The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the earliest use of counting tools to today's microprocessor-powered computers. The first generation used vacuum tubes, which generated heat and were prone to burning out. The second generation introduced transistors, which were more reliable and efficient. Integrated circuits, containing hundreds of transistors on a silicon chip, marked the third generation. The fourth generation began in 1971 with the invention of the microprocessor, which incorporated a CPU onto a single silicon chip. Today's computers are classified as fourth generation and are faster, more powerful, and ubiquitous in homes, schools and offices compared to earlier models.

2. Topic to presented
GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS

3. ZEROETH GENERATION
• Man used his fingers, ropes, beads,
bones, pebbles and other objects for
counting.
•Abacus, Pascaline, Difference &
Anylitical engines
•Electricity was not yet invented

4. FIRST GENERATION,
1951 – 1958: The Vacuum Tube
• The first generation of computers, characterized
by vacuum tubes, started in 1951 with the
creation of -
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) – a
tabulating machine which won the contest for the
fastest machine which could count the US 1890
census.
VACUUM TUBES – electronic tubes about the size
of light bulbs.

5. VACUUM TUBES

6. VACUUM TUBES

7. DISADVANTAGES:
• They generate more heat
causing many problems in
temperature regulation and
climate control.
• Tubes were subject to frequent
burn-out.

8. SECOND GENERATION,
1959 – 1964: The Transistor
The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors,
which characterized the second generation of
computers.
TRANSISTOR – was a three-legged component
which shrunk the size of the first generation
computers. Occupied only 1/100th
of the space
occupied by a vacuum tube
More reliable, had greater computational speed,
required no warm-up time and consumed far less
electricity.

9. Transistor
• The world's smallest transistor is 1nm long, physics be
damned. Transistor size is an important part of
improving computer technology.
• The smaller your transistors, the more you can fit on a
chip, and the faster and more efficient your processor
can be.
• Your fingernails grow at the rate of about 1 nanometer
per second.
• Human hair size is 1nm.

10. TRANSISTORS

11. THIRD GENERATION,
1965 – 1970: The Integrated Circuit
Third generation computers arose in 1965
with the invention of smaller electronic
circuits called integrated circuits (IC’S)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – are square
silicon chips containing circuitry that can
perform the functions of hundreds of
transistors.

12. ADVANTAGES:
• RELIABILITY – Unlike vacuum tubes,
silicon will not break down easily. It is
very seldom that you will have to
replace it.
• LOW COST – Silicon chips are
relatively cheap because of their
small size and availability in the
market. It also consumes less
electricity.

13. FOURTH GENERATION,
1971 – present: The Microproceossr
• Marked by the use of microprocessor
• MICROPROCESSOR – is a silicon chip
that contains the CPU – part of the
computer where all processing takes place.
4004 chip – was the first microprocessor
introduced by Intel Corporation.

14. Microprocessor
• A microprocessor is a computer processor
that incorporates the functions of a central
processing unit on a single integrated
circuit, or at most a few integrated circuits
• A microprocessor is an integrated circuits.

15. Microprocessor

16. FIFTH GENERATIONS
THE FUTURE (1980)
• The Main requirements of the 5G machine
were that they incorporate the features of
Artificial Intelligence, Expert System, and
Natural languages.
• The goal was to produce machines that
are capable of learning ,and capable of
learning ,interacting with humans
• The goals are not fully realized or having
significant progress

18. TODAY’S COMPUTER
• is classified as fourth generation
computers.
• faster, more powerful, tremendous
data storage and processing capacity
• new brands and models would come
out the market almost every other
month.
• many clones or imitations of the IBM
have become even more powerful
and a lot cheaper.

19. • computers became more affordable
• computers can now be found in homes,
schools, offices etc.
• there has been a tremendous improvement in
software technology
• different software applications to choose from:
word processing, spreadsheets, database
management, games and entertainment.
• computer subjects are now being offered not
just to college students but even to high school
and elementary.
• computers are now used as an aid in teaching
math, science etc.

20. References
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_co
unt
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocess
or