The document discusses the evolution of communication and information technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the technology used for information processing, particularly using computers, communication devices, and software. Communication has evolved from early forms like signs and symbols to modern technologies like the internet and video conferencing. The development of computers is also summarized, from the earliest counting machines to the five generations of computers and modern devices. The document then discusses how ICT is used in various sectors like education, banking, industry, e-commerce, and its impacts on society like faster communication speed and lower costs.
The document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the use of electronic computers, communication devices, and software to process and transmit information. The document then describes the evolution of computers through 5 generations from the 1940s to present. It discusses the development of hardware technologies over these generations like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. It also outlines how ICT is used in education, banking, industry, commerce, and its impact on society.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers from the first generation in the 1940s to the fourth generation in the 1980s. It describes some of the earliest computers like the ENIAC, EDVAC, and EDSAC and how they led to later innovations like stored programs. It highlights advances in each generation like integrated circuits in the IBM 360 and personal computers like the Apple II. The mouse was invented in 1968 and the IBM PC launched in 1981, establishing the architecture for modern PCs.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT) over 5 lessons. It discusses the evolution of communication from early forms like sign language to modern technologies like the internet and mobile phones. It defines ICT as the use of computers, devices, and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. ICT is now used widely in education, banking, industry, commerce, and other sectors. The document also traces the evolution of computers from early mechanical calculators to modern personal computers and mobile devices, and discusses the impact of ICT on society such as faster communication, lower costs, and creation of a more paperless environment.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from early forms like sign language to modern technologies like smartphones and the internet. It defines ICT as the use of computers, devices, and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. The document then covers key topics in ICT including information, communication, and technology. It provides timelines showing the development of technologies like writing, printing, telephones and computers. It also summarizes the four generations of computer development from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors.
This document provides an introduction and outline for a course on computer applications. It covers the following topics:
- The course outline includes introductions to information technology, computer hardware and software, operating systems like Windows and Office applications.
- It defines key computer terms like information, technology, hardware, software and provides a brief history of computers from the dark ages to modern computers.
- The document explains the five generations of computers defined by their underlying technologies from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. Each generation brought improvements in size, cost, reliability and capabilities.
- It provides examples of some representative computers from each generation like ENIAC, IBM 360, personal computers and modern devices. The latest generation
This document provides a history of information technology from the electromechanical age to modern times. It describes how early technologies like the telegraph, telephone, and radio could communicate information but not store it. Early computers like the Mark I, ENIAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC used vacuum tubes, punch cards, and magnetic tape. Advances in integrated circuits, microprocessors, and software led to smaller personal computers in the 1970s and graphical user interfaces in the 1980s. The creation of the personal computer democratized information technology beyond just government and business use.
Detailed facts on computer developmentargusacademy
The document provides a detailed chronological history of many important developments in computer technology from 1901 to 1985, including the first radio message, transistor, integrated circuit, programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL, microprocessor, mouse, email, personal computer, operating systems like Unix and DOS, spreadsheet and word processing programs, and the establishment of companies like IBM, Microsoft, Intel, and Oracle. Key events and inventions are listed for each year.
The history of computers began around 2000 years ago with the invention of the abacus. In the 1940s, during World War 2, governments began funding the development of early computers like ENIAC to help with weapons development and calculations. The first programmable, general-purpose, electronic digital computer was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948. Major advances in the 1970s included the invention of the hard disk drive and the first operating system for microcomputers, CP/M. By the 1990s, advances in integrated circuits made computers much smaller, cheaper and more accessible to the public.
The document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the use of electronic computers, communication devices, and software to process and transmit information. The document then describes the evolution of computers through 5 generations from the 1940s to present. It discusses the development of hardware technologies over these generations like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. It also outlines how ICT is used in education, banking, industry, commerce, and its impact on society.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers from the first generation in the 1940s to the fourth generation in the 1980s. It describes some of the earliest computers like the ENIAC, EDVAC, and EDSAC and how they led to later innovations like stored programs. It highlights advances in each generation like integrated circuits in the IBM 360 and personal computers like the Apple II. The mouse was invented in 1968 and the IBM PC launched in 1981, establishing the architecture for modern PCs.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT) over 5 lessons. It discusses the evolution of communication from early forms like sign language to modern technologies like the internet and mobile phones. It defines ICT as the use of computers, devices, and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. ICT is now used widely in education, banking, industry, commerce, and other sectors. The document also traces the evolution of computers from early mechanical calculators to modern personal computers and mobile devices, and discusses the impact of ICT on society such as faster communication, lower costs, and creation of a more paperless environment.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from early forms like sign language to modern technologies like smartphones and the internet. It defines ICT as the use of computers, devices, and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. The document then covers key topics in ICT including information, communication, and technology. It provides timelines showing the development of technologies like writing, printing, telephones and computers. It also summarizes the four generations of computer development from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors.
This document provides an introduction and outline for a course on computer applications. It covers the following topics:
- The course outline includes introductions to information technology, computer hardware and software, operating systems like Windows and Office applications.
- It defines key computer terms like information, technology, hardware, software and provides a brief history of computers from the dark ages to modern computers.
- The document explains the five generations of computers defined by their underlying technologies from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. Each generation brought improvements in size, cost, reliability and capabilities.
- It provides examples of some representative computers from each generation like ENIAC, IBM 360, personal computers and modern devices. The latest generation
This document provides a history of information technology from the electromechanical age to modern times. It describes how early technologies like the telegraph, telephone, and radio could communicate information but not store it. Early computers like the Mark I, ENIAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC used vacuum tubes, punch cards, and magnetic tape. Advances in integrated circuits, microprocessors, and software led to smaller personal computers in the 1970s and graphical user interfaces in the 1980s. The creation of the personal computer democratized information technology beyond just government and business use.
Detailed facts on computer developmentargusacademy
The document provides a detailed chronological history of many important developments in computer technology from 1901 to 1985, including the first radio message, transistor, integrated circuit, programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL, microprocessor, mouse, email, personal computer, operating systems like Unix and DOS, spreadsheet and word processing programs, and the establishment of companies like IBM, Microsoft, Intel, and Oracle. Key events and inventions are listed for each year.
The history of computers began around 2000 years ago with the invention of the abacus. In the 1940s, during World War 2, governments began funding the development of early computers like ENIAC to help with weapons development and calculations. The first programmable, general-purpose, electronic digital computer was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948. Major advances in the 1970s included the invention of the hard disk drive and the first operating system for microcomputers, CP/M. By the 1990s, advances in integrated circuits made computers much smaller, cheaper and more accessible to the public.
ICT has transformed education by serving multiple teaching functions such as drill and practice and problem solving. It allows information to be delivered instantly to a wide audience at low cost. The evolution of educational technology over time is shown from the horn book in 1650 to modern interactive whiteboards, with major developments including the chalkboard, film projector, overhead projector, educational television, and the internet. Computers now increase productivity, facilitate communication, provide access to information, act as teaching aids, electronically store information, and teach subjects to enhance learning.
Originally it was a job title.
It was used to describe those personnel (chiefly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs.
This analyses the history and progress of computers and the internet based on the CAPE syllabus Unit 1 Module 1 for Information Technology. It also looks at telecommunication then and now.
Evolution of computer and its impact on societyshreyash singh
The document traces the evolution of computers from early counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It discusses early mechanical calculators invented by Pascal and Babbage. The first programmable, general-purpose computer was ENIAC, built in 1946. Subsequent generations saw the replacement of vacuum tubes with transistors and integrated circuits, leading to smaller sizes. Modern computers are based on microprocessors and artificial intelligence. Computers have had widespread social impacts, both positive in areas like communication, and negative through issues like unemployment and data piracy.
The document summarizes important media and information technologies from the 1970s and 1980s. It describes the creation of programming languages like C in the early 1970s. The first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was released in 1971. Email was also invented in 1971. Pong, the first commercially successful video game, was released in 1972. The first cellular phone call was made in 1973. Microsoft was founded in 1975 and Apple was founded in 1976. The Sony Walkman was first marketed in 1979. The first hard disk drive was created in 1980.
This document provides a brief history of important milestones in information and communication technologies (ICT). It describes the invention of the first photograph by Joseph Nicephore Niepce in 1827, the introduction of the telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1837, and the typewriter invented by C. Lathom Sholes. Other important inventions discussed include Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, Karl Benz's motor car, early versions of television, the first programmable computer by Konrade Zuse, and the first videotape recorder by Charles Ginsburg. The document also mentions the first cell phone call by Martin Cooper of Motorola and early laptop computers. Finally, it discusses important Microsoft products like Windows and inventions by Apple
The document discusses the history and development of personal computers. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, affordable personal computers started becoming available to consumers using integrated circuits. The IBM PC was released in 1981 and graphical user interfaces (GUIs) were introduced in the late 1980s, improving usability. The passage also quotes that access to computers and the internet has become essential for education.
After the computing industry got started, a new problem quickly emerged. How do you operate this machines and how to you program them. The development of operating systems was relatively slow compared to the advances in hardware. First system were primitive but slowly got better as demand for computing power incresed. The ideas of the Graphical User Interfaces or GUI (Gooey) go back to Doug Engelbarts Demo of the Century. However, this did not have much impact on the computer industry. One company though, Xerox, a photocopy company explored these ideas with Palo Alto Park. Steve Jobs of Apple and Bill Gates of Microsoft took notice and Apple introduced first Apple Lisa and the Macintosh. In this lecture on we look so lessons for the development of software, and see how our business theories apply.
In this lecture on we look so lessons for the development of software, and see how our business theories apply.
Charles Babbage invented the earliest mechanical computer to reduce errors in calculations. Alan Turing helped develop early computers to break codes in World War II. The first electronic, programmable computer was Colossus, built by Tommy Flowers to decrypt German messages. Later innovations included the stored-program concept by John von Neumann and the graphical user interface by Douglas Engelbart. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates then helped drive the personal computer revolution through their companies Apple and Microsoft. Modern computers are based on integrated circuits and microprocessors, beginning with the Intel 4004 microchip.
1. Information technology refers to the use of computers and software to manage information, including storing, protecting, processing, transmitting, and retrieving information.
2. The history of information technology spans from early writing systems to modern computers. Key developments include the abacus, mechanical calculators, punch cards, mainframe computers, and personal computers.
3. Modern information technology is digital and based on integrated circuits and microprocessors. Advances like graphical user interfaces, operating systems, and the internet have driven the widespread use of personal computers and mobile devices.
1) LLAGNY was founded in 1938 and held its first meeting that year.
2) Over the following 65 years, LLAGNY witnessed many technological advancements like the development of computers, the internet, and legal research databases like LexisNexis and Westlaw.
3) LLAGNY has grown into one of the largest AALL chapters with over 800 members at its peak and has helped members adapt to changes in the legal information industry through educational programs.
For the most time of human history, life was local and linear. Local in the way that anything that happened was close by, a least within a walking distance. Linear in the way that your life was the same as your parents and your children. Nothing changed.
Just like the evolution of man, technology improvements follow an evolutionary progress. New ideas or products are to begin with immature and fragile with slow improvements. Then the progress accelerates until the products become mature and taken for granted. Then the cycle repeats and a new layer of technology is added to the previous. This process is exponential. One such observation of exponential is Moore’s Law.
We will explore what exponential means. We look at Moore´s law and The Law of the Accelerating returns.
CrestaTV is the next step in the evolution of computing by bringing in Live Broadcast in addition to all the Music Pictures Documents and Contacts we carry with us.
The document provides an overview of the history of information and communication technology (ICT) from ancient times to the present. It discusses early forms of communication like writing systems and libraries in ancient civilizations. It then covers the mechanical age with developments like the printing press and slide rules. The electro-mechanical age saw innovations in telecommunication like the telegraph and telephone. The electronic age discusses early computers using vacuum tubes and the development of stored-program computers. It outlines the four generations of digital computing from vacuum tubes to microprocessors on a single chip.
The document provides an introduction to information technology and computer organization. It discusses the history of computers from mechanical calculators to modern digital computers. The five generations of computers are defined based on the underlying technologies used - from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. The document focuses on the evolution of computers and technologies over time that led to improvements in performance, capacity, size and cost.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from older forms like sign language to modern technologies like phones, TV, and the internet. It defines ICT as the use of computers, devices, and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. The document then covers the topics of information, communication, and technology, providing examples of how each concept has developed over time and aided the spread of knowledge. It includes a timeline of important technological milestones in communication and introduces the four generations of computer development from the 1940s to present.
The document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the use of electronic computers, communication devices, and software to process and transmit information. The document then describes the evolution of computers through 5 generations from the 1940s to present. It discusses the development of hardware technologies over these generations like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. It also outlines the impact of ICT on different sectors like education, banking, industry, commerce, and society.
1. ICT refers to technologies used for information processing, including computers, communication devices, and software.
2. Communication has evolved significantly with technology, from early forms like writing and speech to modern devices like phones, TV, and the internet.
3. Computers have advanced through five generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors, becoming smaller and more powerful over time.
LA1 Introduction To Information & Communication Technologystevegaisan
1. The document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication technologies over time from early forms like writing and printing to modern technologies like cellular phones and the internet.
2. The document defines ICT as the use of electronic computers, communication devices, and software to process, transmit, store, protect and retrieve information. It also defines information and communication.
3. Examples are given of how ICT is used in different sectors like education, banking, industry, e-commerce, and others. ICT allows for faster communication, lower costs, and more reliable sharing of information across borders.
ICT has transformed education by serving multiple teaching functions such as drill and practice and problem solving. It allows information to be delivered instantly to a wide audience at low cost. The evolution of educational technology over time is shown from the horn book in 1650 to modern interactive whiteboards, with major developments including the chalkboard, film projector, overhead projector, educational television, and the internet. Computers now increase productivity, facilitate communication, provide access to information, act as teaching aids, electronically store information, and teach subjects to enhance learning.
Originally it was a job title.
It was used to describe those personnel (chiefly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs.
This analyses the history and progress of computers and the internet based on the CAPE syllabus Unit 1 Module 1 for Information Technology. It also looks at telecommunication then and now.
Evolution of computer and its impact on societyshreyash singh
The document traces the evolution of computers from early counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It discusses early mechanical calculators invented by Pascal and Babbage. The first programmable, general-purpose computer was ENIAC, built in 1946. Subsequent generations saw the replacement of vacuum tubes with transistors and integrated circuits, leading to smaller sizes. Modern computers are based on microprocessors and artificial intelligence. Computers have had widespread social impacts, both positive in areas like communication, and negative through issues like unemployment and data piracy.
The document summarizes important media and information technologies from the 1970s and 1980s. It describes the creation of programming languages like C in the early 1970s. The first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was released in 1971. Email was also invented in 1971. Pong, the first commercially successful video game, was released in 1972. The first cellular phone call was made in 1973. Microsoft was founded in 1975 and Apple was founded in 1976. The Sony Walkman was first marketed in 1979. The first hard disk drive was created in 1980.
This document provides a brief history of important milestones in information and communication technologies (ICT). It describes the invention of the first photograph by Joseph Nicephore Niepce in 1827, the introduction of the telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1837, and the typewriter invented by C. Lathom Sholes. Other important inventions discussed include Alexander Graham Bell's telephone, Karl Benz's motor car, early versions of television, the first programmable computer by Konrade Zuse, and the first videotape recorder by Charles Ginsburg. The document also mentions the first cell phone call by Martin Cooper of Motorola and early laptop computers. Finally, it discusses important Microsoft products like Windows and inventions by Apple
The document discusses the history and development of personal computers. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, affordable personal computers started becoming available to consumers using integrated circuits. The IBM PC was released in 1981 and graphical user interfaces (GUIs) were introduced in the late 1980s, improving usability. The passage also quotes that access to computers and the internet has become essential for education.
After the computing industry got started, a new problem quickly emerged. How do you operate this machines and how to you program them. The development of operating systems was relatively slow compared to the advances in hardware. First system were primitive but slowly got better as demand for computing power incresed. The ideas of the Graphical User Interfaces or GUI (Gooey) go back to Doug Engelbarts Demo of the Century. However, this did not have much impact on the computer industry. One company though, Xerox, a photocopy company explored these ideas with Palo Alto Park. Steve Jobs of Apple and Bill Gates of Microsoft took notice and Apple introduced first Apple Lisa and the Macintosh. In this lecture on we look so lessons for the development of software, and see how our business theories apply.
In this lecture on we look so lessons for the development of software, and see how our business theories apply.
Charles Babbage invented the earliest mechanical computer to reduce errors in calculations. Alan Turing helped develop early computers to break codes in World War II. The first electronic, programmable computer was Colossus, built by Tommy Flowers to decrypt German messages. Later innovations included the stored-program concept by John von Neumann and the graphical user interface by Douglas Engelbart. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates then helped drive the personal computer revolution through their companies Apple and Microsoft. Modern computers are based on integrated circuits and microprocessors, beginning with the Intel 4004 microchip.
1. Information technology refers to the use of computers and software to manage information, including storing, protecting, processing, transmitting, and retrieving information.
2. The history of information technology spans from early writing systems to modern computers. Key developments include the abacus, mechanical calculators, punch cards, mainframe computers, and personal computers.
3. Modern information technology is digital and based on integrated circuits and microprocessors. Advances like graphical user interfaces, operating systems, and the internet have driven the widespread use of personal computers and mobile devices.
1) LLAGNY was founded in 1938 and held its first meeting that year.
2) Over the following 65 years, LLAGNY witnessed many technological advancements like the development of computers, the internet, and legal research databases like LexisNexis and Westlaw.
3) LLAGNY has grown into one of the largest AALL chapters with over 800 members at its peak and has helped members adapt to changes in the legal information industry through educational programs.
For the most time of human history, life was local and linear. Local in the way that anything that happened was close by, a least within a walking distance. Linear in the way that your life was the same as your parents and your children. Nothing changed.
Just like the evolution of man, technology improvements follow an evolutionary progress. New ideas or products are to begin with immature and fragile with slow improvements. Then the progress accelerates until the products become mature and taken for granted. Then the cycle repeats and a new layer of technology is added to the previous. This process is exponential. One such observation of exponential is Moore’s Law.
We will explore what exponential means. We look at Moore´s law and The Law of the Accelerating returns.
CrestaTV is the next step in the evolution of computing by bringing in Live Broadcast in addition to all the Music Pictures Documents and Contacts we carry with us.
The document provides an overview of the history of information and communication technology (ICT) from ancient times to the present. It discusses early forms of communication like writing systems and libraries in ancient civilizations. It then covers the mechanical age with developments like the printing press and slide rules. The electro-mechanical age saw innovations in telecommunication like the telegraph and telephone. The electronic age discusses early computers using vacuum tubes and the development of stored-program computers. It outlines the four generations of digital computing from vacuum tubes to microprocessors on a single chip.
The document provides an introduction to information technology and computer organization. It discusses the history of computers from mechanical calculators to modern digital computers. The five generations of computers are defined based on the underlying technologies used - from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. The document focuses on the evolution of computers and technologies over time that led to improvements in performance, capacity, size and cost.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from older forms like sign language to modern technologies like phones, TV, and the internet. It defines ICT as the use of computers, devices, and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. The document then covers the topics of information, communication, and technology, providing examples of how each concept has developed over time and aided the spread of knowledge. It includes a timeline of important technological milestones in communication and introduces the four generations of computer development from the 1940s to present.
The document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT). It defines ICT as the use of electronic computers, communication devices, and software to process and transmit information. The document then describes the evolution of computers through 5 generations from the 1940s to present. It discusses the development of hardware technologies over these generations like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. It also outlines the impact of ICT on different sectors like education, banking, industry, commerce, and society.
1. ICT refers to technologies used for information processing, including computers, communication devices, and software.
2. Communication has evolved significantly with technology, from early forms like writing and speech to modern devices like phones, TV, and the internet.
3. Computers have advanced through five generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors, becoming smaller and more powerful over time.
LA1 Introduction To Information & Communication Technologystevegaisan
1. The document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication technologies over time from early forms like writing and printing to modern technologies like cellular phones and the internet.
2. The document defines ICT as the use of electronic computers, communication devices, and software to process, transmit, store, protect and retrieve information. It also defines information and communication.
3. Examples are given of how ICT is used in different sectors like education, banking, industry, e-commerce, and others. ICT allows for faster communication, lower costs, and more reliable sharing of information across borders.
This document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from older forms like sign language to modern technologies like cellular phones and the internet. ICT is defined as the use of computers, communication devices, and software to store, process, transmit, and retrieve information. Information and communication are explained as the exchange of messages and knowledge. The document then traces the history and development of technologies like the telephone, television, and computer from their early inception to modern times. It also summarizes the key developments across five generations of computers and their impact on society.
ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. The document discusses the evolution of communication and technology over time. It then defines key terms like information, communication, and technology. It provides examples of how ICT has impacted different sectors like education, banking, industry, and commerce. The document also summarizes the evolution of computers through 5 generations and the development of new hardware technologies. Finally, it discusses the impact of ICT on society such as enabling faster, lower cost, and more effective communication in a borderless manner, while also potentially causing some social problems.
The document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from older forms like sign language to modern technologies like the internet and cell phones. It defines key terms like information, communication, and technology. It also describes how ICT has impacted different sectors like education, banking, industry, commerce, and society. ICT has allowed for faster communication, lower costs, reliable sharing of information, and borderless access worldwide. However, excessive ICT use can also lead to health and social issues.
This document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from early forms like sign language to modern technologies like cellular phones and the internet. ICT is defined as the use of computers, software, and communication devices to store, process, transmit, and retrieve information. Information and communication are also defined. The document then discusses key technologies in ICT like telephones, radio, and the internet and how they have aided communication and spread information over time. It provides a timeline of important technological developments. The document also summarizes the evolution of computers through five generations and how hardware technologies progressed over time. It concludes by discussing some ways ICT is used in education and banking.
The document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from older forms like sign language to modern technologies like the internet and smartphones. It defines key terms like information, communication, and technology. It then covers the history of computers from early counting machines to modern devices. It discusses the impact of ICT on sectors like education, banking, industry, and commerce. The document also outlines some social impacts of ICT like faster communication, lower costs, and the creation of a paperless environment as well as some problems like health issues and social isolation.
The document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from older forms like sign language to modern technologies like the internet and cell phones. It defines ICT as the use of electronic devices and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. Information and communication are defined, and examples of how technology aids communication and spreads information are provided. A timeline of technological developments from writing systems to modern computers is included. The document then discusses the evolution of computers from early counting machines to modern personal computers. It covers the characteristics and technologies of the first 5 generations of computers. The document concludes by discussing how ICT is used in education and banking.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers over 7 stages:
1) The early years saw the development of counting devices like the abacus leading up to early mechanical calculators.
2) First generation computers from 1939-1954 used vacuum tubes and were huge, slow, expensive, and unreliable.
3) Second generation computers from 1954-1959 replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable.
4) Third generation computers from 1959-1971 saw the development of integrated circuits and silicon chips, making hardware smaller, cheaper, and able to run multiple programs simultaneously.
The document discusses the evolution of computers over five generations from the 1940s to present. It describes the major innovations in computer hardware at each generation including the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. Each new generation brought improvements in speed, reliability and size while reducing costs. The latest era continues advancing technology such as speech recognition, virtual reality and more powerful processors.
The document discusses the history and evolution of human-computer interactions from mechanical computers in the 1600s to modern artificial intelligence and voice assistants. It covers major milestones like the development of vacuum tubes in the 1940s, transistors in the 1950s, integrated circuits in the 1960s, microprocessors in the 1970s, and graphical user interfaces in the 1980s. The document also examines different types of computer users from novices to experts and outlines design considerations and tools to support users across experience levels.
The document provides a history of computer systems from ancient counting methods to modern artificial intelligence. It describes how early counting devices like the abacus evolved into mechanical calculators invented by Napier, Pascal, and Leibniz. Charles Babbage then invented the Analytical Engine, considered the first computer. The document then outlines the five generations of modern computers, from the first generation's vacuum tubes to today's fifth generation of artificial intelligence using parallel processing and superconductors.
This document provides information on several notable developments in science and technology during the 20th century, including:
1. The airplane was invented by the Wright brothers in 1903, paving the way for commercial passenger airlines.
2. Computers evolved from early concepts in the 1930s to the first programmable electronic computer in the 1940s and the first mainstream personal computer in the 1970s.
3. Fiber optic technology was developed in the 1970s, enabling high-speed internet connections around the world.
simple past questions and some things refer to computing ... material taken from internet... Hey share your creativity and your knowlede make it public. share your presentations
ICT began when humans started communicating and sharing information with each other. It involves using technology to gather and share data through hardware, software, and networks. The history of ICT can be broken into four periods: premechanical (3000 BC to 1450), mechanical (1450 to 1840), electromechanical (1840 to 1940), and electronic (1940 to present). Key developments included the invention of the telegraph, telephone, transistor, integrated circuit, and personal computers. Today, ICT fuses hardware, software, and communication networks and is exemplified by the World Wide Web, online systems, functions, and platforms.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors which made computers smaller and more efficient. The third generation used integrated circuits on silicon chips which further increased speed and efficiency. The fourth generation used microprocessors integrated onto a single chip which led to the development of personal computers. Current and future generations aim to develop artificial intelligence through techniques like parallel processing, quantum computing, and nanotechnology.
Assignment of History of Computer(F21-1872).pdfAtifmalik70
The document provides a detailed history of the evolution of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to modern electronic computers. It describes the early development of mechanical computers in the 17th-18th centuries and discusses pioneers like Charles Babbage. It then summarizes the major generations of modern electronic computers from the 1940s onwards, highlighting important early machines like ENIAC and UNIVAC, as well as advances in integrated circuits, microprocessors and personal computers.
Construct : S09 Current And Future Development Of Multimedia
Aspect: LA4.S09.1 Gather Examples Of Immersive Multimedia In Education, Business Or Entertainment.
Instrument : Scrapbook
Assessment : 1 / 2 / 3
This learning module provides instruction on program development. It is intended for students taking ICT as an elective or those interested in ICT. The module will teach students how to apply program development phases to solve problems. It covers problem analysis, program design, coding, and documentation. No previous knowledge is required as the content will provide the necessary knowledge. The module uses an example of developing a program to calculate monthly car loan installments to demonstrate the program development phases.
The document describes the steps to develop a database project. It includes identifying the project requirements, classifying the data into seldom and frequently changed types, and designing two database tables - one for friend information (seldom changed) and one for phone numbers (frequently changed). The tables are designed to store data about friends and their phone numbers, with the Friend ID field used to uniquely identify each friend.
This document is a learning module on computer security that contains the following information:
1. It introduces the topic of computer security and focuses on a specific learning outcome of identifying security threats and measures to overcome them.
2. It provides information on antivirus software, including how to scan for viruses using example antivirus software. It also discusses spyware, how to detect it using example anti-spyware software, and cryptography techniques including Caesar cipher encryption and decryption as a security measure for transmitting information.
3. The module contains assessments and enrichment activities for students to apply what they have learned about computer security techniques.
This document provides a learning module on installing a computer system. It begins by explaining what the module covers, who it is intended for, and the learning outcomes. It then discusses requirements for assembling a computer system, including installing components like the motherboard, processor, RAM, cables, hard drive, optical drive, and power supply. The document outlines how to configure the BIOS and install an operating system. Upon completion, students will be able to assemble a PC, partition and format a hard drive, and install software.
This document provides instructions for setting up network facilities, including installing a network interface card, crimping and testing straight and crossed Ethernet cables, and installing NIC drivers. It is intended for students taking an ICT elective course and includes step-by-step guides, requirements, and assessments.
Lesson 1 provides definitions for information and communication technology and introduces various technologies used for communicating and spreading information such as satellites, the World Wide Web, telephone, television, and radio. Communication technology is important for aiding communication and disseminating information.
The document provides information about programming and programming languages. It discusses what a program and programming are, and defines a programming language as a set of words, symbols and codes that enables humans to communicate with computers. It describes different generations of programming languages from machine language and assembly language as first generation languages to fourth and fifth generation languages that provide more abstraction and visual interfaces. The document also discusses different programming approaches like structured and object-oriented programming. It explains how programs written in high-level languages need to be translated into machine language by compilers, interpreters or assemblers. Finally, it discusses basic elements in programming like constants, variables, data types, operators and control structures.
This document provides an overview of multimedia concepts. It defines multimedia as the presentation of information using a combination of text, audio, graphics, video, and animation. It discusses how multimedia is used in various aspects of life, such as business, entertainment, education, and scientific research. It also describes the hardware and software used to develop multimedia content, including devices like cameras, microphones, and video capture cards, as well as editing software for different media types.
The document provides information about the testing phase of database system development. In this phase, system developers and users test the database to ensure it is functioning correctly and free of errors. Tests are conducted on data entry, individual database objects like tables, forms and reports, as well as the overall functionality of the system. The goal is to identify any issues and ensure the quality of the database before deployment.
The document discusses computer networks and communications, describing a computer network as a system that connects devices like computers, printers and scanners to allow them to communicate and share resources. It explains that networks can operate via wired or wireless connections, and defines communications as the transfer of information across a distance using physical mediums like wires, cables or wireless signals to transmit digital or analog signals. The document provides an overview of key topics in computer networks including network hardware and software components, different types of networks, and the differences between local, metropolitan and wide area networks.
A computer system consists of hardware components like input devices, an output processor, and storage devices. It also requires software and a user. The document then discusses each component in detail, explaining how a computer processes data through an information processing cycle of input, processing, storage, and output. It also covers how data is represented in binary using bits and bytes and different character coding schemes.
Bahasa pengaturcaraan terkini meliputi bahasa generasi kelima yang tertumpu pada penyelesaian masalah, bahasa tabii yang menggunakan bahasa Inggeris biasa, dan pustaka grafik terbuka (OpenGL) untuk aplikasi grafik 3D dan 2D.
Dokumen tersebut membincangkan proses pembangunan multimedia, termasuk prinsip antarmuka pengguna, peranan ahli pasukan pembangun, dan fasa-fasa produksi multimedia seperti analisis, reka bentuk, pelaksanaan, pengujian dan penerbitan.
1. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
LESSON 1
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICA TION
Communication has improved and evolved to facilitate our daily activities. In
the 21st century, everything related to communication utilizes technology to
send out or disseminate information to a wider audience. Information can
be sent out in many ways. The inventions of cellular phones, television and
other electronic devices are important in enhancing communication.
WHAT IS ICT?
ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the
use of electronic computers, communication devices and software
applications to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve
information from anywhere, anytime.
INFORMATION
Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation,
study or research.
The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio.
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We need information to make decisions and to predict the future. For
example, scientists can detect the formation of a tsunami using the latest
technology and warn the public to avoid disasters in the affected areas.
Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks. For example,
forecasting the stock exchange market.
COMMUNICATION
Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process whereby
information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal
interactions. Previously, people communicated through sign or symbols,
performing drama and poetry. With the advent of technology, these older
forms of communication are less utilised as compared to the use of the
Internet, e-mail or video conferencing.
Communication is important in order to gain knowledge. With knowledge, we
are more confident in expressing our thoughts and ideas.
TECHNOLOGY
Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, experience
and resources to create processes and products that fulfill
human needs. Technology is vital in communication.
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Aiding Communication
Telephone and fax machines are the devices used in extending
communication.
Spreading Information
To broadcast information such as news or weather reports
effectively. Radio, television, satellites and the World Wide
Web (www) are powerful tools that can be used.
TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE
Technology Year
In 3500 BC, the Sumerians
developed cuneiform writing.
In 1500 BC, the Phoenicians
developed the alphabet
In 105 BC, Tsai Lun of China
invented paper.
In 1454, the first printing began
with the creation of a printing
machine.
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Technology Year
In 1793, the telegraph line was
invented.
In 1876, the first telephone was
introduced.
In 1925, television was made
known to public.
In 1941, the computer was
created.
In 1958, the photocopier machine
was introduced.
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Technology Year
In 1963, the communication
satellite was
introduced.
In 1969, the first Internet known
as ARPANET was introduced.
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LESSON 2
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
In the early years, before the computer was invented, there are several
inventions of counting machines.
Year Creator Machines
200
BC
CHINESE ABACUS
500
BC
EGYPTIAN ABACUS
1620
JOHN NAPIER NAPIER'S BONES
1653
BLAISE PASCAL PASCALINE
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Year Creator Machines
1673
LEIBNIZ'S RECHNER
GOTTFRIED WILHELM VON
LEIBNIZ
1801
JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD WEAVING LOOM
1823
MECHANICAL CALCULATOR
CHARLES BABBAGE MACHINE
1941
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
MARK 1
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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956)
The first generation of computer were huge, slow, expensive and often
unreliable. In 1946, two Americans, Presper Eckert and Willian Mauchly build
the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It use vacuum
tube instead of mechanical switches of the MARK 1.
Vacuum tube
MARK 1
Presper Eckert Willian Mauchly
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly build the
UNIVAC, which could calculate at the
rate of 10,000 addition per seconds.
UNIVAC UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER
Hardware Technology
New invention of hardware were needed with the new computer technology.
Technology Details
The vacuum tube was an extremely
VACUUM TUBE important step of the advancement of
computers.In a computer, a vacuum tube
which is an electronic tube about the size of
light bulbs, was used as the internal
computer components. Thousands of them
were used.
PUNCHED CARD Punched card was used to store data.
MAGNETIC TAPE Magnetic tape was introduced in 1957. It
was a faster and a more compact method of
storing data. Using magnetic tape became
more reliable and cost-effective.
Problems
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· the vacuum tubes generated a great deal of heat causing many
problems in temperature regulation and climate control
· the tubes also burnt out frequently
· people operating the computer did not know that the problem was in
the programming machine
· the second generation computer scientists invented something new
due to lots of problem created by vacuum tubes
SECOND GENERATION (1956-1963)
The famous computer scientists during the second generation era were:
The creation of transistor spark the production of a wave of second
generation computer. Transistor was small devices use to transfer electronic
signals across a resister. Transistors had many advantages compared to
other hardware technology.
· transistors were smaller than vacuum tubes
· they needed no warm up time
· consumed less energy
· generated much less heat
· faster and more reliable
THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)
In the third generation era, the IBM 370 series were
introduced in 1964. It came in several models and
sizes.It was used for business and scientific programs.
Other computer models introduced were CDC 7600
and B2500.
The development of integrated circuit (IC), signal the
beginning of the third generation computers. Silicone
chips were manufactured in 1961 at the Silicone Valley.
Then came the integrated circuit technology, which had
reduced the size and cost of computers.
It is a complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicone. Which is also
known as semi conductor. Other than that, the Magnetic Core Memory
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10. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
was replaced by a device called the microchip. Also the first 256 bit RAM
was introduced and it was the basis for development of 1K bit RAM.
Advantages
A new concept in this generation was that of a family of computer which
allowed computer to be upgraded and expanded as necessary.
· Silicone chips were reliable, compact and
cheaper.
· Sold hardware and software separately
which created the software industry.
· customer service industry flourished
(reservation and credit checks)
FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)
It took only 55 years for the 4 generations to
evolve. The growth of the computer industry
developed technologies of computer inventions.
There are many types of computer models such as:
· Apple Macintosh
· IBM
· DELL
· ACER
In 1971 Intel created the first microprocessor. In 1976, Steve Jobs built the
first Apple computer. Then, in 1981, IBM introduced its first personal
computer.
Steve Jobs Bill Gates Micheal Dell
During the fourth generation, hardware technology such as silicone chips,
microprocessor and storage devices were invented. A microprocessor is a
specialized chip which is developed for computer memory and logic.
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Microprocessor
Silicone Chips
The microprocessor is a large-scale integrated circuit which contained
thousands of transistors. The transistors on this one chip are capable of
performing all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit.
Advantages
· Computers became 100 times smaller than ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer) the first computer
· Gain in speed, reliability and storage capacity
· Personal and software industry boomed
FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT & BEYOND)
The fifth generation computers are technologically
advance and are still being development to become
more efficient.
The inventions of new hardware technology in the
fifth generation have grown rapidly including many
other modern computer devices such as :
· silicone chips
· processor
· robotics
· virtual reality
· intelligent systems
· programs which translate languages
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NEW ERA COMPUTER
After the fifth generation computer, the technology of computer has become
more advanced, modern and sophisticated. The latest invention in the era of
computers are :
· Super Computers
· Mainframe Computers
· Mini Computers
· Personal Computers
· Mobile Computers
In the new era of computers, expert system such as teleconferencing and
speech-recognition system have been invented as part of modern world
communication tools.
Super Computers
Mini Computers
Mainframe Computers
Mobile Computer
Personal Computers
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LESSON 3
USAGE OF ICT IN DAILY LIFE
EDUCATION
Today, most schools and higher educational institutions have computers in
the classroom for teacher and students. In education, teachers, students,
researchers and school administrators benefits from the usage of ICT.
Teachers use computers to
research for teaching materials,
participate in online forums and
online conferences as well as
to aid their teaching.
Teachers
Students use the computers as a
reference tool. They use
computers to browse the
Internet to look for information.
Students
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Researchers use computers to
collect and process data.
Researchers
School administrators use
computers for administrative
purposes to make sure that the
entire operation runs smoothly.
School administrators
BANKING
The computer is the nerve centre of the
banking system around the world. It functions
to control the entire banking system that also
includes 'Electronic Banking Services'.
Electronic banking provides 24 hour services.
The services include :
· Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
· Cheque Deposit
· Electronic Fund Tranfer
· Direct Deposit
· Pay by phone system
· Personal computer banking/ internet
banking
In the banking sector, customers, businessman
and bank administrator benefits from the
usage of ICT.
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Customers can make any
transactions at the 24 hour
service centres or via online.These
services allow them to do
transaction at anytime they want.
Customers
Businessmen can save their time
by using the online services
offered by banks. They can access
company accounts for
loan applications, business
transactions and update on their
cash flow at any time.
Businessmen
Bank administrators can oversee
the entire banking activities such
as reconciliations, inter-branch
transactions (IBT), telegraphic
transfer and others by referring to
the banking system.
Bank administrators
INDUSTRY
Computers are used to facilitate production
planning and control systems, to support chain
management and to help in product design in the
industrial sector.In the industrial sector ,workers,
researchers and administrator benefits from the
usage of ICT.
Workers use machines that are
connected to computers to
operate. In some productions,
robots are used to take over
jobs that are dangerous to the
workers.
Workers
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Researchers use computers to
analyse and collect research data
for future reference.
Researchers
Administrators use computers to
oversee the entire operations in
the plant or factory to detect
specific errors or defects that
occurred in the process.
Administrators
E-COMMERCE
E-commerce helps in boosting the economy. It
makes buying and selling activities easier, more
efficient and faster. For this application,
computers, Internet and shared software are
needed.
In the e-commerce sector ,customers r, suppliers and employees benefits
from the usage of ICT.
Customers use computers to be
connected online with suppliers to
purchase products. This method
can save time and cost
as they do not have to go to any
outlets.
Customers
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Suppliers use computers to keep
track of their transactions. All
products are bar coded and can be
read by the computer
scanner to help in determining
prices and managing inventory.
Suppliers
Employees use computers and
telephones to communicate with
their customers for any enquiries.
The system helps employees to
get the latest updates on
inventory to be informed to the
customers.
Employees
OTHER SECTOR
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LESSON 4
COMPUTERISED AND NON-COMPUTERISED SYSTEMS
COMPUTER SYSTEM
A system is an arrangement of elements that when
it is put together it becomes an organised and
established procedure. A system typically consists
of components connected together in order to
facilitate the flow of information, matter or energy.
A computer system consists of a set of hardware and software which
processes data in a meaningful way.
EDUCATION
· education is the science of teaching and learning of specific skills
· it also imparts knowledge, good judgement and wisdom
BANKING SYSTEM
BANKING BEFORE ICT
· banking was done manually by taking
deposits directly
· transactions can only be made during
working hours
· takes time to approve any loan applications
BANKING WITH ICT
· all transactions are done by computers
· transaction can be done at anytime and place
· online services, phone banking system, credit
cards are available
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19. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY BEFORE ICT
Production was slow because everything was done
manually and totally depended on human labour.
INDUSTRY WITH ICT
Computers and telecommunications industry became
very opular and profitable since production can be
increased through an all day operation.
COMMERCE
Commerce is an activity of exchanging, buying and selling of commodities
on a large scale involving transportation from place to place.
COMMERCE BEFORE ICT
· Trading was made using the barter system and it
was then later developed into currency.
· Advertisement was in the form of word of mouth,
billboards and printed flyers.
· Trading globally was extremely slow, late and
expensive. Traders had to find ways to market local
products in the global market.
COMMERCE WITH ICT
E-commerce plays an important role in the economic
scene. It includes distribution, buying, selling and
servicing products that are done electronically.
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LESSON 5
THE IMPACT OF ICT ON SOCIETY
FASTER COMMUNICATION SPEED
In the past, it took a long time for any news or
messages to be send. Now with the Internet, news or
messages are sent via e-mail to friends, business
partners or to anyone efficiently. With the capability of
bandwidth, broadband and connection speed on the
Internet, any information can travel fast and at an
instant. It saves time and is inexpensive.
LOWER COMMUNICATION COST
Using the Internet is cost-effective than the other modes of communication
such as telephone, mailing or courier service. It allows people to have
access to large amounts of data at a very low cost. With the Internet we do
not have to pay for any basic services provided by the Internet.
Furthermore, the cost of connection to the Internet is relatively cheap.
RELIABLE MODE OF COMMUNICATION
Computers are reliable. With the internet, information could be accessed and
retrieved from anywhere and at anytime. This makes it a reliable mode of
communication. However, the input to the computer is contributed by
humans. If the data passed to the computer is faulty, the
result will be faulty as well. This is related to the term
GIGO.
GIGO is a short form for Garbage In Garbage Out. It
refers to the quality of output produced according to the
input. Normally bad input produces bad output.
EFFECTIVE SHARING OF INFORMATION
With the advancement of ICT, information can be shared
by people all around the world. People can share and
exchange opinions, news and information through
discussion groups, mailing list and forums on the Internet.
This enable knowledge sharing which will contribute to the
development of knowledge based society.
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21. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
PAPERLESS ENVIRONMENT
ICT technology has created the term paperless environment. This term
means information can be stored and retrieved through the digital medium
instead of paper. Online communication via emails, online chat and instant
messaging also helps in creating the paperless environment.
BORDERLESS COMMUNICATION
Internet offers fast information retrieval, interactivity, accessibility and
versatility. It has become a borderless sources for services and information.
Through the Internet, information and communication can be borderless.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
There are some negative effects of ICT. It has created social problems in the
society. Nowadays, people tend to choose online communication rather than
having real time conversations. People tend to become more individualistic
and introvert.
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Another negative effect of ICT is :
· fraud
· identity theft
· Pornography
· Hacking
This will result a moral decedent and generate threads to the society.
HEALTH PROBLEMS
A computer may harm users if they use it for long hours frequently.
Computer users are also exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and
mental stress. In order to solve the health problems, an ergonomic
environment can be introduced. For example, an ergonomic chair can
reduces back strain and a screen filter is used to minimize eye strain.
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LESSON 6
COMPUTER ETHICS
ETHICS IN GENERAL
A guideline is needed to stop the current technology products from being
exploited for example replicating original CDs and selling them as pirated
software, this unethical behaviour can be controlled by the code of conducts.
Unethical refers to any code of conducts that are not conforming to
approved standards of social or professional behaviour.
Computer ethics is a system of moral standards or values used as a
guideline for computer users.
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS OF COMPUTER ETHIC S
The United States Institute of Computer Ethics has come out with the Ten
Commandments of Computer Ethics. These principles consider the effective
code of conducts for the proper use of information technology. The Ten
commandments of computer ethics are :
1. You shall not use a computer to harm other people.
2. You shall not interfere with other people's computer work.
3. You shall not snoop around in other people's computer files.
4. You shall not use a computer to steal.
5. You shall not use a computer to bear false witness.
6. You shall not copy or use proprietary software for which you
have not paid.
7. You shall not use other people's computer resources without
authorisation or proper compensation.
8. You shall not appropriate other people's intellectual output.
9. You shall think about the social consequences of the program
you are writing or the system you are designing.
10. You shall always use a computer in ways that ensure
consideration and respect for your fellow humans.
GUIDELINES ON THE E-MAIL AND INTERNET USAGE
Some guidelines from the Department of Public Services of Malaysia:
· use only individual e-mail address to forward individual opinion
· keep the identity name and password a secret to avoid the
misuse of your e-mail without your knowledge
· e-mail must be active to promptly reply the necessary actions
needed for any matters
· ensure the total mail kept in the box is within the computer
storage capacity
· scan files regularly to avoid the transmission of virus from one
computer to another
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24. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
· do not send e-mails that contain classified information which can
be used to tarnish other people or country
· choose a suitable time to search the Internet to save access
time and cost
· beware of prohibited sites which could affect one's moral,
organisation or nation
· print only relevant documents that you think can be used in
future to save cost
UNETHICAL COMPUTER CODE OF CONDUCTS
With the advancement of ICT, it is easy for anyone to retrieve your
information from the Internet. You may not realise that when you fill a form
on the Internet, your information may be exposed and stolen.
Examples of unethical computer code of conducts include:
· modifying certain information on the Internet, affecting the
accuracy of the information
· selling information to other parties without the owner s
permission
· using information without authorization
· involvement in stealing software
· invasion of privacy
Intellectual property refers to any product of human intellect that is unique
and has value in the market place. This covers ideas, inventions, unique
name, computer program codes and many more.
ETHICAL COMPUTER CODE OF CONDUCTS
Examples of ethical computer code of conducts include:
· sending warning about viruses to other computer users
· asking permission before sending any business advertisements
to others
· using information with authorization
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LESSON 7
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAW
DEFINITION OF ETHICS
In general, ethics is a moral philosophy where a
person makes a specific moral choice and sticks to
it. On the other hand, ethics in computing means
moral guidelines to refer to when using the
computer and computer networks. This includes
the Internet.
DEFINITION OF LAW
Law is a legal system comprising of rules and principles that govern the
affairs of a community and controlled by a political authority.
Law differs from one country to another. In the era of
technology, computer law is needed to clarify goods or
actions that fall under the computer law. Computer law
refers to all areas in law that requires an understanding
of computer technology such as hardware, software and
Internet.
Examples of laws of computing in Malaysia include the Malaysian
Communication and Multimedia Act, the Computer Crime Act 1997 and the
Telemedicine Act 1997.
WHY DO WE NEED ETHICS AND LAW IN COMPUTING?
· Respecting Ownership
· Respecting Privacy
· Respecting Property
RESPECTING OWNERSHIP
We must respect ownership by not stealing other people s work either by
duplicating or distributing it. Duplicating and distributing copies of audio
tapes, video tapes and computer programs without permission and
authorisation from the individual or company that created the program
are immoral and illegal.
RESPECTING PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
We should respect other people's privacy and confidentiality by refraining
ourselves from reading their mails or files without their permission. If we do
so, it is considered as violating an individual s rights to privacy and
confidentiality.
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RESPECTING PROPERTY
Property here means ownership. Since an individual data and information
are considered as property, therefore, an act of tampering and changing
electronic information is considered as vandalism and disrespect for other
people s property.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ETHIC S AND LAW
Both ethics and law are complimentary to each other and are made:
· to guide user from misusing computers
· to create a healthy computer society, so that computers are
used to contribute to a better life
· to prevent any crime
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ETHICS AND LAWS
ETHICS
GUIDELINE As a guideline to computer users.
MORAL STANDARDS Ethical behaviour is judged by moral
standards.
FREE TO FOLLOW Computer users are free to follow or
ignore the code of ethics.
NO PUNISHMENTS No punishment for anyone who
violates ethics.
UNIVERSALS Universal, can be applied anywhere,
all over the world.
PRODUCE ETHICAL COMPUTER To produce ethical computer users.
USERS
IMMORAL Not honouring computer ethics
means ignoring the moral elements
(immoral).
LAW
CONTROL As a rule to control computer users.
JUDICIAL STANDARDS Law is judged by judicial standards.
MUST FOLLOW Computer users must follow the
regulations and law.
PENALTIES, IMPRISONMENTS Penalties, imprisonments and other
AND OTHER PUNISHMENTS punishments for those who break the
law.
DEPENDS ON COUNTRY Depends on country and state where
the crime is committed.
PREVENT MISUSING OF COMPUTERS To prevent misuse of computers.
CRIME Not honouring the law means
committing a crime.
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UNETHICAL VS. LAW BREAKING CONDUCTS
Unethical:
· using the office computer to do personal things
· reading your friend s e-mail without his or her permission
· plagiarising and using materials from the Internet for your class
assignment without giving credit to the original author.
Law breaking:
· sending a computer virus via e-mail
· hacking into your school s database to change your examination
results.
· selling pirated software in a night market
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LESSON 8
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
DEFINITION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Intellectual Property refers to works created by inventors, authors and
artists. These works are unique and have value in the market place. In our
daily lives, we are surrounded by things that are protected by IP. Your
school bags, your shoes and even your socks are protected by Intellectual
Property rights. Nike, Bata or Adidas, for example, are all protected by a
group of legal rights.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
Intellectual Property laws cover ideas, inventions, literary creations, unique
names, business models, industrial processes, computer program codes and
more.
INVENTIONS PROTECTED BY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
LAWS
As businesses continue to expand globally, business owners must realise the
importance of getting professional advice on how to establish and safeguard
their intellectual property rights. These include :
· Trademarks
· Service marks
· Trade/company names
· Domain names
· Geographical indications
· Copyrights
· Patents
Example : Protected by property law.
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION
There are four types of Intellectual Property protection. They are patents for
invention, trademarks for brand identity, designs for product appearance
and copyright for material.
· Patents for inventions
· Trademarks for brand identity
· Design for product appearance
· Copyright for material
Patents for inventions
Utility, design or plant patents that protect inventions and improvements to
existing inventions
Trademarks for brand identity
Words, names, symbols, devices and images that represent products, goods
or services.
Design for product appearance
Literary and artistic material, music, films, sound recordings and roadcasts,
including software and multimedia.
Copyright for material
The features of, in particular,the lines, contours, colours,shape, texture or
material of the product itself or its ornamentation.
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LESSON 9
PRIVACY IN COMPUTER USAGE
WHAT IS PRIVACY?
Privacy in IT refers to data and information privacy. Data refers to a
collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures and symbols. Then, computer is
used to process data into information. In general, data include texts,
numbers, sounds, images and video.
Information privacy is described as the rights of individuals and companies
to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them.
WAYS COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY TH REATEN OUR PRIVACY
Every time you click on an advertisement or register a software product
online, your information is entered into a database. Computer technology
can also threaten privacy through spam. Do you know what spam is? Spam
is unsolicited e-mail messages, advertisements or newsgroup postings sent
to many recipients at once.
How does computer technology threaten the privacy of our data?
It is done through:
· Cookies
· Electronic profile
· Spyware
Computer technology threatens our privacy through electronic profiling. For
example, when we fill out a form such as a magazine subscription,
purchasing products or contest entry form on the Internet, this data is kept
in the database. It will include age, address, marital status and other
personal details.
Cookies
· are used to identify users by web casting,
e-commerce and other web applications
· contain user information and are saved in the
computer hard disk
· are used by some websites to store passwords
and track how regularly we visit a website,
that s how we become potential targets for web
advertisers
· enable web sites to collect information about
your online activities and store them for future
use, then the collected details will be sold to any company that
requests for it.
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Electronic profile
· electronic profile is the combining of data in a
database that can be sold to the Internet by the
company to the interested parties.
· this database is in a form such as magazine
subscription or product warranty cards that
had been filled by online subscribers.
· the information in electronic profile includes
personal details such as your age, address and marital status.
Spyware
· refers to a program that collects user
information without the user s knowledge.
· can enter computers, sneaking in like a virus.
· is a result of installing new programs.
· communicates information it collects to some
outside source while we are online.
WHY DO WE NEED PRIVACY?
We need privacy for anonymity. For example, the Internet creates an
elaborate trail of data detailing a person surfing on the Web because all
information is stored inside cookies. We do not want our trail to be detected.
We also need privacy for confidentiality. For example, online information
generated in the course of a business transaction is routinely used for
a variety of other purposes without the individual s knowledge or consent.
We do not want our private lives and habits exposed to third parties.
CAN PRIVACY BE PROTECTED?
Privacy can be protected by:
(a) Privacy law
The privacy laws in Malaysia emphasises on the following:
· Security Services to review the security policy
· Security Management to protect the resources
· Security Mechanism to implement the required security services
· Security Objects, the important entities within the system
environment
(b) Utilities software
Example: anti-spam program, firewall, anti-spyware and antivirus.
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LESSON 10
AUTHENTICATIONS
Authentication is a process where users verify that they are who they say
they are. The user who attempts to perform functions in a system is in fact
the user who is authorised to do so.
For Example : When you use an ATM card, the machine will verify the
validation of the card then the machine will request for a pin number. This
is where the authentication process takes place.
AUTHENTICATION
Identification
present what the user has (e.g. smart card)
Verification Not valid (F)
verify the Access
validity of denied
the ID
Valid (T)
Valid (T)
Identification
present what the user is (e.g. biometric)
False
Authentication
authenticate
who
the user is
True
Access granted
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METHODS OF AUTHENTICATION
There are two commonly used authentication methods, which are biometric
device and callback system.
Biometric device is a device that translates
personal characteristics into a digital code that
is compared with a digital code stored in the
database.
Callback system refers to the checking system that authenticates the user.
BIOMETRIC DEVICES
Fingerprint Recognition
In order to prevent fake fingers from being used, many
biometrics fingerprint systems also measure blood flow,
or check for correctly arrayed ridges at the edges of the
fingers.
Facial Recognition
Facial recognition analyses the characteristics of an
individual's face images captured through a digital video
camera. Facial recognition is widely used, touted as a
fantastic system for recognising potential threats
(whether terrorists, scam artists, or known criminals).
Hand Geometry Scanning
Hand scanning involves the measurement and analysis
of the shape of one's hand.
Unlike fingerprints, the human hand isn't unique.
Individual hand features are not descriptive enough for
identification. It is possible to devise a method by
combining various individual features and measurements of fingers and
hands for verification purposes.
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Iris Scanning
Iris scanning analyses the features that exist in the
coloured tissues surrounding the pupil which has more
than 200 points that can be used for comparison,
including rings, furrows and freckles.
The scans use a regular video camera and can be done from further away
than a retinal scan.It will work perfectly fine through glasses and in fact has
the ability to create an accurate enough measurement that it can be used
for identification purposes.
The accuracy of this method is excellent while the cost involved is high.
Retinal Scanning
Retinal biometrics involves the scanning of retina and
analysing the layer of blood vessels at the back of the
eye.
Retinal scanning involves using a low-intensity light
source and an optical coupler and can read the patterns
at a great level of accuracy.
Retina scanning requires the user to remove glasses, place their eye close to
the device, and focus on a certain point. Whether the accuracy can outweigh
the public discomfort is yet to be seen.
The accuracy in retinal scanning is very good and the cost involved is fair.
Voice Recognition
Voice recognition system compares a person s live
speech with their stored voice pattern.
Voice recognition biometrics requires user to speak
into a microphone. What he speaks can be his
password or an access phrase.
Verification time is approximately 5 seconds. To prevent recorded voice
use, most voice recognition devices require the high and low frequencies of
the sound to match, which is difficult for many recording instruments to
recreate well. Also, some devices generate random number of sequences for
verification.
The accuracy in voice recognition is fair and the cost involved is very
reasonable.
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Signature Verification System
Signature verification system uses special pen and
tablet. After pre-processing the signature, several
features are extracted.
The authenticity of a writer is determined by comparing
an input signature to a stored reference set (template) consisting of three
signatures.
The similarity between an input signature and the reference set is computed
using string matching and the similarity value is compared to a threshold.
The accuracy in signature verification system is fair and the cost involved is
excellent.
CALLBACK SYSTEM
The callback system is commonly used in the bank
operation and business transaction.
For example, when you book for the taxi service, the
operator will ask you to hang up and she will call you
back to confirm for the service required.
WHY IS AUTHENTICATION IMPORTANT?
Authentication is important in order to safeguard against the unauthorised
access and use.
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LESSON 11
VERIFICATIONS
Verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system
with respect to a certain formal specification.
IDENTIFICATION
present what the user has (e.g ATM card) Access Granted
Valid
VERIFICATION
verify the validity of the ID
Not Valid Access Denied
IDENTIFICATION
present what the user has (e.g pin number)
METHODS OF VERIFICATION
There are two methods commonly used in
verification, which are user identification and
processed object. User identification refers to
the process of validating the user. Processed
object refers to something the user has such
as identification card, security token and cell
phone.
USER IDENTIFICATION
The examples of validating process using the user identification are:
· Key in the user name to log-in to a system and the
system will verify whether the user is valid or invalid
user
· Show the exam slip to verify that you are the valid
candidate for the exam.
· show a passport before departure.
PROCESSED OBJECT
The examples of validating process using the processed
object are:
· the policeman will check on the driver s license to
identify the valid driver
· employees have to swipe their security card to enter
the building
· buy blouses at the mall using a credit card
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LESSON 12
CONTROVERSIAL CONTENT
A controversial content is information that causes disagreement in opinions
and may cause the disruption of peace because different people or culture
will have different views about the contents.
ISSUES ON CONTROVERSIAL CONTENTS
The issues on controversial contents are always focusing on pornography
and slander. Malaysia considers pornography and slander as illegal.
Pornographic and slanderous activities can be in the forms of
plots and actions displayed on video games, controversial
rhythm or lyrics of music, controversial contents of books and
controversial issues on religion and philosophy.
Pornography Creative activity (writing or pictures or films etc.) of no literary
or artistic value other than to stimulate sexual desire.
Slander Oral communication of false statements injurious to a person's
reputation. A false and malicious statement or report about someone.
PORNOGRAPHY
What is pornography? Why is pornography considered negative content?
Both pictures are very cute pictures of innocent babies. Neither can be
considered pornographic by normal standards.
DEFINITION OF PORNOGRAPHY
The definition of pornography is any form of media or material (like books or
photographs) that depicts erotic behaviour and is intended to cause sexual
excitement.
Pornography tends to exploit men, women and children in a distasteful
manner.
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SLANDER
Slander is another example of controversial content.
Slander is a legal term for false and malicious
statement (meaning knowing that it is false, or
reckless disregard that it was false) about someone.
Examples :
You wrote an e-mail that a fellow classmate was having an affair with a
teacher, even though it was not true. You then sent it to five other friends.
Ahmad is a muslim. One day, he received a spam e-mail stating that his
favourite soda drink Soda Moda uses non-halal food colouring, but he does
not know if the source of the content is credible or true. He decides to
forward the e-mail to 50 of his friends.
Chin Wei spreads a rumour that a Government Minister is receiving bribes
from an enemy government.
IMPACTS ON MALAYSIAN SOCIETY
What can you conclude about the impact of controversial content on the
Malaysian society?
Pornography
· can lead to criminal acts such as exploitation of women and children
· can lead to sexual addiction or perversion
· can develop low moral value towards other men, women or children
· can erode good religious, cultural and social beliefs and behaviour
Slander
· can develop into a society that disregards honesty and truth
· can develop bad habit of spreading untruths and rumours
· can lead to unnecessary argument
· can cause people to have negative attitudes towards another person
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39. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
LESSON 13
THE PROCESS OF INTERNET FILTERING
INTERNET FILTERING
It is our responsibility to ensure that the teenagers are
protected from these corruptions of the mind by filtering
access to the Internet.Internet filtering is a process that
prevents or blocks access to certain materials on the
Internet.
It is our responsibility to ensure that the teenagers are protected from
these corruptions of the mind by filtering access to the Internet.
What is Internet filtering?
Internet filtering is a process that prevents or blocks access to certain
materials on the Internet. Filtering is most commonly used to prevent
children from accessing inappropriate material and to keep employees
productive on the Internet.
CONTROLLING ACCESS TO THE INTERNET
Controlling access to the internet by means of filtering software has become
a growing industry in Malaysia and elsewhere. Its use has increase as the
mandatory response to the current plague of society, namely internet
pornography, politically incorrect site, hatred, violence, hate and in general
anything viewed to be unpleasant or threatening.
The current preferred method of choice to limit access on the Internet is to
filter content either by:
· keyword blocking
· site blocking
· web rating systems
These methods require software to be installed at a client of server level.
KEYWORD BLOCKING
One of the strategies is by using the keyword blocking
method.This method uses a list of banned words or
objectionable terms.
As the page is downloading, the filter searches for any of
these words. If found, it will block the page completely,
stop downloading the page, block the banned words and even shut down the
browser.
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40. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
SITE BLOCKING
· software company maintains a list of dubious Internet sites
· the software prevents access to any sites on this list
· denial lists regularly updated
· some software provides control over what categories of information
you block
· Who decides what goes on the denial list and what criteria are they
using?
· can you keep track of the whole of the Internet?
· filters can use both site blocking and word blocking
WEB RATING SYSTEMS
Web sites are rated in terms of nudity, sex, violence and language. The
Recreational Software Advisory Council (RSACI) is responsible for the rating
of the websites on the content on the internet.
· ratings done either by the web page author or by the
independent bureau.
· browsers set to only accept pages with certain levels of ratings.
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LESSON 14
CYBER LAW
WHAT IS CYBER LAW?
Cyber law refers to any laws relating to protecting the
Internet and other online communication technologies.
NEEDS FOR CYBER LAW
In the recent years, many concerns and issues were raised on the integrity
and security of information, legal status of online transactions, privacy and
confidentiality of information, intellectual property rights and security of
government data placed on the Internet.
Integrity and Security Security of
of Information Government Data
CYBER LAW
Legal Status of Online Intellectual Property
Transactions Rights
Privacy and Confidentially
of Information
These concerns and issues clearly indicate why cyber laws are needed in
online activities.
THE CYBER LAW ACTS IN MALAYSIA
The Malaysian Government has already passed several cyber laws to control
and reduce the Internet abuse.
These cyber laws include:
· Digital Signature Act 1997
· Computer Crimes Act 1997
· Telemedicine Act 1997
· Communications and Multimedia Act 1998
Beside these cyber laws, there are three other cyber laws being drafted.
· Private Data Protection Bill
· Electronic Government Activities Bill
· Electronic Transactions Bill
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42. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
DIGITAL SIGNATURE ACT 1997
The Digital Signature Act 1997 secures electronic
communications especially on the Internet.
Digital Signature is an identity verification standard that
uses encryption techniques to protect against e-mail
forgery. The encrypted code consists of the user s name
and a hash of all the parts of the message.
By attaching the digital signature, one can ensure that nobody can
eavesdrop, intercept or temper with transmitted data.
COMPUTER CRIMES ACT 1997
The Computer Crimes Act 1997 gives protection
against the misuses of computers and computer
criminal activities such as unauthorised use of
programmes, illegal transmission of data or messages
over computers and hacking and cracking of computer
systems and networks.
By implementing the Computer Crimes Act 1997, users can protect their
rights to privacy and build trust in the computer system. At the same time,
the government can have control at a certain level over cyberspace to
reduce cyber crime activities.
TELEMEDICINE ACT 1997
The Telemedicine Act 1997 ensures that only qualified
medical practitioners can practice telemedicine and that
their patient's rights and interests are protected.
These act provides the future development and delivery
of healthcare in Malaysia.
COMMUNICATIONS AND MULTIMEDIA ACT 1998
The implementation of Communication and
Telecommunication Act 1998 ensures that information is
secure, the network is reliable and the service is
affordable all over Malaysia.
This Act also ensures high level of user's confidence in
the information and communication technology
industry.
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43. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
LESSON 15
COMPUTER CRIMES
COMPUTER CRIMES
A computer crime is defined as any criminal activity that
is related to the use of computers. These activities
include computer fraud, copyright infringement,
computer theft and computer attack.
COMPUTER FRAUD
Computer fraud is defined as having an intention to take advantage over or
causing loss to other people, mainly on monetary basis through the use of
computers.
There are many forms of computer fraud which include e-mail hoaxes,
programme fraud, investment schemes, sales promotions and claims of
expertise on certain fields.
Students need to be aware of other computer frauds such
as health frauds, scams and hacking. Students will also
most likely get false information while researching
information on the Internet.
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
Copyright infringement is defined as a violation of the
rights secured by a copyright. Copyright infringement
involves illegal copy or reproduction of copyrights
material by the black market group. The open
commercial sale of pirated item is also illegal.
With the current technology, the most perfect copy of the original copy can
be downloaded from the internet.
COMPUTER THEFT
Computer theft is defined as the unauthorised use of
another person s property with the intention to deny the
owner the rightful possession of that property or its
use.
Examples of computer theft include:
· transfer of payments to the wrong accounts
· tap into data transmission lines on database at no cost
· divert goods to the wrong destination
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COMPUTER ATTACK
Computer attack may be defined as any activities taken
to disrupt the equipment of computer systems, change
processing control or corrupt stored data.
Computer attack can be in the forms of:
· physical attack that disrupt the computer facility or its
transmission lines.
· an electronic attack that uses the power of electromagnetic
energy to overload computer circuitry.
· a computer network attack that uses a malicious code to
exploit a weakness in software, or in the computer security
practices of a computer user
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45. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
LESSON 16
COMPUTER SECURITY
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER SECURITY
Computer security means protecting our
computer systems and the information they
contain against unwanted access, damage,
destruction or modification.
We need to protect our computer from any
intruders such as hackers, crackers and script
kiddie.
We do not want strangers to read our e-mail, use our computer to
attack other systems, send forged e-mail from our computer, or examine
personal information stored on our computer such as financial statements.
TYPES OF COMPUTER SECURITY
Three types of computer security are:
a) hardware security
b) software security/data security
c) network security
a) HARDWARE SECURITY
Hardware security refers to security measures used
to protect the hardware specifically the computer
and its related documents.
The examples of security measures used to protect
the hardware include PC-locks, keyboard-locks,
smart cards and biometric devices.
b) SOFTWARE AND DATA SECURITY
Software and data security refers to the security
measures used to protect the software and the loss
of data files.
Examples of security measures used to protect the
software are activation code and serial number.
An example of security measure used to protect the
loss of data files is the disaster recovery plan method. The idea of this plan
is to store data, program and other important documents in a safe place that
will not be affected by any major destruction.
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46. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
c) NETWORK SECURITY
The transfer of data through network has become a
common practice and the need to implement
network security has become significant.
Network security refers to security measures used
to protect the network system. One example of
network security measures is firewall. With firewall, network resources can
be protected from the outsiders.
PERSONAL COMPUTER SECURITY CHECKLIST
In order to make sure our computers are secured, here are the computer
security checklist to follow.
ü Do not eat, drink or smoke near the computer
ü Do not place the computer near open windows or doors
ü Do not subject the computer to extreme temperatures
ü Clean the equipment regularly
ü Place a cable lock on the computer
ü Use a surge protector
ü Store disks properly in a locked container
ü Maintain backup copies of all files
ü Stores copies of critical files off sites
ü Scan a floppy disk before you open it
ü Do not open any unknown email received
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47. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
LESSON 17
INTRODUCTION COMPUTER THREATS
The computer is a great tool to store important information. In certain
cases, the information is very vital that losing it will harm the computer
system.
Computer threats can come from many ways either from human or natural
disasters. For example, when someone is stealing your account information
from a trusted bank, this threat is considered as a human threat. However,
when your computer is soaked in heavy rain, then that is a natural disaster
threat.
MALICIOUS CODE
Malicious code is also known as a rogue program. It is
a threat to computing assets by causing undesired
effects in the programmer s part. The effect is caused
by an agent, with the intention to cause damage.
The agent for malicious code is the writer of the code,
or any person who causes its distribution. There are
various kinds of malicious code. They include virus, Trojan horse, logic door,
trapdoor and backdoor, worm and many others.
a) VIRUS
· a program that can pass on the malicious
code to other programs by modifying them
· attaches itself to the program, usually files
with .doc, .xls and .exe extensions
· destroys or co-exists with the program
· can overtake the entire computing system
and spread to other systems
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b) TROJAN HORSE
· a program which can perform useful and unexpected action
· must be installed by users or intruders
before it can affect the system s assets
· an example of a Trojan horse is the login
script that requests for users login ID and
password
· the information is then used for malicious
purposes
c) LOGIC BOMB
· logic bomb is a malicious code that goes
off when a specific condition occurs.
· an example of a logic bomb is the time
bomb
· it goes off and causes threats at a
specified time or date
e) TRAPDOOR OR BACKDOOR
· a feature in a program that allows
someone to access the program with
special privileges
f) WORM
· a program that copies and spreads itself
through a network
Primary Differences Between Worms And viruses
Worm Virus
Operates through the network Spreads through any medium
Spreads copies of itself as a Spreads copies of itself as a program
standalone program that attaches to other programs
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49. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
HACKER
Hacking is a source of threat to security in computer.
It is defined as unauthorised access to the computer
system by a hacker.
Hackers are persons who learn about the computer
system in detail. They write program referred to as
hacks. Hackers may use a modem or cable to hack
the targeted computers.
NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
Computers are also threatened by natural or environmental disaster. Be it at
home, stores, offices and also automobiles.Examples of natural and
environmental disasters:
§ Flood
§ Fire
§ Earthquakes, storms and tornados
§ Excessive Heat
§ Inadequate Power Supply
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50. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
THEFT
Two types of computer theft:
1) Computer is used to steal money, goods,
information and resources.
2) Stealing of computer, especially notebook and
PDAs.
Three approaches to prevent theft:
1) prevent access by using locks, smart-card or
password
2) prevent portability by restricting the hardware
from being moved
3) detect and guard all exits and record any
hardware transported
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51. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
LESSON 18
SECURITY MEASURES
Today, people rely on computers to create, store and manage critical
information. It is important that the computer and the data they store are
accessible and available when needed. It is also important that users take
measures to protect their computers and data from lost, damage and
misused.
Security measures mean the precautionary measures taken toward possible
danger or damage. There are 6 type of security measures.
1) DATA BACKUP
Data Backup is a program of file duplication. Backups
of data applications are necessary so that they can
be recovered in case of an emergency.
Depending on the importance of the information,
daily, weekly or biweekly backups from a hard disk
can be performed.
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2) CRYPTOGRAPHY
Cryptography is a process of hiding information by
altering the actual information into different
representation, for example, an APA can be
written as I ?
Almost all cryptosystems depend on a key such as a
password like the numbers or a phrase that can be used to encrypt or
decrypt a message.
The traditional type of cryptosystem used on a computer network is called a
symmetric secret key system.
3) ANTIVIRUS
An antivirus program protects a computer against
viruses by identifying and removing any computer
viruses found in the computer memory, on
storage media or incoming e-mail files.
An antivirus program scans for programs that
attempt to modify the boot program, the operating
system and other programs that normally are read from but not modified.
IDENTIFYING VIRUS
Two technique are used to identify the virus.
VIRUS SIGNATURE INOCULATING A PROGRAM FILE
Also called a virus definition is a The antivirus program records
specific pattern of the virus code. information such as the file size and file
creation date in a separate inoculation
file.
The antivirus program then uses this
information to detect if a virus tampers
with the data describing the inoculated
program file.
If an antivirus program identifies an infected file, it attempts to remove its
virus, worm or Trojan horse. If the antivirus program cannot remove the
infection, it often quarantines the infected file. Quarantine is a separate
area of a hard disk that holds the infected file until the infection can be
removed. This step ensures other files will not become infected. Patents for
inventions Utility, design or plant patents that protect inventions and
improvements to existing inventions
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53. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
4) ANTI-SPYWARE
Spyware is a program placed on a computer without
the user s knowledge. It secretly collects information
about the user.
The spyware program communicates information to
the outside source.
An anti-spyware application program sometime called tracking software or a
spybot is used to remove spyware.
Among of the popular anti-spyware programs are:
Spybot Search and Destroy
Ad-aware
Spyware Blaster
5) FIREWALL
Firewall is a piece of hardware or software which
functions in a networked environment to prevent some
communications forbidden by the security
policy.
Firewall implement a security policy. It might permit
limited access from in or outside the network
perimeters or from certain user or for certain activities.
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54. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
6) HUMAN ASPECTS OF SECURITY MEASURES
Human aspects refer to the user and also the intruder
of a computer system.
It is one of the hardest aspects to give protection to.
The most common problem is the lack of achieving a
good information security procedure.
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55. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
LESSON 19
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SECURITY THREA TS AND
SECURITY MEASURES
Security threats may come from in many forms. For example, when
someone is invading your account information from a trusted bank, this act
is considered as a security threat.
Security measures can be used to prevent this invader
from getting the account information. For example, the
bank can use a firewall to prevent unauthorised access to
its database.
SECURITY THREATS
Security threats may come from in many forms. For example, when
someone is invading your account information from a trusted bank, this act
is considered as a security threat.
Security measures can be used to prevent this invader from getting the
account information. For example, the bank can use a firewall to prevent
unauthorised access to its database.
MALICIOUS CODE THREATS VS. ANTIVIRUS AND ANTI-
SPYWARE
Security threats include virus, Trojan horse, logic bomb, trapdoor and
backdoor, and worm.
Antivirus and anti-spyware can be used to protect the computer from the
threats by:
§ limiting connectivity
§ allowing only authorised media for loading data and software
§ enforcing mandatory access controls
§ blocking the virus from the computer program
HACKING VS. FIREWALL
Hacking is an unauthorised access to the computer
system done by a hacker. We can use firewall or
cryptography to prevent the hacker from accessing
our computers.
A firewall permits limited access to unauthorised
users or any activities from the network environment. Cryptography is a
process of hiding information by changing the actual information into
different representation, for example, an APA can be written as 7&*.
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NATURAL DISASTER VS. DATA BACKUP
The natural and environmental disasters may include:
flood
fire
earthquakes
storms
tornados
Natural disasters may threaten a computer s hardware and software easily.
Computers are also sensitive to their operating environment such as
excessive heat or the inadequacy of power supply.
The backup system is needed to backup all data and applications in the
computer. With the backup system, data can be recovered in case of an
emergency.
THEFT VS. HUMAN ASPECTS
Computer theft can be of two kinds:
§ can be used to steal money, goods,
information and computer resources
§ the actual stealing of computers, especially
notebooks and PDAs
Measures that can be taken to prevent theft:
§ prevent access by using locks, smart-card or password
§ prevent portability by restricting the hardware from being moved
§ detect and guard all exits and record any hardware transported
BE SUSPICIOUS OF ALL RESULTS
There are many instances where non-programmers
develop applications which are not built with proper
understanding of software engineering practices.
Data produced by such applications may not be
correct and may risk corrupting data received from
other sources that are not compatible with the
application.
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57. 1.0 ICT AND SOCIETY
LESSON 20
SECURITY PROCEDURES
Computers should have alarm systems to guard them from any attacks such
as viruses and data corruption. The alarm system is the security measures
that we take to ensure its safety.
DATA PROTECTION
We need to protect the data in the computer as it
may somehow get lost or corrupted due to some
viruses or mishap like fire, flood, lightning, machine
failures and even human errors.
There are a few ways to protect the information namely:
make backup files
detect the virus and clean the computer
warn others on virus attacks
1) BACKUP FILES
Users can do backups of file systems by:
§ keeping the duplicated files in external storage
such as in the floppy disk and thumb drive
§ do backup frequently
2) DETECT VIRUS AND DO CLEANUP
A computer virus is able to affect and infect the way
the computer works. Viruses can be detected when
we run an antivirus program.We can also delete the
infected files and documents.
3) WARN OTHERS ON VIRUS ATTACK
We can warn others on virus attacks or new viruses
by sending e-mails to them.
DETECTING ILLEGAL ACCESS TO SYSTEMS
The computer system is able to detect any illegal access to the system by a
user who does not have any authorisation. Basically, a corporation will
simply use tcpwrappers and tripwire to detect any illegal access to their
system. User's access will be reviewed periodically by computer operations.
On going internal audits will be made to ensure detection of violations of
security and unauthorised modifications to software and data .
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TCPWRAPPERS
Tcpwrappers stop the attempted connection
examines its configuration files
will decide whether to accept or reject the request.
Tcpwrappers will control access at the application level, rather than at the
socket level like iptables and ipchains. The system will run tcpwrappers to
log access to ftp, tftp, rch, rlogin, rexec and telnet.
TRIPWIRE
Tripwire will detect and report on any changes in the
thousands of strategic system files.
The system will run tripwire to determine if system
files have changed.
PREVENTING ILLEGAL ACCESS TO SYSTEMS
Have any of you ever been to an airport? Do you know the do s and don ts
when you are at the airport?
There are things that cannot be taken inside the airplane. It is for the
purpose of security procedures.
It is the same as computer systems. It would not allow any unauthorised
users to simply access the system.
Ways to prevent illegal access to systems:
1. Run anlpassword to make password cracking difficult.
2. Run tcpwrappers to check if the name for an ip address can be
provided by DNC
3. Use a callback system to prevent unauthorised use of stolen
passwords.
PREVENTING ILLEGAL ROOT ACC ESS
To prevent any illegal root access, we should have
Sudo, so that people can perform on some machine
without getting access to the entire root if that is not
required. In addition, with Sudo we did not have to
give out the root password.
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Sudo stands for (Superuser do) and is a program in Unix, Linux and similar
operating systems such as Mac OS X that allows users to run programs in
the form of another user (normally in the form of the system's superuser).
Sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or
another user, as specified in the sudoers file.
PATCH
Patch supplies small updates to software, provided
that the source code is available.
Patch is a name of an UNIX utility. It applies a script
generated by the different program to a set of files
that allows changes from one file to be directly
applied to another file.
Resources are not enough to patch all security holes that we hear about
through the bugtraq list.
(Bugtraq is a full disclosure mailing list dedicated to the issues of computer
security. On-topic discussions are new discussions about vulnerabilities,
methods of exploitation and how to fix them. It is a high volume
mailing list and almost all new vulnerabilities are discussed there.)
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LESSON 21
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN THE SOCIETY
The computer has change the society today as much as industrial revolution
changed society in 18th and 19th century. People interacts directly with
computer in education, finance, government, health care, science,
publishing, tourism, and industry.
Computers help them to do their work faster and more efficient by using the
software application that consist of special program for specific task.
SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
Software applications are used for many reasons. Such as to enhance the
learning process, to help in business activities, to assist the graphics and
multimedia project and to fasilitate communication.
Area Examples of software applications
Home and Integrated software, Personal finance, Legal, Tax
Education Preparation,
Clip Art/Image Gallery, Home Design/Landscaping and
Reference
Business Word Processing, Spreadsheet, Database, Presentation
Graphics, Personal Information Manager, Software Suite,
Project Management and Accounting
Graphics Computer-aided design (CAD), Desktop Publishing,
and Multimedia Paint/Image Editing, Video and Audio Editing, Multimedia
Authoring and Web Page Authoring
Communication E-mail, Web Browsers, Chat Rooms, Newsgroups, Instant
Messaging, Groupware and Video Conferencing
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SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS PACKAGES
Software Application Examples of Popular Packages
Word Processing Microsoft Word and Lotus Word Pro
Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel and Lotus 1-2-3
Database Microsoft Access and Microsoft Visual FoxPro
Presentation Graphics Microsoft Power Point and Lotus Freelance
Graphics
Personal Information Microsoft Outlook and Palm Desktop
Manager
Software Suite Microsoft Office and Lotus SmartSuite
Project Management Microsoft Project and Corel CATALYST
Accounting MYOB and Peachtree Complete Accounting
HOME AND EDUCA TION
Today, computers are used in schools, colleges and
universities in order to promote better education by
using computers. In the labs, students use software
packages to complete their assignments. At the
same time, some educators use the computer-based
training and web-based training as replacements for
lecture presentation.
Some of the software applications that are usually used in schools and
universities include Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, Macromedia Flash,
AutoCAD, Macromedia Dreamweaver and Macromedia Director.
COMPUTERS FOR HIGHER EDUCA TION
Open Distance Learning (ODL) or online learning can
be implemented as computers are the main medium in
delivering the knowledge from one location to the
other locations.
This type of learning consists of online forum,
discussion, quizzes, test questions and many more.
The example of the Open Distance Learning institution is the Open
University of Malaysia (www.oum.edu.my).
BUSINESS
People use finance or accounting software to balance check books, pay bills,
track personal income and expenses, manage investments and evaluate
their financial plans.
Accounting software helps companies to record and report their financial
transactions. Examples of these software applications include MYOB, Intuit
Quick Books and Peachtree Complete Accounting.
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COMPUTERS IN BANKING
In the banking sector, many financial institutions offer
online banking. People can access their financial
records from anywhere in the world. One example of
online banking is Maybank2u. (www.maybank2u.com)
Most of the packages on banking offer a variety of
online services. Which requires access to the web.
For example we can track our investment online, compare insurance rates
and do online banking.
INDUSTRY
By using the CAM system, computers record actual
labour, material, machine and computer time used to
manufacture a particular product.
Computers process this data and automatically update
inventory, production, payroll and accounting records
on the company s network.
Examples of companies using this system are Proton(www.proton.com.my)
and Perodua (www.perodua.com.my).
GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA
Computers are crucial in publishing especially in the
process of making works available to the public.
These works include magazines, books, newspapers,
music and film production.
Special software applications are used to assist graphic designers to develop
graphics, texts, photographs and composing songs.
Computer-Aided Design, Desktop Publishing, Paint/Image Editing, Video and
Audio Editing and Multimedia Authoring are among the popular applications
software.
COMMUNICATION
A government provides society with direction by
making and administering policies. Most government
offices or agencies have websites in order to provide
citizens with up-to-date or latest information.
Examples of software applications used for communication include e-mail,
web browsers, newsgroups, instant messaging and video conferencing.
People can access government websites to:
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§ check information on taxes (www.hasil.org.my)
§ apply for permits and licenses (www.jpj.gov.my)
§ check for MyKad (www.jpn.gov.my)
§ pay parking tickets and check summons (www.jpj.gov.my)
§ renew vehicle registration (www.jpj.gov.my)
§ register online for IPTA/IPTS application (www.moe.gov.my)
COMPUTERS IN TOURISM
Today, people will go online to get all related
information about traveling. They can visit websites to
get information on destinations, prices, hotels, flights
and car rentals.
They can also purchase ticket online, all payments can
be made by using credit card.
COMPUTERS IN THE HEALTHCAR E
In the medical field, computers are very important in
running the operations. Medical staffs use computers
for various purposes, namely:
· maintaining patient records
· monitoring patients vital sign
· assisting doctors, nurses and technicians with medical tests by using
computer and computerised devices .
· using medical software to help with researching and diagnosing health
conditions.
Furthermore, computers and the internet are important sources for people
to get all information on medical, nutrition, fitness and other tips from
several available websites. The latest development in the medical field is
telemedicine. This technology is meant to help professional to conduct live
conference in separate locations around the globe.
SCIENCE
In the scientific world, computers are used in all
fields of science from biology to astronomy to
meteorology and others. These are things that
can be done by computers, namely:
§ collecting, analyzing and modelling data
§ serving as medium of communication with colleagues around the world
§ contributing to new inventions or breakthrough in surgery, medicine
and treatment
§ imitating functions of the central nervous system, retina of the eye
and others by tiny computers
§ allowing a deaf person to listen through cochlear implant
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LESSON 22
COMPUTER USERS
People around the world rely on computers to do so many things. They are
from different backgrounds and are divided in 5 categories.
HOME USER
The computer is a basic necessity. Each home user
spends time on the computer for different reasons:
§ business
§ communication
§ entertainment
§ education
SMALL OFFICE/HOME OFFIC E (SOHO) USER
SOHO users use computer to manage their work
effectively. They advertise their products and
services through websites. They also take orders
from the websites.
To save cost, SOHO connects one printer to many
employees to share. SOHO also have their own
basic business software such as word processing and spreadsheet software
to assist them in documents preparation and their financial tasks.
Small Office or Home Office users include:
§ accounting firms, travel agencies, florists and many more
These SOHO users:
§ use desktop or notebook computers as well as telephone, handphones
and PDAs in completing their tasks and communicating
§ work in a small company or work as an individual at home
MOBILE USER
Network services are expanding to serve people across
the country and the world. More users are becoming
mobile users, who work on computer while they are
away from their home or main offices.
Mobile users:
§ include real estate agents, insurance agents, meter readers and
journalists
§ use notebook computers, Internet-enabled PDAs or smart phones
§ work with basic business software such as word processing and
spreadsheet business software
§ use presentation graphics software to create and deliver presentations
to a large
§ audience by connecting a mobile computer or device to a video
projector
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POWER USER
Power users require the capabilities of workstation
computers or other types powerful computers. The
software that is used by power users is normally
expensive because of their specialize design. Their
computer have network access connections and
internet connections.
Power users:
§ include engineers, scientists, architects and virtual reality animators
§ use computers with extremely fast processor, bigger storage and
customised software
§ work with mini computers that uses design to meet the organisational
needs
§ use software such as CAD, CAM and MATLABExamples :
LARGE BUSINESS USER
Each employee or customer who uses computer in
large offices of company is a large business user.
Large business users use a large network of
computers. Use computers for basic business activities
such as preparing bills for millions of customers,
preparing payroll and managing thousands of items in
the inventory.
Large business users:
§ bank, insurance company, hypermarket
§ use computers for basic business activities
§ have e-commerce that allow customers and vendors to interact and do
business transactions online therefore customers, vendors and other
interested parties can access information on the web
§ have e-mail and web browsers to enable communications among
employees, vendors and customers
§ provide kiosks in public locations
Many employees of large business telecommute, which means they work
away from their offices workstation. They also have flexible schedule.
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LESSON 23
HOW TO CONDUCT A STUDY
There are five basic steps to follow when we do a study.
1. Get an overview of your topic.
2. Narrow down the topic and form some specific
questions related to it.
3. Find study materials related to the topic.
4. Evaluate study materials
5. Write out study papers and cite sources
Examples of the terms usually used in a study.
§ compare: to examine similarities or differences
§ define: to provide clear and concise meaning
§ discuss: to examine in detail and present arguments for and
against
§ explain: to tell how things work or come to be the way they are
STEP 1 - GET AN OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC
Familiarity
We need to familiarise ourselves with the topic before we
start doing a study. This will allow us to spend more time
developing a topic rather than using more time learning
about the topic.
We also have to get a broader picture of the subject by focusing on the who,
when, why, how and where questions.
Reference
Refer to a dictionary, encyclopedia, handbook, textbook, guide or
bibliography which can provide an overview of the topic.
Brainstorming
Spend some time brainstorming about the topic and write down everything
that we can think of about the topic.
STEP 2 - NARROW DOWN THE TOPIC
Narrow down the topic by reading the sources and
form some specific questions related to the topic. By
doing this, we may have awareness of the various
aspects that we may want to study. However we need
to understand that not all information is reliable and
we have to differentiate between facts and opinions.
Objective Information
§ based on facts which can be verified
§ presents results of original study
§ often the view from experts in the subject area
§ presents analysis of facts from all sides of issue
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Subjective Information
§ based on what seems to be true
§ reflects personal views or judgment
§ often the views of individuals or groups
§ may present an analysis of the facts from one side of an issue
STEP 3 - FIND STUDY MATERIALS
Study materials are available offline and online. We
can search for the information that we want in books,
journals, articles or other resource materials found in
the library and the Internet.
A list of all the books, journals and electronic
materials are available from the library. We can use
the online databases to find the most useful materials for our study.
STEP 4 - EVALUATE STUDY MATERIALS
All selected materials need to be evaluated in four aspects:
Aspects Sample
Relevance Does this publication help to answer the research
question?
If it does not find something else which does.
Reliability/Credibility is the information accurate?
has the information been peer reviewed?
are the authors and publishers reputable?
do they cite their credentials?
are there footnotes and a bibliography?
Perspective is this a primary source (presenting the author's own
research and ideas) or a secondary source
(summarising and discussing the research and ideas
of others)?
is the evident biased? Does the author attempt to
sway the reader's opinion?
Update how recent is the information published?
how recent has it been updated?
have there been new developments on the topic?
could the information you are using be misleading
because of the publication date?
STEP 5 - WRITING OUT THE STUDY PAPER
When all resources are gathered, start writing the paper and cite all the
sources of information used. These may include books, journals, articles and
magazines.
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LESSON 24
PRESENTING RESULT
A presentation should contain three well-defined sections, they are:
1. Introduction
§ is at the beginning of the research
§ includes the objectives of the research
§ provides a clear statement on why the study was undertaken
§ includes the limitations/assumptions and analytical techniques
2. Content
§ consists of facts or arguments related to subject matter
§ can be presented in an argument format or just as an overview
3. Conclusion
§ is a review of content (not repetition of content)
§ relates to the statement of objectives in the introduction
§ should not introduce new issues
§ should contain judgment or decision that has been reached
BASIC NEEDS OF A GOOD STUDY PAPER
There are a variety of ways to write out your research. However, there is a
set of basic requirements that must be followed when it comes to submitting
or presenting written presentation.
1. General Points
§ number all pages
§ use one side of A4 paper
§ secure all pages with a staple (top left-hand corner)
§ don t use paper clips/pins or folders
§ must be typed/word processed
§ clear and easy to read print-out
§ spell check your paper
§ supply an estimated word count on the cover sheet
§ include your name, course name and teacher s name
2. Style
§ double-spaced
§ 12 point minimum and 14 point maximum (with the exception of
headings and footnotes)
§ 2 spaces after a full stop and 1 space following a comma, semi-
colon or colon
§ no abbreviation such as e.g. , & or etc. unless it is included in
a bracket. Write everything in full: for example , that is , and
so on .
§ numerals are used when the number is more than two words;
for tabulation; statistical discussion; sums of money; addresses;
dates; time; and page, chapter, volume numbers (for example,
2 June, 2000)
§ consistency in style for example in writing out headings.
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3. Quote
§ a direct quote must be placed in quotation
§ block quotes are used if a direct quote is more than three lines
long.
§ if possible, paraphrase information in preference to using direct
quotes.
§ use quotes and paraphrasing to support argument
4. Clarity
§ helps your readers understand your paper by organizing your
paper well and don t forget to insert the page numbers
§ edit your work means reading through the paper several times
before submission and don t just rely on the rough spelling and
grammar checks offered by your software.
5. Indicating your intentions
§ in a complex study, the introduction of every section should
inform the reader what to expect in that section should contain
judgment or decision that has been reached.
§ the final paragraph in each section should tie the contents of
that section together with a short conclusion.
§ do not use too many words to say what you are going to do and
what you have done, keep to the necessary minimum
PREPARING A PRESENTATION
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LESSON 25
DELEGATION OF WOR K
WHAT IS DELEGATION?
Delegation is the ability to assign tasks to others
with the authority, responsibility and accountability
to finish the tasks. This means it is not enough to
just give out orders to people but as a team leader
you also need to give specific instructions on what to
do. Tell your team members that they are
responsible for the task given to them and explain to
them what would happen to the project if they failed
to finish the task.
WHY DELEGATE TASKS?
Reasons why should I delegate tasks:
§ will be able to save time
§ help others to learn new skills, for example, how to negotiate and
cooperate
§ utilise individual's additional strengths and expertise
§ will be able to achieve large goals by dividing them into smaller tasks
§ promotes creativity and diversity because others may have better way
doing things
§ cut down on tasks that can be done just as well by others
WHAT TO DELEGATE?
In order to complete a team project, you will be asked to use your skills in
research, presentation and task delegation. When working on a large project
you must know what task to delegate and how to assign them.
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1. Questioning
§ Discover a problem
§ Form a question to answer the problem
2. Planning
§ Set out steps to find answers
§ Select sources for possible answers
§ Plan a basic draft for reporting
§ Assign tasks to team members
§ Agree on contingency plans
3. Gathering
§ Go to agreed sources of information
§ Collect information
4. Sorting
§ Put similar information together
§ Highlight valuable credible information
5. Synthesizing
§ Discuss information with others
§ Combine different information
6. Evaluating
§ Discusses if the information gathered supports the answer
§ Test out solution and decision that supports the answer
7. Reporting
§ Write or type out the report
§ Create an appropriate graphic or media
§ Prepare for Q & A
§ Prepare research
EXAMPLES OF TASK DELEGATION
Scenarios Good Techniques
The head librarian wants us to finish the Set clear task deadline.
work by the end of the day, which is about 5
pm.
We have to sort out these books according Describe in detail the task
to their subjects. Remember to stick the objective.
correct book codes onto the books.
I will teach you the coding system. Help team member to
perform task if needed.
Chong, you take the science books and Delegate task to those
Indra, you take the art books. qualified to do the job.
I don t know the coding system. Inform limitation of abilities
or resource to other team
members.
So, is everybody clear on what needs to Monitor task progress.
be done and when we should meet again
later.
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LESSON 26
TOPICS FOR STUDY
In order to do the research, you need to follow this 5 steps.
STUDY TOPICS
Form into groups. Discuss with the team members and choose ONE (1) of
the study topics below:
1. Copyright and piracy from a moral and legal standpoint.
2. Credit card fraud on the Internet and its implications on the industry/
economy/government.
3. Malaysian Cyber Law, Electronic Government Law.
The portfolio will contain:
1. Team journal
§ study project introduction page
§ minutes of team meetings
§ initial project plan/calendar
§ conflict resolution report
2. Initial framework for presentation
3. Final presentation
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The purpose of team journal is to keep track the progress of the project.
The team s initial framework is where the team should do some basic study
on the topic and decide what should be included in the presentation.
The print out of the final presentation will be given to the teacher for final
grading.
SOURCE CITATION CARD
Source citation card is a note card in which you write the name of the
article, author, book name, page numbers, where you found it, why it is
good information and a short summary of the important points.
CREATING YOUR PRESENTATION
A presentation should:
§ have at least 15 slides (not including the Title slide)
§ have a Title slide
- introduce presentation
- include names of each member of the team
§ use any design templates
§ use at least 5 graphics (e.g.: clip art, photographs, word art and
drawings)
§ have some multimedia
- use animation on slides (be careful of very noisy ones!)
- use slide transitions
§ use less text on the slides
- try presenting the information through pictures, graphs, mind
maps or any other form of visual (as oppose to textual)
presentation
§ have a citation slide
- the last slide must list all of your citations and other related
resources (where you got the content)
- remember to give credit to others!
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THE FINAL PRESENTATION
Guidelines:
§ each team member must speak during the presentation.
§ each team will have 10 minutes to present.
§ presenters should face the audience and not just read from the screen
or paper.
Tips:
§ practice in advance.
§ prepare notes on paper or cue cards to help you remember what you
need to say during the presentation.
§ remember to speak out clearly for people at the back to hear you.
§ do not shout!
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