The document discusses a mid-project presentation on implementing the LEACH protocol for wireless sensor networks. It provides an introduction to WSNs and their applications, challenges, and an overview of the LEACH protocol. The LEACH protocol uses randomized rotation of cluster heads and data aggregation to improve energy efficiency. The presentation outlines the pros and cons of LEACH and future work implementing it in Java.

1. Mid-Project Presentation
(LEACH Protocol implementation)
SAURABH GOEL
111438

2. Index
• Introduction to WSN
• Applications
• Challenges
• LEACH in brief
• Pros and Cons
• Future Work

3. Introduction to WSN
 A WSN consists of anywhere from a few
hundreds to thousands of sensor nodes.
 The sensor node equipment includes a
• radio transceiver
• along with an antenna,
• a microcontroller,
• an interfacing electronic circuit,
• and an energy source, usually a battery.

4. Applications of Wireless Sensor
networks
The applications can be divided in three
categories:
1. Monitoring of objects.
2. Monitoring of an area.
3. Monitoring of both area and objects.

5. Examples
• Monitoring Area
1. Environmental and Habitat Monitoring
2. Military Surveillance
• Monitoring Objects
1. Structural Monitoring
2. Urban terrain mapping
• Monitoring Interactions between Objects and
Space
1. Wildlife Habitats
2. Disaster Management

6. Characteristics of Wireless Sensor
Networks
• Wireless Sensor Networks mainly consists of sensors. Sensors
are -
low power
limited memory
energy constrained due to their small size.
• Wireless networks can also be deployed in extreme
environmental conditions and may be prone to enemy
attacks.
• Although deployed in an ad hoc manner they need to be self
organized and self healing and can face constant
reconfiguration

7. Design Challenges
• Heterogeneity
The devices deployed maybe of various types and
need to collaborate with each other.
• Distributed Processing
The algorithms need to be centralized as the
processing is carried out on different nodes.
• Low Bandwidth Communication
The data should be transferred efficiently
between sensors

8. Continued..
• Large Scale Coordination
The sensors need to coordinate with each other
to produce required results.
• Utilization of Sensors
The sensors should be utilized in a ways that
produce the maximum performance and use less
energy.
• Real Time Computation
The computation should be done quickly as new
data is always being generated.

9. Operational Challenges of Wireless
Sensor Networks
• Energy Efficiency
• Limited storage and computation
• Low bandwidth and high error rates
• Errors are common
Wireless communication
Noisy measurements
Node failure are expected
• Scalability to a large number of sensor nodes
• Survivability in harsh environments
• Experiments are time- and space-intensive

10. LEACH in brief
• This is a TDMA-based MAC protocol which is
integrated with clustering and a simple
routing protocol in wireless sensor networks
(WSNs). The goal of LEACH is to lower the
energy consumption required to create and
maintain clusters in order to improve the life
time of a wireless sensor network.

11. LEACH in brief
Randomized rotation of cluster heads among the
sensors
All non-cluster head nodes transmit data to their
cluster head
CH receives this data and performs signal
processing
 functions on the data and transmits data to the
BS

12. Pros
Incorporates data fusion into routing protocols
Amount of information to base station reduced
4-8 times effective over direct communication in
prolonging network lifetime
Grid like area
Better energy utilization and system lifetime
Load balancing is achieved
All nodes die at a time

13. Cons
Only single hop clusters formed
Might lead to large number of clusters
No discussion on optimal CH selection
All CHs should directly transmit to the data sink

14. Future Work..
• Implementation of LEACH Protocol in JAVA.