This document discusses key concepts in Lean and Kanban-based software development. It defines Lean as focusing on maximizing customer value while minimizing waste. Key Lean principles outlined include identifying value, mapping the value stream, establishing flow and pull, and seeking perfection. Kanban is introduced as a scheduling system inspired by Toyota's just-in-time production to visualize workflow and limit work-in-progress. The document also discusses applying Lean concepts like value stream mapping, waste elimination, and 5S to software development processes and teams.

1. Tathagat Varma
http://managewell.net
Lean and Kanban-based
Software Development
http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/text/entering_the_automotive_business/chapter1/section4/images/l02_01_04_04_img01.jpg

2. What is Lean?
• maximize customer value while minimizing
waste.
• A lean organization understands customer value
and focuses its key processes to continuously
increase it. The ultimate goal is to provide
perfect value to the customer through a
perfect value creation process that has zero
waste.

3. Lean Thinking
• Lean thinking changes the focus of management from
optimizing separate technologies, assets, and vertical departments
to optimizing the flow of products and services through entire
value streams that flow horizontally across technologies, assets,
and departments to customers.
• Eliminating waste along entire value streams, instead of at
isolated points, creates processes that need less human effort,
less space, less capital, and less time to make products and
services at far less costs and with much fewer defects, compared
with traditional business systems. Companies are able to respond
to changing customer desires with high variety, high quality, low
cost, and with very fast throughput times. Also, information
management becomes much simpler and more accurate.

4. http://www.shmula.com/lean-history-and-timeline-toyota-production-system/5993/

5. Lean Principles
1. Identify
Value
2. Map
the Value
Stream
3. Create
Flow
4.
Establish
Pull
5. Seek
Perfection

6. Lean Principles
• Specify value from the standpoint of the end customer by product family.1. Identify Value
• Identify all the steps in the value stream for each product family, eliminating
whenever possible those steps that do not create value.
2. May the Value
Stream
• Make the value-creating steps occur in tight sequence so the product will flow
smoothly toward the customer.3. Create Flow
• As flow is introduced, let customers pull value from the next upstream activity.4. Establish Pull
• As value is specified, value streams are identified, wasted steps are removed,
and flow and pull are introduced, begin the process again and continue it until
a state of perfection is reached in which perfect value is created with no waste.
5. Seek Perfection
http://www.lean.org/whatslean/principles.cfm

7. What is Value?
http://mikehohnen.com/2008/04/19/oplevelse/

8. Perceived Value?
http://blogs.forrester.com/norbert_kriebel/13-06-04-use_the_value_equation_to_drive_successful_meetings

9. Value Equation of a Smartphone
http://www.jtklepp.com/2009/12/03/a-value-based-framework-for-the-smartphone-os-war/

10. Value Stream Map (VSM)
• Special type of flow chart that uses symbols
known as "the language of Lean" to depict and
improve the flow of inventory and information
• Purpose is to provide optimum value to the
customer through a complete value creation
process with minimum waste in
– Design (concept to customer)
– Build (order to delivery)
– Sustain (in-use through life cycle to service)

11. Lead Time and Cycle Time
• Lead Time:
– Time between request to delivery
– This is what the customer sees!
• Cycle Time:
– Time between production start to completion
– Not visible to customer
http://www.whatissixsigma.net/cycle-time/

12. Takt Time
• The pace at which customer
requires products.
• Calculated as the available
production time divided by
customer demand.
• The purpose of takt time is to
precisely match production with
demand.
• For example, if a widget factory
operates 480 minutes per day
and customers demand 240
widgets per day, takt time is two
minutes.
• Similarly, if customers want two
new products per month, takt
time is two weeks.
http://www.lean.org/Common/LexiconTerm.aspx?termid=337 http://www.beyondlean.com/takt-time.html

13. Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE)
• PCE = Value-added Time / Total Lead Time
• Also known as Value Added Ratio
• How efficient is your process?

14. Value Stream for Cola Cans
Lean Thinking – Womack and Jones

15. Software Development Value Stream
http://softwarecreation.org/2009/reliable-software-development-process-the-toyota-way/

16. Kent Beck’s Value Stream Map

17. Agile Value Stream Map
Lean Software Development, An Agile Toolkit – Mary Poppendeick

18. Wastes in Lean
http://nantachit.exteen.com/20120131/muda-muri-mura

19. How they manifest?
https://leanandkanban.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/lean-is-about-eliminating-waste-right/

21. Wastes in Software Development
Wastes in
Manufacturing
Wastes in Software
Development
Inventory Partially done work
Extra Processing Extra processes
Overproduction Extra features
Transportation Task Switching
Waiting Waiting
Motion Motion
Defects Defects
www.poppendieck.com

23. 5S in Software Development
• Sort (Seiri): Sort through the stuff on the team workstations and servers, and find the
old versions of software and old files and reports that will never be used any more.
Back them up if you must, then delete them.
• Systematize (Seiton): Desktop layouts and file structures are important. They should
be crafted so that things are logically organized and easy to find. Any workspace that is
used by more than one person should conform to a common team layout so people
can find what they need every place they log in.
• Shine (Seiso): Whew, that was a lot of work. Time to throw out the pop cans and
coffee cups, clean the fingerprints off the monitor screens, and pick up all that paper.
Clean up the whiteboards after taking pictures of the important designs that are
sketched there.
• Standardize (Seiketsu): Put some automation and standards in place to make sure
that every workstation always has the latest version of the tools, backups occur
regularly, and miscellaneous junk doesn't accumulate.
• Sustain (Shitsuke): Now you just have to keep up the discipline.
Implementing Lean Software Development from Concept to Cash – Mary Poppendeick

24. 5S in Java
• Sort (Seiri): Reduce the size of the code base. Throw away all unneeded items immediately. Remove:
– Dead code
– Unused imports
– Unused variables
– Unused methods
– Unused classes
– Refactor redundant code
• Systematize (Seiton): Organize the projects and packages. Have a place for everything and everything in its place.
– Resolve package dependency cycles
– Minimize dependencies
• Shine (Seiso): Clean up. Problems are more visible when everything is neat and clean.
– Resolve unit test failures and errors ( passed == 100%)
– Improve unit test coverage ( > 80%)
– Improve unit test performance
– Check AllTests performance
– Resolve checkstyle warnings
– Resolve PMD warnings
– Resolve javadoc warnings
– Resolve TODO's
• Standardize (Seiketsu): Once you get to a clean state, keep it that way. Reduce complexity over time to improve ease
of maintenance.
• Sustain (Shitsuke): Use and follow standard procedures.
Implementing Lean Software Development from Concept to Cash – Mary Poppendeick

25. 7 Principles of Lean Software Development
Optimize the Whole
Eliminate Waste
Build Quality In
Learn Constantly
Deliver Fast
Engage Everyone
Keep Getting Better
www.poppendieck.com

26. Optimize the Whole
Optimizing a part of a system will always, over time,
sub-optimize the overall system.
Focus on the Entire Value Stream
From concept to cash.
From customer request to deployed software.
Deliver a Complete Product
Customers don't want software; they want their problems solved.
Complete solutions are built by complete teams.
Think Long Term
Beware of governance and incentive systems that drive short
term thinking and optimize local performance.
www.poppendieck.com

27. Eliminate Waste
Waste is anything that does not add customer value.
The three biggest wastes in software development are:
Building the Wrong Thing
"There is nothing so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be
done at all." –Peter Drucker
Failure to Learn
Many of our policies – for example: governance by variance from plan, frequent
handovers, and separating decision-making from work – interfere with the
learning that is the essence of development.
Thrashing
Practices that interfere with the smooth flow of value –task switching, long
lists of requests, big piles of partly done work – deliver half the value for twice
the effort.
www.poppendieck.com

28. Build Quality In
If you routinely find defects in your verification process, your process is
defective.
Final Verification Should Not Find Defects!
Every software development process ever invented had as its primary
purpose to find and fix defects as early in the development process as
possible.
Mistake-Proof your Process with Test-First Development
Tests – including, unit tests, end-to-end tests, and integration tests – must be
available to establish confidence in the correctness of the system at any
timeduring development, at every level of the system.
Break Dependencies
System architecture should support the addition of any feature at any
time.
www.poppendieck.com

29. Learn Constantly
Planning is useful. Learning is essential.
Predictable Performance is Driven by Feedback
A predictable organization does not guess about the future and
call it a plan; it develops the capacity to rapidly respond to the
future as it unfolds.
Maintain Options
Think of code as an experiment – make it change-tolerant.
Last Responsible Moment
Learn as much as possible before making irreversible decisions.
Don't make decisions that will be expensive to change before
their time – and don't make them after their time!
www.poppendieck.com

30. Learn Fast
Start with a deep understanding of all stakeholders and what they will
value. Create a steady, even flow of work, pulled from this deep
understanding of value.
Rapid Delivery, High Quality, and Low Cost are Fully Compatible
Companies that compete on the basis of speed have a big cost advantage,
deliver superior quality, and are more attuned to their customers' needs.
Queuing Theory Applies to Development, not Just Servers
Focusing on utilization creates a traffic jam that actually reduces
utilization. Drive down cycle time with small batches and fewer things-in-
process. Aggressively limit the size of lists and queues
Managing Workflow is a lot easier than Managing Schedules
The best way to establish reliable, predictable deliveries is to establish
reliable, repeatable workflows with iterations or a kanban system.
www.poppendieck.com

31. Keep Getting Better
Results are not the point – the point is to develop the people and the
systems capable of delivering results.
Failure is a Learning Opportunity
The most reliable performance comes when even small failures are deeply
investigated and corrected; when noise is not tolerated.
Standards Exist to be Challenged and Improved
Embody the current best known practice in standards that everyone
follows, while actively encouraging everyone to challenge and change the
standards.
Use the Scientific Method
Teach teams to: establish hypotheses, conduct many rapid experiments,
create concise documentation, and implement the best alternative.
www.poppendieck.com

32. Engage Everyone
The time and energy of bright, creative people are the scarce resources in today's
economy, and the basis of competitive advantage.
People who are paid fairly and adequately are motivated by autonomy, mastery,
and purpose.
Autonomy
The most effective work groups are semi-autonomous teams with an internal
leader with end-to-end responsibility for complete, meaningful tasks.
Mastery
Respect for people means providing the challenge, feedback, and environment
that enables everyone to become excellent.
Purpose
Tie work to value. Only by believing in the purpose of their work will people
become engaged in achieving that purpose.
www.poppendieck.com

33. What is Kanban?
• Kanban (literally signboard or billboard) is a scheduling system
for lean and just-in-time (JIT) production. According to its
creator, Taiichi Ohno, kanban is one means through which JIT is
achieved.
• Kanban is not an inventory control system; it is a scheduling system
that helps determine what to produce, when to produce it, and how
much to produce.
• The need to maintain a high rate of improvement led Toyota to devise
the kanban system. Kanban became an effective tool to support the
running of the production system as a whole.
• In addition, it proved to be an excellent way for promoting
improvements because reducing the number of kanban in circulation
highlighted problem areas.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban

34. Kanban System
http://www.toyota-global.com/company/vision_philosophy/toyota_production_system/just-in-time.html

35. How Kanban helps achieve “Just-in-
Time”?
• For example, to efficiently produce a large
number of automobiles, which can consist of
around 30,000 parts, it is necessary to create a
detailed production plan that includes parts
procurement. Supplying "what is needed,
when it is needed, and in the amount
needed" according to this production plan can
eliminate waste, inconsistencies, and
unreasonable requirements, resulting in
improved productivity.
http://www.toyota-global.com/company/vision_philosophy/toyota_production_system/just-in-time.html

36. Kanban in the context of Software
Development
• Kanban is a method for managing knowledge work
with an emphasis on just-in-time delivery while not
overloading the team members. In this approach,
the process, from definition of a task to its delivery
to the customer, is displayed for participants to see
and team members pull work from a queue.
• Kanban in the context of software development
can mean a visual process management system that
tells what to produce, when to produce it, and how
much to produce inspired by the
Toyota Production System[1] and
Lean manufacturing.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban_(development)

37. Kanban for Software
• Visualize the Workflow: Represent the work items and the
workflow on a card wall or electronic board
• Limit Work-in-Progress (WIP): Set agreed upon limits on
how many work items are in progress at a time
• Measure and Manage Flow: Track work items to see if
they are proceeding at a steady, even pace
• Make Process Policies Explicit: Agree upon and post
policies about how work will be handled
• Use Models to Evaluate Improvement Opportunities:
Adapt the process using ideas from Systems Thinking,
Deming, etc.
Kanban: Successful Evolutionary Change for your Technology Business – David Anderson

38. Why Kanban in Software Engineering?
Don’t build
features that
nobody
needs right
now
Don’t write
more specs
than you can
code
Don’t write
more code
than you can
test
Don’t test
more code
than you can
deploy
https://leanandkanban.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/kanban-for-software-engineering-apr-242.pdf

39. A Kanban System at my Toyota
dealership
https://twitpic.com/het3u

40. Kanban board

42. References
• http://poppendieck.com/
• http://refcardz.dzone.com/refcardz/getting-
started-kanban
• http://refcardz.dzone.com/refcardz/getting-
started-lean-software
• http://www.djaa.com/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Lean_software_development
• http://kanbanblog.com/explained/