This document discusses social psychology and leadership. It defines leadership as the ability to motivate a group towards a common goal without coercion. Effective leadership requires traits like energy, communication skills, and initiative. There are three main leadership styles: autocratic, where the leader makes all decisions; democratic, where decisions involve others; and free-rein, where responsibilities are shared. Leadership theories examine traits, behaviors, situational factors, and adapting styles to follower maturity levels. Formal leadership comes from a managerial position, while informal leadership arises from influence without authority.

1. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
PRESENTED BY: KHANSA HAQ
NAWAZ
AYESHA JAVEED

3.  Leadership is a huge area to learn and this
starts a series of articles where I will explore
individual areas of leaderships.
 Meaning
 It means that, there is no any shortage of
definitions but unanimity is not possible.

4.  “Leadership is ability to secure desirable
actions from a group of followers voluntarily,
without the use of coercion”.

5.  Leadership is the art of motivating a group
of people to act towards achieving a common
goal.
The process of encouraging and helping
others to work enthusiastically towards
objectives .
Alan Keith stated that, "Leadership is
ultimately about c contribute to making
something reating a way for people to

8.  1) Development of team effort
 2) A motivation process
 3) A counsellor
 4) Essential at all levels
 5)Time management
 6) Better management practices
 7) A representative

9.  1) Energetic
 2) Emotional stability
 3) Knowledge of human valuat
 4) Motivation
 5) Communication
 6) Sense of responsibility
 7) Initiative drive
 8)Technical competence
 9) Group performance

12. Formal leadership
 Occurs when a manager leads by exercising formal
authority.
The exercise of formal authority through assigning
duties derives,from the managers official position
within the organisation’s hierarchy of authority.
Any employee who is assigned a managerial position
has the opportunity and responsibility to exercise
formal leadership
Informal leadership
 Arises when a person without formal authority is
influential

13.  There 3 types of Leadership styles
 A. Autocratic style
 B. Democratic leader
 C. Free-rein leaders

14.  Leader makes decisions without reference to
anyone else
 High degree of dependency on the leader
 Can create de-motivation and alienation of
staff
 May be valuable in some types of business
where decisions
 need to be made quickly and decisively

15.  -Encourages decision making from different
perspectives – leadership
 may be emphasised throughout the
organisation
 May help motivation and involvement
 Workers feel ownership of the firm and its
ideas
 Improves the sharing of ideas and
experiences within the business
 Can delay decision making

16. „Let it be‟ – the leadership responsibilities are
shared by all.
 Can be very useful in businesses .
 where creative ideas are important.
 Can be highly motivational, as people have
control over their working life.
 Can make coordination and decision making
time-consuming and lacking in overall direction.
 Relies on good team work.
 Relies on good interpersonal relations.

17.  Focuses on individual characteristics of
successful leaders.
 Leaders possess a set of traits which make them
distinct from followers.
 Ralph stodgily
 – A strong desire for accomplishment.
 Creativity and intelligence.
 Initiative.
 High tolerance.
 Ability to influence others

18.  Main focus is behaviours of actual leaders.
 Determines how various kinds of specific
 leaders behaviour affect the performance
 and satisfaction of followers.

19.  Blake and Moton
 A graphical representation of a 2
dimensional view of leadership style.
 Based on :
 4.‘concern for people’
 5.‘concern for production’
 Grid identifies 5 basic styles of leadership

20. Behaviour of leader depends upon
characteristic of situation leader is in.
 Implies under what conditions will employee
oriented leadership will be effective and
under what type of conditions production
oriented leadership be more effective.
Most popular theories –
 1. Fiedler’s contingency model.

21.  Effectiveness of leadership depends upon-
 1. His motivational style.
 2.The favourableness of situation.

22.  Paul Hershey and Kenneth Blanchard :
 Maturity of followers as a contingency
variable.
 Situational leadership requires leader’s
emphasis on task behaviours and relationship
behaviour according to maturity of followers
in performing their tasks.