoenicians
developed the alphabet
ICT F4/SGGS 2009 1 PN NORSHIPA HJ ISMAIL
2. In 105 BC, Tsai Lun of China
invented paper.
In 1454, the first printing began
with the creation of a printing
machine.
In 1793, the telegraph line was
invented.
In 1876, the first telephone was
introduced.
In 1925, television was made
known to public.
In 1941, the computer was
created.
ICT F4/SGGS 2009 2 PN NORSHIPA HJ ISMAIL
3. In 1958, the photocopier machine
was introduced.
In 1963, the communication
satellite was
introduced.
In 1969, the first Internet known
as ARPANET was introduced.
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
In the early years, before the computer was invented, there are several
inventions of counting machines.
Year
200
0BC
CHINESE ABACUS
500
BC
EGYPTIAN ABACUS
1620
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4. JOHN NAPIER NAPIER'S BONES
1653
BLAISE PASCAL PASCALINE
1673
LEIBNIZ'S RECHNER
GOTTFRIED WILHELM VON
LEIBNIZ
1801
JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD WEAVING LOOM
1823
MECHANICAL CALCULATOR
CHARLES BABBAGE MACHINE
1941 MARK 1
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5. HARVARD UNIVERSITY
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956)
The first generation of computer were huge, slow, expensive and often
unreliable. In 1946, two Americans, Presper Eckert and Willian Mauchly build
the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It use vacuum
tube instead of mechanical switches of the MARK 1.
Vacuum tube
MARK 1
Presper Eckert Willian Mauchly
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly build the
UNIVAC, which could calculate at the
rate of 10,000 addition per seconds.
UNIVAC – UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER
Hardware Technology
New invention of hardware were needed with the new computer technology.
Technology Details
The vacuum tube was an extremely
VACUUM TUBE important step of the advancement of
computers.In a computer, a vacuum tube
which is an electronic tube about the size of
light bulbs, was used as the internal
computer components. Thousands of them
were used.
PUNCHED CARD Punched card was used to store data.
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6. MAGNETIC TAPE Magnetic tape was introduced in 1957. It
was a faster and a more compact method of
storing data. Using magnetic tape became
more reliable and cost-effective.
Problems
• the vacuum tubes generated a great deal of heat causing many
problems in temperature regulation and climate control
• the tubes also burnt out frequently
• people operating the computer did not know that the problem was in
the programming machine
• the second generation computer scientists invented something new
due to lots of problem created by vacuum tubes
SECOND GENERATION (1956-1963)
The famous computer scientists during the second generation era were:
The creation of transistor spark the production of a wave of second
generation computer. Transistor was small devices use to transfer electronic
signals across a resister. Transistors had many advantages compared to
other hardware technology.
• transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes
• they needed no warm up time
• consumed less energy
• generated much less heat
• faster and more reliable
THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)
In the third generation era, the IBM 370 series were
introduced in 1964. It came in several models and
sizes.It was used for business and scientific programs.
Other computer models introduced were CDC 7600
and B2500.
The development of integrated circuit (IC), signal the
beginning of the third generation computers. Silicone
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7. chips were manufactured in 1961 at the Silicone Valley. Then came the
integrated circuit technology, which had reduced the size and cost of
computers.
It is a complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicone. Which is also
known as semi conductor. Other than that, the Magnetic Core Memory
was replaced by a device called the microchip. Also the first 256 bit RAM
was introduced and it was the basis for development of 1K bit RAM.
Advantages
A new concept in this generation was that of a family of computer which
allowed computer to be upgraded and expanded as necessary.
• Silicone chips were reliable, compact and
cheaper.
• Sold hardware and software separately
which created the software industry.
• customer service industry flourished
(reservation and credit checks)
FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)
It took only 55 years for the 4 generations to
evolve. The growth of the computer industry
developed technologies of computer inventions.
There are many types of computer models such as:
• Apple Macintosh
• IBM
• DELL
• ACER
In 1971 Intel created the first microprocessor. In 1976, Steve Jobs built the
first Apple computer. Then, in 1981, IBM introduced its first personal
computer.
Steve Jobs Bill Gates Micheal Dell
During the fourth generation, hardware technology such as silicone chips,
microprocessor and storage devices were invented. A microprocessor is a
specialized chip which is developed for computer memory and logic.
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8. Microprocessor
Silicone Chips
The microprocessor is a large-scale integrated circuit which contained
thousands of transistors. The transistors on this one chip are capable of
performing all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit.
Advantages
• Computers became 100 times smaller than ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer) the first computer
• Gain in speed, reliability and storage capacity
• Personal and software industry boomed
FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT & BEYOND)
The fifth generation computers are technologically
advance and are still being development to become
more efficient.
The inventions of new hardware technology in the
fifth generation have grown rapidly including many
other modern computer devices such as :
• silicone chips
• processor
• robotics
• virtual reality
• intelligent systems
• programs which translate languages
NEW ERA COMPUTER
After the fifth generation computer, the technology of computer has become
more advanced, modern and sophisticated. The latest invention in the era of
computers are :
• Super Computers
• Mainframe Computers
• Mini Computers
• Personal Computers
• Mobile Computers
Mini Computers
Mobile Computer
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9. In the new era of
computers, expert
system such as
teleconferencing and
Mainframe Computers speech-recognition
Super Computers system have been
invented as part of
Personal Computers
modern world communication tools.
ICT In Everyday Life: Education, Banking, Industry and Commerce
1.1.2.1 USAGE OF ICT IN DAILY LIFE
EDUCATION
Today, most schools and higher educational institutions have computers in
the classroom for teacher and students. In education, teachers, students,
researchers and school administrators benefits from the usage of ICT.
Teachers use computers to
research for teaching materials,
participate in online forums and
online conferences as well as
To aid their teaching.
Teachers
Students use the computers as a
ICT F4/SGGS 2009 9 PN NORSHIPA HJ ISMAIL
10. reference tool. They use
computers to browse the
Internet to look for information.
Students
Researchers use computers to
collect and process data.
Researchers
School administrators use
computers for administrative
purposes to make sure that the
entire operation runs smoothly.
School administrators
BANKING
The computer is the nerve centre of the
banking system around the world. It functions
to control the entire banking system that also
includes 'Electronic Banking Services'.
Electronic banking provides 24 hour services.
The services include :
• Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
• Cheque Deposit
• Electronic Fund Tranfer
• Direct Deposit
• Pay by phone system
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11. • Personal computer banking/ internet banking
In the banking sector, customers, businessman and bank administrator
benefits from the usage of ICT.
Customers can make any
transactions at the 24 hour
service centres or via online.These
services allow them to do
transaction at anytime they want.
Customers
Businessmen can save their time
by using the online services
offered by banks. They can access
company accounts for
loan applications, business
transactions and update on their
cash flow at any time.
Businessmen
Bank administrators can oversee
the entire banking activities such
as reconciliations, inter-branch
transactions (IBT), telegraphic
transfer and others by referring to
the banking system.
Bank administrators
INDUSTRY
Computers are used to facilitate production
planning and control systems, to support chain
management and to help in product design in the
industrial sector.In the industrial sector ,workers,
researchers and administrator benefits from the
usage of ICT.
Workers use machines that are
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12. connected to computers to
operate. In some productions,
robots are used to take over
jobs that are dangerous to the
workers.
Workers
Researchers use computers to
analyse and collect research data
for future reference.
Researchers
Administrators use computers to
oversee the entire operations in
the plant or factory to detect
specific errors or defects that
occurred in the process.
Administrators
E-COMMERCE
E-commerce helps in boosting the economy. It
makes buying and selling activities easier, more
efficient and faster. For this application,
computers, Internet and shared software are
needed.
In the e-commerce sector ,customers r, suppliers and employees benefits
from the usage of ICT.
Customers use computers to be
connected online with suppliers to
purchase products. This method
can save time and cost
as they do not have to go to any
outlets.
Customers
Suppliers use computers to keep
track of their transactions. All
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13. Suppliers products are bar coded and can be
read by the computer
scanner to help in determining
prices and managing inventory.
Employees use computers and
telephones to communicate with
their customers for any enquiries.
The system helps employees to
get the latest updates on
inventory to be informed to the
customers.
Employees
OTHER SECTOR
1.1.2.2 State the differences between computerized and non-computerized
system
EDUCATION
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14. • education is the science of teaching and learning of specific skills
• it also imparts knowledge, good judgement and wisdom
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKING BEFORE ICT
• banking was done manually by taking
deposits directly
• transactions can only be made during
working hours
• takes time to approve any loan applications
BANKING WITH ICT
• all transactions are done by computers
• transaction can be done at anytime and place
• online services, phone banking system, credit
cards are available
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY BEFORE ICT
Production was slow because everything was done
manually and totally depended on human labour.
INDUSTRY WITH ICT
Computers and telecommunications industry became
very opular and profitable since production can be
increased through an all day operation.
COMMERCE
Commerce is an activity of exchanging, buying and selling of commodities on
a large scale involving transportation from place to place.
COMMERCE BEFORE ICT
• Trading was made using the barter system and it
was then later developed into currency.
• Advertisement was in the form of word of mouth,
billboards and printed flyers.
ICT F4/SGGS 2009 14 PN NORSHIPA HJ ISMAIL
15. • Trading globally was extremely slow, late and expensive. Traders had
to find ways to market local products in the global market.
COMMERCE WITH ICT
E-commerce plays an important role in the economic
scene. It includes distribution, buying, selling and
servicing products that are done electronically.
1.1.2.3 THE IMPACT OF ICT ON SOCIETY
FASTER COMMUNICATION SPEED
In the past, it took a long time for any news or
messages to be send. Now with the Internet, news or
messages are sent via e-mail to friends, business
partners or to anyone efficiently. With the capability of
bandwidth, broadband and connection speed on the
Internet, any information can travel fast and at an
instant. It saves time and is inexpensive.
LOWER COMMUNICATION COST
Using the Internet is cost-effective than the other modes of communication
such as telephone, mailing or courier service. It allows people to have
access to large amounts of data at a very low cost. With the Internet we do
not have to pay for any basic services provided by the Internet.
Furthermore, the cost of connection to the Internet is relatively cheap.
RELIABLE MODE OF COMMUNICATION
Computers are reliable. With the internet, information could be accessed and
retrieved from anywhere and at anytime. This makes it a reliable mode of
communication. However, the input to the computer is contributed by
humans. If the data passed to the computer is faulty, the result will be faulty
as well. This is related to the term GIGO.
GIGO is a short form for Garbage In Garbage Out. It
refers to the quality of output produced according to the
input. Normally bad input produces bad output.
EFFECTIVE SHARING OF INFORMATION
ICT F4/SGGS 2009 15 PN NORSHIPA HJ ISMAIL
16. With the advancement of ICT, information can be shared by people all
around the world. People can share and exchange
opinions, news and information through discussion
groups, mailing list and forums on the Internet. This
enable knowledge sharing which will contribute to the development of
knowledge based society.
PAPERLESS ENVIRONMENT
ICT technology has created the term paperless environment. This term
means information can be stored and retrieved through the digital medium
instead of paper. Online communication via emails, online chat and instant
messaging also helps in creating the paperless environment.
BORDERLESS COMMUNICATION
Internet offers fast information retrieval, interactivity, accessibility and
versatility. It has become a borderless sources for services and information.
Through the Internet, information and communication can be borderless.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
There are some negative effects of ICT. It has created social problems in the
society. Nowadays, people tend to choose online communication rather than
having real time conversations. People tend to become more individualistic
and introvert.
ICT F4/SGGS 2009 16 PN NORSHIPA HJ ISMAIL
17. Another negative effect of ICT is :
• fraud
• identity theft
• Pornography
• Hacking
This will result a moral decedent and generate threads to the society.
HEALTH PROBLEMS
A computer may harm users if they use it for long hours frequently.
Computer users are also exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and
mental stress. In order to solve the health problems, an ergonomic
environment can be introduced. For example, an ergonomic chair can
reduces back strain and a screen filter is used to minimize eye strain.
1.2 COMPUTER ETHICS AND LEGAL ISSUES
1.2.1.1 Define Computer Ethics , Code of Ethics, Intellectual Property,
Privacy, Computer crime and Cyber Law.
ETHICS IN GENERAL
A guideline is needed to stop the current technology products from being
exploited for example replicating original CDs and selling them as pirated
software, this unethical behaviour can be controlled by the code of conducts.
Unethical refers to any code of conducts that are not conforming to approved
standards of social or professional behaviour.
Computer ethics is a system of moral standards or values used as a guideline
for computer users.
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF COMPUTER ETHICS
The United States Institute of Computer Ethics has come out with the Ten
Commandments of Computer Ethics. These principles consider the effective
code of conducts for the proper use of information technology. The Ten
commandments of computer ethics are :
1. You shall not use a computer to harm other people.
2. You shall not interfere with other people's computer work.
3. You shall not snoop around in other people's computer files.
4. You shall not use a computer to steal.
5. You shall not use a computer to bear false witness.
ICT F4/SGGS 2009 17 PN NORSHIPA HJ ISMAIL
18. 6. You shall not copy or use proprietary software for which you
have not paid.
7. You shall not use other people's computer resources without
authorisation or proper compensation.
8. You shall not appropriate other people's intellectual output.
9. You shall think about the social consequences of the program
you are writing or the system you are designing.
10.You shall always use a computer in ways that ensure
consideration and respect for your fellow humans.
GUIDELINES ON THE E-MAIL AND INTERNET USAGE
Some guidelines from the Department of Public Services of Malaysia:
• use only individual e-mail address to forward individual opinion
• keep the identity name and password a secret to avoid the
misuse of your e-mail without your knowledge
• e-mail must be active to promptly reply the necessary actions
needed for any matters
• ensure the total mail kept in the box is within the computer
storage capacity
• scan files regularly to avoid the transmission of virus from one
computer to another
• do not send e-mails that contain classified information which can
be used to tarnish other people or country
• choose a suitable time to search the Internet to save access time
and cost
• beware of prohibited sites which could affect one's moral,
organisation or nation
• print only relevant documents that you think can be used in
future to save cost
UNETHICAL COMPUTER CODE OF CONDUCTS
With the advancement of ICT, it is easy for anyone to retrieve your
information from the Internet. You may not realise that when you fill a form
on the Internet, your information may be exposed and stolen.
Examples of unethical computer code of conducts include:
• modifying certain information on the Internet, affecting the
accuracy of the information
• selling information to other parties without the owner’s
permission
• using information without authorization
• involvement in stealing software
• invasion of privacy
Intellectual property refers to any product of human intellect that is unique
and has value in the market place. This covers ideas, inventions, unique
name, computer program codes and many more.
ETHICAL COMPUTER CODE OF CONDUCTS
Examples of ethical computer code of conducts include:
ICT F4/SGGS 2009 18 PN NORSHIPA HJ ISMAIL
19. • sending warning about viruses to other computer users
• asking permission before sending any business advertisements to
others
• using information with authorization
1.2.1.2 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAW
DEFINITION OF ETHICS
In general, ethics is a moral philosophy where a
person makes a specific moral choice and sticks to
it. On the other hand, ethics in computing means
moral guidelines to refer to when using the
computer and computer networks. This includes
the Internet.
DEFINITION OF LAW
Law is a legal system comprising of rules and
principles that govern the affairs of a community and controlled by a political
authority.
Law differs from one country to another. In the era of
technology, computer law is needed to clarify goods or
actions that fall under the computer law. Computer law
refers to all areas in law that requires an understanding
of computer technology such as hardware, software and
Internet.
Examples of laws of computing in Malaysia include the Malaysian
Communication and Multimedia Act, the Computer Crime Act 1997 and the
Telemedicine Act 1997.
WHY DO WE NEED ETHICS AND LAW IN COMPUTING?
• Respecting Ownership
• Respecting Privacy
• Respecting Property
RESPECTING OWNERSHIP
We must respect ownership by not stealing other people’s work either by
duplicating or distributing it. Duplicating and distributing copies of audio
tapes, video tapes and computer programs without permission and
authorisation from the individual or company that created the program
are immoral and illegal.
RESPECTING PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
We should respect other people's privacy and confidentiality by refraining
ourselves from reading their mails or files without their permission. If we do
so, it is considered as violating an individual’s rights to privacy and
confidentiality.
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20. RESPECTING PROPERTY
Property here means ownership. Since an individual data and information are
considered as property, therefore, an act of tampering and changing
electronic information is considered as vandalism and disrespect for other
people’s property.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAW
Both ethics and law are complimentary to each other and are made:
• to guide user from misusing computers
• to create a healthy computer society, so that computers are used
to contribute to a better life
• to prevent any crime
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAWS
ETHICS LAW
Guideline As a guideline to computer As a rule to control
users computer users
Standards Ethical behaviour is judged Law is judged by
by moral standards judicial standards
Follow Computer users are free to Computer users must
follow or ignore the code of follow regulations and
ethics law
Punishment No punishment for anyone Penalties, imprisonment
who violates ethics and other punishments
for those who break the
law
Application Universal, can be applied Depends on country
anywhere, all over the and state where
world the crime is committe
End result To produce ethical To prevent misuse of
computer users computers
Failure to Not honouring computer Not honouring the law
adhere ethics means ignoring the means committing a
moral elements (immoral) crime
UNETHICAL VS. LAW BREAKING CONDUCTS
Unethical:
• using the office computer to do personal things
• reading your friend’s e-mail without his or her permission
• plagiarising and using materials from the Internet for your class
assignment without giving credit to the original author.
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21. Law breaking:
• sending a computer virus via e-mail
• hacking into your school’s database to change your examination
results.
• selling pirated software in a night market
1.2.1.3 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
DEFINITION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Intellectual Property refers to works created by inventors, authors and
artists. These works are unique and have value in the market place. In our
daily lives, we are surrounded by things that are protected by IP. Your school
bags, your shoes and even your socks are protected by Intellectual Property
rights. Nike, Bata or Adidas, for example, are all protected by a group of
legal rights.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
Intellectual Property laws cover ideas, inventions, literary creations, unique
names, business models, industrial processes, computer program codes and
more.
INVENTIONS PROTECTED BY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS
As businesses continue to expand globally, business owners must realise the
importance of getting professional advice on how to establish and safeguard
their intellectual property rights. These include :
• Trademarks
• Service marks
• Trade/company names
• Domain names
• Geographical indications
• Copyrights
• Patents
Example : Protected by property law.
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22. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION
There are four types of Intellectual Property protection. They are patents for
invention, trademarks for brand identity, designs for product appearance and
copyright for material.
• Patents for inventions
• Trademarks for brand identity
• Design for product appearance
• Copyright for material
Patents for inventions
Utility, design or plant patents that protect inventions and improvements to
existing inventions
Trademarks for brand identity
Words, names, symbols, devices and images that represent products, goods
or services.
Design for product appearance
Literary and artistic material, music, films, sound recordings and roadcasts,
including software and multimedia.
Copyright for material
The features of, in particular,the lines, contours, colours,shape, texture or
material of the product itself or its ornamentation.
1.2.2 PRIVACY
WHAT IS PRIVACY?
Privacy in IT refers to data and information privacy.
Data refers to a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures and
symbols. Then, computer is used to process data into information. In
general, data include texts, numbers, sounds, images and video.
Information privacy is described as the rights of individuals and companies to
deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them.
WAYS COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY THREATEN OUR PRIVACY
Every time you click on an advertisement or register a software product
online, your information is entered into a database. Computer technology
can also threaten privacy through spam. Do you know what spam is? Spam
is unsolicited e-mail messages, advertisements or newsgroup postings sent
to many recipients at once.
How does computer technology threaten the privacy of our data?
It is done through:
• Cookies
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23. • Electronic profile
• Spyware
Computer technology threatens our privacy through electronic profiling. For
example, when we fill out a form such as a magazine subscription,
purchasing products or contest entry form on the Internet, this data is kept
in the database. It will include age, address, marital status and other
personal details.
Cookies
• are used to identify users by web casting,
e-commerce and other web applications
• contain user information and are saved in the
computer hard disk
• are used by some websites to store passwords
and track how regularly we visit a website,
that’s how we become potential targets for web
advertisers
• enable web sites to collect information about
your online activities and store them for future
use, then the collected details will be sold to any company that requests
for it.
Electronic profile
• electronic profile is the combining of data in a
database that can be sold to the Internet by the
company to the interested parties.
• this database is in a form such as magazine
subscription or product warranty cards that
had been filled by online subscribers.
• the information in electronic profile includes
personal details such as your age, address and marital status.
Spyware
• refers to a program that collects user
information without the user’s knowledge.
• can enter computers, sneaking in like a virus.
• is a result of installing new programs.
• communicates information it collects to some
outside source while we are online.
WHY DO WE NEED PRIVACY?
We need privacy for anonymity. For example, the Internet creates an
elaborate trail of data detailing a person surfing on the Web because all
information is stored inside cookies. We do not want our trail to be detected.
We also need privacy for confidentiality. For example, online information
generated in the course of a business transaction is routinely used for
a variety of other purposes without the individual’s knowledge or consent.
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24. We do not want our private lives and habits exposed to third parties.
CAN PRIVACY BE PROTECTED?
Privacy can be protected by:
(a) Privacy law
The privacy laws in Malaysia emphasises on the following:
• Security Services to review the security policy
• Security Management to protect the resources
• Security Mechanism to implement the required security services
• Security Objects, the important entities within the system
environment
(b) Utilities software
Example: anti-spam program, firewall, anti-spyware and antivirus.
1.2.2.2 AUTHENTICATIONS
Authentication is a process where users verify that they are who they say
they are. The user who attempts to perform functions in a system is in fact
the user who is authorised to do so.
For Example : When you use an ATM card, the machine will verify the
validation of the card then the machine will request for a pin number. This is
where the authentication process takes place.
METHODS OF AUTHENTICATION
There are two commonly used authentication methods, which are biometric
device and callback system.
Biometric device is a device that translates personal characteristics into a
digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in the database.
Callback system refers to the checking system that authenticates the user.
BIOMETRIC DEVICES
Fingerprint Recognition
Facial Recognition
Hand Geometry Scanning
Iris Scanning
Retinal Scanning
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25. Voice Recognition
Signature Verification System
CALLBACK SYSTEM
The callback system is commonly used in the bank operation and business
transaction.
THE IMPORTANCE OF AUTHENTICATION
Authentication is important in order to safeguard against the unauthorised
access and use.
VERIFICATIONS
VERIFICATION
Verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system
with respect to a certain formal specification.
METHODS OF VERIFICATION
There are two methods commonly used in verification, which are user
identification and processed object.
User identification refers to the process of validating the user.
Processed object refers to something the user has such as identification card,
security token and cell phone.
1.2.3 CONTROVERSIAL CONTENT
A controversial content is information that causes disagreement in opinions
and may cause the disruption of peace because different people or culture
will have different views about the contents.
ISSUES ON CONTROVERSIAL CONTENTS
The issues on controversial contents are always focusing on pornography and
slander. Malaysia considers pornography and slander as illegal.
DEFINITION OF PORNOGRAPHY
The definition of pornography is any form of media or material (like books or
photographs) that depicts erotic behaviour and is intended to cause sexual
excitement.
Pornography tends to exploit men, women and children in a distasteful
manner.
SLANDER
Slander is another example of controversial content.
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26. Slander is a legal term for false and malicious statement (meaning knowing
that it is false, or “reckless disregard” that it was false) about someone.
1.2.3.2 IMPACTS ON MALAYSIAN SOCIETY
What can you conclude about the impact of controversial content on the
Malaysian society?
Pornography
• can lead to criminal acts such as exploitation of women and children
• can lead to sexual addiction or perversion
• can develop low moral value towards other men, women or children
• can erode good religious, cultural and social beliefs and behaviour
Slander
• can develop into a society that disregards honesty and truth
• can develop bad habit of spreading untruths and rumours
• can lead to unnecessary argument
• can cause people to have negative attitudes towards another person
1.2.3.2 THE PROCESS OF INTERNET FILTERING
INTERNET FILTERING
Internet filtering is a process that prevents or blocks access to certain
materials on the Internet. Filtering is most commonly used to prevent
children from accessing inappropriate material and to keep employees
productive on the Internet.
CONTROLLING ACCESS TO THE INTERNET
Controlling access to the internet by means of filtering software has become
a growing industry in Malaysia and elsewhere. Its use has increase as the
mandatory response to the current plague of society, namely internet
pornography, politically incorrect site, hatred, violence, hate and in general
anything viewed to be unpleasant or threatening.
The current preferred method of choice to limit access on the Internet is to
filter content either by:
• keyword blocking
• site blocking
• web rating systems
These methods require software to be installed at a client of server level.
1.2.4 COMPUTER CRIME
1.2.4.1 NEEDS FOR CYBER LAW
In the recent years, many concerns and issues were raised on the integrity
and security of information, legal status of online transactions, privacy and
confidentiality of information, intellectual property rights and security of
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27. government data placed on the Internet.
Integrity and Security Security of
of Information Government Data
CYBER LAW
Legal Status of Online Intellectual Property
Transactions Rights
Privacy and Confidentially
of Information
These concerns and issues clearly indicate why cyber laws are needed in
online activities.
THE CYBER LAW ACTS IN MALAYSIA
The Malaysian Government has already passed several cyber laws to control
and reduce the Internet abuse.
These cyber laws include:
• Digital Signature Act 1997
• Computer Crimes Act 1997
• Telemedicine Act 1997
• Communications and Multimedia Act 1998
Beside these cyber laws, there are three other cyber laws being drafted.
• Private Data Protection Bill
• Electronic Government Activities Bill
• Electronic Transactions Bill
DIGITAL SIGNATURE ACT 1997
The Digital Signature Act 1997 secures electronic communications especially
on the Internet.
Digital Signature is an identity verification standard that uses encryption
techniques to protect against e-mail forgery. The encrypted code consists of
the user’s name and a hash of all the parts of the message.
By attaching the digital signature, one can ensure that nobody can
eavesdrop, intercept or temper with transmitted data.
COMPUTER CRIMES ACT 1997
The Computer Crimes Act 1997 gives protection
against the misuses of computers and computer
criminal activities such as unauthorised use of
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28. programmes, illegal transmission of data or messages over computers and
hacking and cracking of computer systems and networks.
By implementing the Computer Crimes Act 1997, users can protect their
rights to privacy and build trust in the computer system. At the same time,
the government can have control at a certain level over cyberspace to reduce
cyber crime activities.
TELEMEDICINE ACT 1997
The Telemedicine Act 1997 ensures that only qualified
medical practitioners can practice telemedicine and that
their patient's rights and interests are protected.
These act provides the future development and delivery
of healthcare in Malaysia.
COMMUNICATIONS AND MULTIMEDIA ACT 1998
The implementation of Communication and
Telecommunication Act 1998 ensures that information is
secure, the network is reliable and the service is
affordable all over Malaysia.
This Act also ensures high level of user's confidence in
the information and communication technology
industry.
1.2.4 COMPUTER CRIMES
COMPUTER CRIMES
A computer crime is defined as any criminal activity that
is related to the use of computers. These activities
include computer fraud, copyright infringement,
computer theft and computer attack.
COMPUTER FRAUD
Computer fraud is defined as having an intention to take advantage over or
causing loss to other people, mainly on monetary basis through the use of
computers.
There are many forms of computer fraud which include e-mail hoaxes,
programme fraud, investment schemes, sales promotions and claims of
expertise on certain fields.
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
Copyright infringement is defined as a violation of the
rights secured by a copyright. Copyright infringement
involves illegal copy or reproduction of copyrights
material by the black market group. The open
commercial sale of pirated item is also illegal.
COMPUTER THEFT
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29. Computer theft is defined as the unauthorised use of another person’s
property with the intention to deny the owner the rightful possession of that
property or its use.
Examples of computer theft include:
• transfer of payments to the wrong accounts
• tap into data transmission lines on database at no cost
• divert goods to the wrong destination
COMPUTER ATTACK
Computer attack may be defined as any activities taken
to disrupt the equipment of computer systems, change
processing control or corrupt stored data.
Computer attack can be in the forms of:
• physical attack that disrupt the computer facility or its
transmission lines.
• an electronic attack that uses the power of electromagnetic
energy to overload computer circuitry.
• a computer network attack that uses a malicious code to
exploit a weakness in software, or in the computer security
practices of a computer user
1.3.1 COMPUTER SECURITY
1.3.1.1 DEFINITION OF COMPUTER SECURITY
Computer security means protecting our computer systems and the
information they contain against unwanted access, damage, destruction or
modification.
1.3.2.1 INTRODUCTION COMPUTER THREATS
Computer threats can come from many ways either from human or natural
disasters.
MALICIOUS CODE
Malicious code is also known as a rogue program. It is a threat to computing
assets by causing undesired effects in the programmer’s part. The effect is
caused by an agent, with the intention to cause damage.
The agent for malicious code is the writer of the code, or any person who
causes its distribution. There are various kinds of malicious code. They
include virus, Trojan horse, logic bomb, trapdoor and backdoor, worm and
many others.
a) VIRUS
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30. • a program that can pass on the malicious code to other programs
by modifying them
• attaches itself to the program, usually files with .doc, .xls and
.exe extensions
• destroys or co-exists with the program
• can overtake the entire computing system and spread to other
systems
b) TROJAN HORSE
• a program which can perform useful and unexpected action
• must be installed by users or intruders before it can affect the
system’s assets
• an example of a Trojan horse is the login script that requests for
users’ login ID and password
• the information is then used for malicious purposes
c) LOGIC BOMB
• logic bomb is a malicious code that goes off when a specific
condition occurs.
• an example of a logic bomb is the time bomb
• it goes off and causes threats at a specified time or date
e) TRAPDOOR OR BACKDOOR
• a feature in a program that allows someone to access the
program with special privileges
f) WORM
• a program that copies and spreads itself through a network
HACKER
Hacking is a source of threat to security in computer. It is defined as
unauthorised access to the computer system by a hacker.
Hackers are persons who learn about the computer system in detail. They
write program referred to as hacks. Hackers may use a modem or cable to
hack the targeted computers.
NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
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31. Computers are also threatened by natural or environmental disaster. Be it at
home, stores, offices and also automobiles.Examples of natural and
environmental disasters:
Flood
Fire
Earthquakes, storms and tornados
Excessive Heat
Inadequate Power Supply
THEFT
Two types of computer theft:
1) Computer is used to steal money, goods, information and resources.
2) Stealing of computer, especially notebook and PDAs.
Three approaches to prevent theft:
1) prevent access by using locks, smart-card or password
2) prevent portability by restricting the hardware from being moved
3) detect and guard all exits and record any hardware transported
1.3.3 SECURITY MEASURES
Security measures mean the precautionary measures taken toward possible
danger or damage. There are 6 type of security measures.
1) DATA BACKUP
Data Backup is a program of file duplication. Backups of data applications are
necessary so that they can be recovered in case of an emergency.
2) CRYPTOGRAPHY
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32. Cryptography is a process of hiding information by altering the actual
information into different representation, for example, an APA can be
written as X.
Almost all cryptosystems depend on a key such as a
password like the numbers or a phrase that can be used to encrypt or
decrypt a message.
3) ANTIVIRUS
An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses by identifying and
removing any computer viruses found in the computer memory, on
storage media or incoming e-mail files.
An antivirus program scans for programs that attempt to modify the boot
program, the operating system and other programs that normally are read
from but not modified.
4) ANTI-SPYWARE
Spyware is a program placed on a computer without the user’s knowledge. It
secretly collects information about the user.
The spyware program communicates information to the outside source.
5) FIREWALL
Firewall is a piece of hardware or software which functions in a networked
environment to prevent some communications forbidden by the security
policy.
Firewall implement a security policy. It might permit limited access from in
or outside the network perimeters or from certain user or for certain
activities.
6) HUMAN ASPECTS OF SECURITY MEASURES
Human aspects refer to the user and also the intruder of a computer system.
It is one of the hardest aspects to give protection to.
The most common problem is the lack of achieving a good information
security procedure.
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