This document discusses film formation in coatings. The most important step in any coating process is the conversion of the coating from liquid to solid through film formation behavior and polymer glass transition temperature, which significantly impact the properties of a polymer. Thermoplastic coatings such as polyethylene and polypropylene melt on heating and re-solidify on cooling. The glass transition temperature is the temperature at which an amorphous polymer transitions between rubbery and glassy states, constituting an important mechanical property. Common coating techniques include dip coating, spraying, rolling, and spin coating.
In gas chromatography, the sample is first converted to the vapor state or volatile compound is
used which are injected into heated port along with a carrier gas. Analyte in the vapor state
distributes between the stationary phase and the carrier gas. As the analyte elute from column
signal is displayed in the form of chromatogram. Measurements of GC are rapid and convenient.
Retention times are used for qualitative identification. Peak areas are used for quantitative
measurements.
This document provides an overview of analytical chemistry and the steps involved in a quantitative analysis. It discusses how analytical chemistry plays a vital role in many areas of science. The key steps in a quantitative analysis are: 1) selecting an appropriate analytical method, 2) acquiring a representative sample, 3) processing the sample, 4) eliminating any interferences, 5) calibrating and making measurements, 6) calculating results, and 7) evaluating the reliability of the results. Instrumental methods have become increasingly important alongside classical wet chemical techniques. The goal of analytical chemistry is to determine the chemical composition of samples both qualitatively and quantitatively.
1) NMR spectroscopy is a technique that uses radio waves to induce transitions between magnetic energy levels of atomic nuclei, providing information about molecular structure.
2) There are two main types of NMR - 1H NMR which identifies hydrogen atoms, and 13C NMR which identifies carbon atoms.
3) An NMR instrument consists of a strong magnet to align nuclear spins, a radiofrequency transmitter to perturb the spins, and a receiver to measure the emitted radio waves as spins relax.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the mass of a substance as the temperature changes. It provides quantitative data on weight changes from thermal transitions like decomposition or evaporation. TGA can be either dynamic, with continuous temperature increase, or isothermal at constant temperature. The technique graphs weight against temperature or time. The data can identify phases and stoichiometries of compounds. Factors like heating rate, atmosphere, and sample properties affect TGA results. It has advantages like minimal sample prep and fast analysis, but data interpretation can be complex.
This document discusses different thermal analysis techniques including thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures mass changes as a function of temperature. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference as they are heated. DSC directly measures heat flows into or out of a sample during transitions. The techniques are used to study physical and chemical transitions in materials and have applications in fields like polymers, food, pharmaceuticals, and ceramics for analyzing composition, stability, phase transitions, and melting/boiling points.
This document provides information about Texture Profile Analysis (TPA). TPA is an instrumental test developed in 1963 to objectively measure texture parameters of foods. It simulates two bites of chewing using a texture analyzer with compression platten. A force-time graph of two bites on a Brie cheese cylinder is shown. TPA results are expressed as parameters including hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, adhesiveness, fracturability, gumminess and chewiness. The meaning and units of measurement for each parameter are defined. Experimental settings like test speed and compression distance are also discussed as important factors to standardize when comparing TPA results.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in weight of a sample as it is heated. It can be used to detect decomposition, oxidation, and solvent loss. Some key applications of TGA include analyzing ceramics, metals, polymers, pharmaceuticals, foods, and printed circuit boards. For example, TGA can measure the thermal stability and oxidation kinetics of ceramic materials like silicon carbide, determine the composition of metal alloys, and analyze the effects of additives and optimization of polymer materials.
This document discusses film formation in coatings. The most important step in any coating process is the conversion of the coating from liquid to solid through film formation behavior and polymer glass transition temperature, which significantly impact the properties of a polymer. Thermoplastic coatings such as polyethylene and polypropylene melt on heating and re-solidify on cooling. The glass transition temperature is the temperature at which an amorphous polymer transitions between rubbery and glassy states, constituting an important mechanical property. Common coating techniques include dip coating, spraying, rolling, and spin coating.
In gas chromatography, the sample is first converted to the vapor state or volatile compound is
used which are injected into heated port along with a carrier gas. Analyte in the vapor state
distributes between the stationary phase and the carrier gas. As the analyte elute from column
signal is displayed in the form of chromatogram. Measurements of GC are rapid and convenient.
Retention times are used for qualitative identification. Peak areas are used for quantitative
measurements.
This document provides an overview of analytical chemistry and the steps involved in a quantitative analysis. It discusses how analytical chemistry plays a vital role in many areas of science. The key steps in a quantitative analysis are: 1) selecting an appropriate analytical method, 2) acquiring a representative sample, 3) processing the sample, 4) eliminating any interferences, 5) calibrating and making measurements, 6) calculating results, and 7) evaluating the reliability of the results. Instrumental methods have become increasingly important alongside classical wet chemical techniques. The goal of analytical chemistry is to determine the chemical composition of samples both qualitatively and quantitatively.
1) NMR spectroscopy is a technique that uses radio waves to induce transitions between magnetic energy levels of atomic nuclei, providing information about molecular structure.
2) There are two main types of NMR - 1H NMR which identifies hydrogen atoms, and 13C NMR which identifies carbon atoms.
3) An NMR instrument consists of a strong magnet to align nuclear spins, a radiofrequency transmitter to perturb the spins, and a receiver to measure the emitted radio waves as spins relax.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the mass of a substance as the temperature changes. It provides quantitative data on weight changes from thermal transitions like decomposition or evaporation. TGA can be either dynamic, with continuous temperature increase, or isothermal at constant temperature. The technique graphs weight against temperature or time. The data can identify phases and stoichiometries of compounds. Factors like heating rate, atmosphere, and sample properties affect TGA results. It has advantages like minimal sample prep and fast analysis, but data interpretation can be complex.
This document discusses different thermal analysis techniques including thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA measures mass changes as a function of temperature. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference as they are heated. DSC directly measures heat flows into or out of a sample during transitions. The techniques are used to study physical and chemical transitions in materials and have applications in fields like polymers, food, pharmaceuticals, and ceramics for analyzing composition, stability, phase transitions, and melting/boiling points.
This document provides information about Texture Profile Analysis (TPA). TPA is an instrumental test developed in 1963 to objectively measure texture parameters of foods. It simulates two bites of chewing using a texture analyzer with compression platten. A force-time graph of two bites on a Brie cheese cylinder is shown. TPA results are expressed as parameters including hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, adhesiveness, fracturability, gumminess and chewiness. The meaning and units of measurement for each parameter are defined. Experimental settings like test speed and compression distance are also discussed as important factors to standardize when comparing TPA results.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in weight of a sample as it is heated. It can be used to detect decomposition, oxidation, and solvent loss. Some key applications of TGA include analyzing ceramics, metals, polymers, pharmaceuticals, foods, and printed circuit boards. For example, TGA can measure the thermal stability and oxidation kinetics of ceramic materials like silicon carbide, determine the composition of metal alloys, and analyze the effects of additives and optimization of polymer materials.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in mass of a sample as it is heated or cooled over time. It works by precisely measuring and recording the weight of a sample as the temperature changes. TGA is useful for determining a material's thermal stability and its compositional components, as well as investigating decomposition reactions and absorbed moisture content. A TGA instrument consists of a microbalance, furnace, temperature controller, and recorder to plot weight changes against temperature or time. Heating rates, atmosphere, and sample characteristics can impact the resulting TGA curve. Common applications include measuring purity, stability, and phase changes.
Derivative spectroscopy involves converting a normal UV-Vis absorption spectrum into its first or second derivative spectrum. This allows removal of spectral interferences and increases selectivity for analytical determinations. Derivative spectra are generated mathematically or by using a dual-beam spectrophotometer with a small wavelength interval between the beams. This provides better resolution of overlapping bands and permits more accurate determination of components in multi-component mixtures compared to conventional absorption spectroscopy. Derivative spectroscopy finds applications in pharmaceutical analysis and other areas requiring determination of individual components in the presence of interferants.
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It begins with an introduction to chromatography and lists some common chromatographic techniques. It then describes the basic components and working of gas chromatography, including the carrier gas, columns, temperature control, detectors, and how the chromatographic process separates components based on partitioning between a mobile and stationary phase. The principle of gas chromatography is described as partition, with examples of different types of columns and factors that influence chromatographic separation. The key components of a gas chromatography system and their functions are also summarized.
This document discusses differential thermal analysis (DTA), which measures the difference in temperature between a sample and a reference material as both are heated. It describes phenomena like physical changes (melting, vaporization) and chemical reactions that cause temperature changes detectable by DTA. Instrumentation for DTA is also outlined, including furnaces, temperature programmers, and amplifiers. Factors that can affect DTA curves like heating rate, atmosphere, sample mass, and particle size are examined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is also introduced as a related technique.
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
The document discusses the Van-Deemter equation, which describes the relationship between column efficiency and linear velocity in chromatography. It explains the three main sources of band broadening: A) eddy diffusion, which increases with larger particle size; B) longitudinal diffusion, which increases at low flow rates; and C) resistance to mass transfer, which increases with thicker stationary or mobile phases or smaller particle size. The Van-Deemter equation can be used to optimize the mobile phase velocity and compare performance of different stationary phases by measuring peak broadening (HETP) at varying flow rates.
SSNM is more precise, effective, and sensitive. It is one of the most powerful techniques for structural elucidating solids and other compounds. Whereas in the solution NMR, there are limitations for some solids. So SSNMR is in high demand in various areas.
This document discusses rheology methods for analyzing the mechanical properties of materials. It begins with an introduction to rheology, defining it as the study of flow and deformation of materials. Important variables in rheological analysis are then outlined, including shear stress, shear rate, strain, and viscosity. Three main methods of rheological measurement are described: melt index instruments, rotational rheometers, and capillary rheometers. Rotational rheometers measure viscosity using different plate and cylinder geometries under varying shear rates and temperatures. Capillary rheometers examine processing behavior by forcing material through a die. The document concludes that rheology is a useful characterization tool for understanding structure-property relationships in materials development.
The document discusses methods for testing the water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) and oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of materials. It describes how WVTR is measured through containers using a test apparatus that places material samples between a desiccant and humid environment. OTR is measured similarly using an electrolytic sensor to detect oxygen permeating through materials. Factors like material thickness, humidity, and temperature that affect transmission rates are identified. Standards for conducting these transmission tests are also outlined.
Thermal analysis techniques like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) are used to analyze materials. DSC measures heat flows involved in physical and chemical changes as a function of temperature, providing information on transitions. TGA measures the weight change of a material over time and temperature in controlled environments. Both techniques involve heating samples in a controlled furnace and precisely measuring temperature, heat flows or weight changes to characterize materials and their transitions. They are useful for applications like determining phase changes, composition, and stability of materials like polymers, pharmaceuticals, foods and more.
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
As per the syllabus prescribed by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, for M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Analysis), 1st semester.
*not all topics have been covered in this file.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/silver biopolymer nanocomposites. Chitosan/silver nanocomposite films were synthesized using ultrasonication and spin coating methods. The films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, dielectric measurements, and four probe resistivity measurements. The characterization confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles embedded in the chitosan polymer matrix. The dielectric constant was found to decrease with increasing frequency. Electrical measurements showed linear current-voltage behavior consistent with Ohm's law. The document concluded the synthesis and characterization techniques provided an understanding of the chitosan/silver nanocomposite materials.
Nuclear magnetic double resonance,FT-NMR, CARBON 13NMR,Bashant Kumar sah
This document is a scanned copy of a letter from the California Department of Motor Vehicles. The DMV is notifying the recipient that their driver's license has been suspended for one year effective on the date listed due to a driving under the influence conviction. The suspension will not be reduced and full driving privileges cannot be restored until the end of the suspension period.
ICP-MS is an analytical technique that combines an inductively coupled plasma source with a mass spectrometer to detect elemental ions. The ICP source converts atoms in a sample to ions at very high temperatures, which are then separated and detected based on their mass-to-charge ratio in the mass spectrometer. ICP-MS provides excellent detection limits and precision for elemental analysis and can detect many elements simultaneously while also allowing for isotopic analysis. The technique requires high vacuum and specialized components to generate the plasma, transmit ions into the mass spectrometer, separate ions by mass, and detect them.
The seminar document discusses key concepts in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) including resolution factor, theoretical plates, capacity factor, and tailing factor. It defines these terms and explains how they are calculated and their practical applications. Specifically, it covers how resolution factor, theoretical plates, and capacity factor are used to measure column performance and efficiency, and how tailing factor is important to avoid misinterpretation of peaks. The document provides examples of how these factors are determined from chromatograms and discusses optimal ranges.
Flame emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy pptSachin G
This document provides information on flame emission spectroscopy (FES) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, interferences and applications of these techniques. The key points are:
- FES and AAS work by atomizing samples in a flame or furnace and measuring the absorption of light at characteristic wavelengths to determine elemental composition.
- Instrumentation includes burners/atomizers to vaporize samples, monochromators to select wavelengths, and detectors to measure absorption. Flames and electrothermal atomizers are commonly used.
- Applications include analysis of metals in materials, soils, waters and clinical/environmental samples. Calibration curves are used to determine unknown concentrations from measured absorb
The document lists various types of stone tiles available for selection and purchase from www.supergres.com, including Calacatta, Statuario, Santacaterina dec. Damasco, and Travertino Boiserie Struttura tiles. It also lists tile options for Gotha Lux, Lake Stone Lux, and Prive' in various sizes. The document concludes by providing a phone number and website for the tile company.
Molecular sieve powder is essentially inert to the other formulation components. MSDS including composition ingredients, hazards information on molecular sieve powder.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in mass of a sample as it is heated or cooled over time. It works by precisely measuring and recording the weight of a sample as the temperature changes. TGA is useful for determining a material's thermal stability and its compositional components, as well as investigating decomposition reactions and absorbed moisture content. A TGA instrument consists of a microbalance, furnace, temperature controller, and recorder to plot weight changes against temperature or time. Heating rates, atmosphere, and sample characteristics can impact the resulting TGA curve. Common applications include measuring purity, stability, and phase changes.
Derivative spectroscopy involves converting a normal UV-Vis absorption spectrum into its first or second derivative spectrum. This allows removal of spectral interferences and increases selectivity for analytical determinations. Derivative spectra are generated mathematically or by using a dual-beam spectrophotometer with a small wavelength interval between the beams. This provides better resolution of overlapping bands and permits more accurate determination of components in multi-component mixtures compared to conventional absorption spectroscopy. Derivative spectroscopy finds applications in pharmaceutical analysis and other areas requiring determination of individual components in the presence of interferants.
This document provides an overview of gas chromatography. It begins with an introduction to chromatography and lists some common chromatographic techniques. It then describes the basic components and working of gas chromatography, including the carrier gas, columns, temperature control, detectors, and how the chromatographic process separates components based on partitioning between a mobile and stationary phase. The principle of gas chromatography is described as partition, with examples of different types of columns and factors that influence chromatographic separation. The key components of a gas chromatography system and their functions are also summarized.
This document discusses differential thermal analysis (DTA), which measures the difference in temperature between a sample and a reference material as both are heated. It describes phenomena like physical changes (melting, vaporization) and chemical reactions that cause temperature changes detectable by DTA. Instrumentation for DTA is also outlined, including furnaces, temperature programmers, and amplifiers. Factors that can affect DTA curves like heating rate, atmosphere, sample mass, and particle size are examined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is also introduced as a related technique.
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
NMR Instrumentation
ppt
Magnet
Permanent and conventional electromagnets
The Magnetic Field Sweep
Sweep Generator
frequency sweep method
field sweep method
The Sample Holder
The Sample Probe
Radio Frequency Generator
Oscillator
Radio Frequency Receiver
Amplifier
The Signal Detector and Recording System
The document discusses the Van-Deemter equation, which describes the relationship between column efficiency and linear velocity in chromatography. It explains the three main sources of band broadening: A) eddy diffusion, which increases with larger particle size; B) longitudinal diffusion, which increases at low flow rates; and C) resistance to mass transfer, which increases with thicker stationary or mobile phases or smaller particle size. The Van-Deemter equation can be used to optimize the mobile phase velocity and compare performance of different stationary phases by measuring peak broadening (HETP) at varying flow rates.
SSNM is more precise, effective, and sensitive. It is one of the most powerful techniques for structural elucidating solids and other compounds. Whereas in the solution NMR, there are limitations for some solids. So SSNMR is in high demand in various areas.
This document discusses rheology methods for analyzing the mechanical properties of materials. It begins with an introduction to rheology, defining it as the study of flow and deformation of materials. Important variables in rheological analysis are then outlined, including shear stress, shear rate, strain, and viscosity. Three main methods of rheological measurement are described: melt index instruments, rotational rheometers, and capillary rheometers. Rotational rheometers measure viscosity using different plate and cylinder geometries under varying shear rates and temperatures. Capillary rheometers examine processing behavior by forcing material through a die. The document concludes that rheology is a useful characterization tool for understanding structure-property relationships in materials development.
The document discusses methods for testing the water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) and oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of materials. It describes how WVTR is measured through containers using a test apparatus that places material samples between a desiccant and humid environment. OTR is measured similarly using an electrolytic sensor to detect oxygen permeating through materials. Factors like material thickness, humidity, and temperature that affect transmission rates are identified. Standards for conducting these transmission tests are also outlined.
Thermal analysis techniques like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) are used to analyze materials. DSC measures heat flows involved in physical and chemical changes as a function of temperature, providing information on transitions. TGA measures the weight change of a material over time and temperature in controlled environments. Both techniques involve heating samples in a controlled furnace and precisely measuring temperature, heat flows or weight changes to characterize materials and their transitions. They are useful for applications like determining phase changes, composition, and stability of materials like polymers, pharmaceuticals, foods and more.
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
As per the syllabus prescribed by Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, for M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Analysis), 1st semester.
*not all topics have been covered in this file.
The document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/silver biopolymer nanocomposites. Chitosan/silver nanocomposite films were synthesized using ultrasonication and spin coating methods. The films were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, dielectric measurements, and four probe resistivity measurements. The characterization confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles embedded in the chitosan polymer matrix. The dielectric constant was found to decrease with increasing frequency. Electrical measurements showed linear current-voltage behavior consistent with Ohm's law. The document concluded the synthesis and characterization techniques provided an understanding of the chitosan/silver nanocomposite materials.
Nuclear magnetic double resonance,FT-NMR, CARBON 13NMR,Bashant Kumar sah
This document is a scanned copy of a letter from the California Department of Motor Vehicles. The DMV is notifying the recipient that their driver's license has been suspended for one year effective on the date listed due to a driving under the influence conviction. The suspension will not be reduced and full driving privileges cannot be restored until the end of the suspension period.
ICP-MS is an analytical technique that combines an inductively coupled plasma source with a mass spectrometer to detect elemental ions. The ICP source converts atoms in a sample to ions at very high temperatures, which are then separated and detected based on their mass-to-charge ratio in the mass spectrometer. ICP-MS provides excellent detection limits and precision for elemental analysis and can detect many elements simultaneously while also allowing for isotopic analysis. The technique requires high vacuum and specialized components to generate the plasma, transmit ions into the mass spectrometer, separate ions by mass, and detect them.
The seminar document discusses key concepts in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) including resolution factor, theoretical plates, capacity factor, and tailing factor. It defines these terms and explains how they are calculated and their practical applications. Specifically, it covers how resolution factor, theoretical plates, and capacity factor are used to measure column performance and efficiency, and how tailing factor is important to avoid misinterpretation of peaks. The document provides examples of how these factors are determined from chromatograms and discusses optimal ranges.
Flame emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy pptSachin G
This document provides information on flame emission spectroscopy (FES) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, interferences and applications of these techniques. The key points are:
- FES and AAS work by atomizing samples in a flame or furnace and measuring the absorption of light at characteristic wavelengths to determine elemental composition.
- Instrumentation includes burners/atomizers to vaporize samples, monochromators to select wavelengths, and detectors to measure absorption. Flames and electrothermal atomizers are commonly used.
- Applications include analysis of metals in materials, soils, waters and clinical/environmental samples. Calibration curves are used to determine unknown concentrations from measured absorb
The document lists various types of stone tiles available for selection and purchase from www.supergres.com, including Calacatta, Statuario, Santacaterina dec. Damasco, and Travertino Boiserie Struttura tiles. It also lists tile options for Gotha Lux, Lake Stone Lux, and Prive' in various sizes. The document concludes by providing a phone number and website for the tile company.
Molecular sieve powder is essentially inert to the other formulation components. MSDS including composition ingredients, hazards information on molecular sieve powder.
Sorbead India is a manufacturing company of desiccants like cargo dry pak use in shipping container, storage room to remove mold, mildew, odor, moisutre, etc.
LDPE Moisture Barrier Bag Suppliers, Manufacturers IndiaSORBEAD INDIA
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic polymer made from the monomer ethylene. LDPE has an open, flexible structure that makes it strong yet pliable. It is commonly used for plastic bags, food packaging, and other applications where flexibility is important. LDPE can be recycled by melting it to remove contaminants and reforming it into thin plastic sheets for use by manufacturers.
Silica Gel Desiccants | Moisture Abosrber | Sorbead IndiaSORBEAD INDIA
Buy Moisture Absorbing Pharmaceuticals Desiccant Products like Silica Gel, Molecular Sieve and Clay Desiccant - Pillow Paks, Unit Paks, Cargo Dry Paks use for Air drying applications and Pharmaceuticals Industries. Oxygen Absorber Packets like O-Buster for Oxygen Separation, Desiccant Tablets for Blister Packaging, Pharmaceuticals Coils like Cotton Coils, Rayon Coils, Polyester Coils for Pharmaceuticals Industries.
Polymer: introduction, processing technique, production method, bio polymer process, application of polymer, principle of green chemistry, bio diesel production, sustainable polymer production, green polymer production, bio replacement, bio advantage,application of green polymer
Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer made from propylene monomers. It has a wide variety of applications, including packaging, plastic parts, textiles, and more. Polypropylene is one of the most produced plastics globally, with annual production estimated at 45 million metric tons currently and projected to increase to 62 million metric tons by 2020. It has a relatively low density and slippery surface making it a substitute for other plastics, though it can be difficult to bond to other surfaces requiring welding instead of gluing in some cases. The performance of solvent-based adhesives on polypropylene depends on the polymer system and formulation, with choices needed based on required temperature resistance, plasticizers, oils
This document provides an overview of non-metallic materials including polymers, ceramics, and composites. It discusses key polymer types like polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and nylon. It describes their properties, production processes, and common applications. Terminology used in polymers like monomer, polymer, polymerization, homopolymer, and copolymer are also defined. The different types of polymerization and various polymer classifications are outlined.
Polymers – types of polymer, commodity and engineering polymers – Properties and applications of various thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers (PP, PS, PVC, PMMA, PET,PC, PA, ABS, PI, PAI, PPO, PPS, PEEK, PTFE, Polymers – Urea and Phenol formaldehydes)- Engineering Ceramics – Properties and applications of Al2O3, SiC, Si3N4, PSZ and SIALON –Composites-
Classifications- Metal Matrix and FRP - Applications of Composites.
This document discusses various types of plastics and plastic processing techniques. It begins by defining plastics and polymers, and classifying polymers into thermoplastics and thermosets. It then describes several common plastic processing methods like moulding (injection moulding, compression moulding), thermoforming, calendaring, and extrusion. Specific techniques like vacuum forming and pressure forming are explained. Key characteristics of plastics and common examples of thermoplastics and thermosets are also summarized.
Plastics have become ubiquitous in modern life but also present environmental challenges as waste. This document discusses recycling polymers (plastics) as a solution. It provides background on plastics, noting they are made from petrochemicals and come in various types based on their molecular structure. The document then discusses the environmental impacts of plastic waste, including taking up landfill space, releasing greenhouse gases, and harming wildlife. It stresses that identifying plastics by their identification code is important for effective recycling. Recycling polymers is advocated as it conserves resources and reduces environmental damage from plastic waste.
Plastics are polymers formed through polymerization reactions that join small organic molecules into long chains. Monomers are the basic building blocks that undergo polymerization to create polymers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. Addition polymerization involves breaking carbon double bonds in monomers to form chains, producing thermoplastics. Condensation polymerization reacts two different organic molecules to form plastic molecules and byproducts. A variety of additives can be mixed with plastics to modify properties, improve performance, or reduce costs.
The document provides an overview of polymer chemistry, including definitions and classifications of polymers. It discusses the basic units that make up polymers, known as monomers, and how polymers are classified based on factors like the number and types of monomers, molecular structure, thermal properties, polymerization mechanism, and end uses. Key terms defined include monomers, oligomers, polymers, homopolymers, copolymers, thermoplastics, thermosets, condensation polymers, and addition polymers. Common plastic polymers like polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene are discussed in terms of their molecular structures and applications.
The document discusses awareness against polythene bags and provides an overview of plastics, bioplastics, and their applications. It notes that traditional plastics are made from oil and are difficult to decompose, while bioplastics are derived from renewable resources and can biodegrade. The use of bioplastics is growing due to concerns about climate change and waste reduction. The document outlines the bioplastics production process, applications in various industries, and disposal methods after use.
The document provides information about industrial chemistry and discusses cement and plastics. It defines industrial chemistry as the study of chemical processes involved in manufacturing synthetic products like cement, plastics, and other industrial goods. It then discusses the categories of industrial chemistry and provides details about the production of cement and types of cement. It also discusses the types of plastics, including thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics, and provides examples like PVC, polyethylene, and melamine formaldehyde. Finally, it covers polymers, including their characteristics, properties, types based on source and structure, and applications.
This document provides an introduction to polymer science and its applications in pharmaceutical formulations. It begins by defining polymers as high molecular weight compounds composed of repeating monomer units connected by covalent bonds. Common polymers are then classified based on their source (natural, synthetic, semi-synthetic), biodegradability, interaction with water, and polymerization mechanism (addition, condensation). Examples of important polymers for drug delivery discussed include hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, guar gum, and polyethylene glycol. The characteristics of an ideal polymer system for drug delivery are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of polymers, including:
- Polymers are large molecules made of repeating monomer units that are linked together through polymerization.
- Polymers can be classified based on their source, chemical nature, thermal behavior, and ultimate forms. Common types include natural/synthetic, organic/inorganic, thermoplastic/thermosetting, and plastics/elastomers/fibers.
- Polymers are prepared through various polymerization methods like bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
- Key polymer properties include molecular weight, hydrophobicity, glass transition temperature, and crystallinity.
IMPORTANCE OF BIO-POLYMERS AND POLYMERS Lini Cleetus
This document discusses polymers and biopolymers. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeated subunits and explains that polymerization combines monomers into covalently bonded chains. It outlines various applications of polymers in automotive, medical, and aerospace fields. Both positives like strength and weight and negatives like improper disposal are noted. Solutions proposed include reuse, recycling like Levi's jeans containing recycled PET bottles, plastic roads in India containing waste plastic, and converting plastics to fuels. Biopolymers derived from renewable resources are highlighted as alternatives that are biodegradable, carbon neutral, and help reduce fossil fuel dependence.
Development of Emulsion Paint from Trimethylol Urea/Polystyrene waste Copolym...IOSR Journals
Urea formaldehyde that is trimethylol urea (TMU) was synthesized and copolymerized with polystyrene waste (PS) to form TMU/PS copolymer binder for emulsion paint formulation. Formaldehyde emission and some physical properties of both TMU and TMU/PS were investigated. The resulting copolymer TMU/PS gave a better resin compared to pure TMU in terms of brittleness, low water resistance and formaldehyde emission. The emulsion paint formulated from both TMU and TMU/PS passed pH, viscosity, flexibility, opacity, gloss and storage stability tests. Paint from pure TMU failed adhesion, hardness, tackiness, resistance to blistering and drying time tests while that of TMU/PS paint recorded a pass in all the tests. Both paints were unaffected by the salt medium but surface defect were observed in the case of TMU films in alkali and acid solutions. TMU/PS films were unaffected by both the acid and alkali solutions. This study provides a potential route for both VOC reduction in coating surfaces and environmental pollution from waste polystyrene disposal.
Plastic is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that are moldable. Most plastics are derived from petrochemicals but some are partially natural. Plastics have a variety of properties including strength, flexibility, durability and the ability to be easily molded. There are two main types of plastics - thermoplastics, which soften when heated and can be reshaped, and thermosets, which cannot be reshaped after manufacture. Common plastics include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene, and polypropylene, each with different chemical compositions and physical properties used in a wide range of applications.
The document provides information on synthetic resins. It defines synthetic resins as artificially synthesized high molecular polymers that are used as the basic raw material for plastics. The document discusses the different types of synthetic resins, including polyaddition resins and polycondensate resins, and how they are classified based on their production methods. It also outlines some of the key applications of synthetic resins in various industries like paint, adhesives, printing ink, textiles, and more.
As we know polyester is a synthetic fiber and has
more crystalline structure than natural fibers. In continuous
dyeing of polyester by pad-Thermosol process, there are many
advantages such as bulk production, low-cost, good efficiency etc.
But during dyeing process there is a severe problem occurs that
is dye migration .in order to control the dye migration different
migration inhibitors are used in this project. Both natural and
synthetic migration inhibitors are applied on the 100% polyester
fabric in order to compare that which migration inhibitor hives
better results on the pad-Thermosol process.
After comparing the different properties of the both migration
inhibitors the synthetic inhibitors found more efficient then the
natural one. The following tests were conducted during project:
Migration test, tensile strength, color strength, bending length,
light fatness.
Synthetic migration inhibitors gives better results for the tests
which were conducted .but there is a problem that the synthetic
migration inhibitors are not environmental friendly and they are
costly then natural migration inhibitors.
The above Presentation discusses about the chapter polymers.Its definition, Types and important applications.It also covers about the process of bio degradation of polymers in the body.
Silica Gel Orange Beads for Breather Transformer ProcessSORBEAD INDIA
Sorbead India is the supplier of silica gel orange breathers available in 1 kg to 5 kg. We supply silica gel breathers in power & distribution transformer industries.
Molecular Sieves - Ethanol Dehydration SolutionsSORBEAD INDIA
Sorbead India is the largest manufacturer of "molecular sieves" products for ethanol dehydration process with regenerative feature and fastest adsorption capacity.
Silica Gel Orange are glassy beads which have color indicators to indicate the moisture adsorption level and turn Orange to Green in color as they absorbed maximum moisture.
Blue indicating silica gel is a highly useful variety of desiccant, available in a range of mesh sizes to meet the needs of its many possible applications.
Silica gel is a drying agent, meant to remove humidity from an enclosed space. It is a drying and dehumidifying agent that drinks up moisture to effectively prevent rust, corrosion, mold, mildew, spoilage, fogging and condensation.
Activated Alumina is an aluminum oxide that is highly porous and exhibits tremendous surface area. MSDS Including the ingredients, the storage and physical and chemical property.
Aluminium Oxide Chromatography MSDS including the physical and chemical properties, composition also information on ingredients which allows you to analyze the product.
Pharmaceutical coils made from cotton, rayon, or polyester fibers provide protection for bottled pharmaceutical products. Cotton coils create a dry environment and are commonly used for tablets and capsules. Rayon coils have uniform fibers and are also used for tablets. Polyester coils are non-absorbent and prevent moisture transfer, making them suitable for soft gel capsules. Pharmaceutical coils ensure stability during shipping and storage of medicines. SORBEAD INDIA supplies different sizes of pharmaceutical coils at affordable prices to the pharmaceutical industry.
This document discusses different types of solid pharmaceutical dosage forms including compressed tablets, sugar-coated tablets, film-coated tablets, enteric-coated tablets, controlled-release tablets, effervescent tablets, buccal/sublingual tablets, molded tablets, and tablet preparations and ingredients. Compressed tablets can contain active drug substances alone or combined with other materials and are formed by compression. Other tablets like sugar-coated, film-coated, and enteric-coated tablets provide coatings that protect the drug or alter its release location. Controlled-release tablets slowly release the drug over time. Effervescent tablets contain materials that produce carbon dioxide when dissolved. Tablet ingredients include active drugs and inert excipients
Packaging protects pharmaceutical products from damage and contamination. It contains the product, protects it from light, moisture, oxygen and microbes, and provides product information and identification. Desiccants like silica gel are included in packaging to absorb moisture and preserve products that degrade in the presence of water. Pillow packs are small packets made of Tyvek material that contain desiccants like silica gel or molecular sieves. They are used to absorb moisture, vapor, gas or odor from packaged products to extend shelf life. Larger unit packs following MIL-D-3464 specifications also contain desiccants in standardized sizes and properties for static dehumidification.
O Busters Supplier - Oxygen Absorber SupplierSORBEAD INDIA
O Busters are used for eliminating oxygen from food storage and food packets and pouches. Oxygen Absorbers is known as o busters. sorbeadindia is supplying o busters locally and as well as international.
HOW TO START UP A COMPANY A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE.pdf46adnanshahzad
How to Start Up a Company: A Step-by-Step Guide Starting a company is an exciting adventure that combines creativity, strategy, and hard work. It can seem overwhelming at first, but with the right guidance, anyone can transform a great idea into a successful business. Let's dive into how to start up a company, from the initial spark of an idea to securing funding and launching your startup.
Introduction
Have you ever dreamed of turning your innovative idea into a thriving business? Starting a company involves numerous steps and decisions, but don't worry—we're here to help. Whether you're exploring how to start a startup company or wondering how to start up a small business, this guide will walk you through the process, step by step.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024SEOSMMEARTH
Buy Verified Payoneer Account: Quick and Secure Way to Receive Payments
Buy Verified Payoneer Account With 100% secure documents, [ USA, UK, CA ]. Are you looking for a reliable and safe way to receive payments online? Then you need buy verified Payoneer account ! Payoneer is a global payment platform that allows businesses and individuals to send and receive money in over 200 countries.
If You Want To More Information just Contact Now:
Skype: SEOSMMEARTH
Telegram: @seosmmearth
Gmail: seosmmearth@gmail.com
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
How to Implement a Strategy: Transform Your Strategy with BSC Designer's Comp...Aleksey Savkin
The Strategy Implementation System offers a structured approach to translating stakeholder needs into actionable strategies using high-level and low-level scorecards. It involves stakeholder analysis, strategy decomposition, adoption of strategic frameworks like Balanced Scorecard or OKR, and alignment of goals, initiatives, and KPIs.
Key Components:
- Stakeholder Analysis
- Strategy Decomposition
- Adoption of Business Frameworks
- Goal Setting
- Initiatives and Action Plans
- KPIs and Performance Metrics
- Learning and Adaptation
- Alignment and Cascading of Scorecards
Benefits:
- Systematic strategy formulation and execution.
- Framework flexibility and automation.
- Enhanced alignment and strategic focus across the organization.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
8. Types of Polyethylene
HDPE (0.940-0.965)
“High Density”
LLDPE (0.860-0.926)
“Linear Low Density”
O
C-OH
O
O
O
O
O
LDPE (0.915-0.930)
“Low Density”
O
O
O
O
O
High Pressure Copolymers
(AA, VA, MA, EA)
10. •LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) is defined by a density range of 0.910 - 0.940 g/cm3.
•It has a high degree of short and long chain branching, which means that the chains do not
pack into the crystal structure as well.
•It has therefore less strong intermolecular forces as the instantaneous-dipole induceddipole attraction is less.
•This results in a lower tensile strength and increased ductility.
•LDPE is created by free radical polymerization.
•The high degree of branches with long chains gives molten LDPE unique and desirable flow
properties.
11.
The SPI resin identification coding system is a set of symbols
placed on plastics to identify the polymer type.
It was developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI)
in 1988, and is used internationally.
The primary purpose of the codes is to allow efficient
separation of different polymer types for recycling.
Separation must be efficient because the plastics must be
recycled separately. Even one item of the wrong type of resin
can ruin a mix.
20. Applications
Blown film can be used either in tube form (e.g. for plastic bags and sacks) or the tube
can be slit to form a sheet.
- Industry packaging (e.g. shrink film, stretch film, bag film or container liners),
- Consumer packaging (e.g. packaging film for frozen products, shrink film for
transport packaging, food wrap film, packaging bags, or form, fill and seal packaging
film),
- Laminating film (e.g. laminating of aluminium or paper used for packaging for
example milk or coffee),
- Barrier film (e.g. film made of raw materials such as polyamides and EVOH acting
as an aroma or oxygen barrier used for packaging food, e. g. cold meats and cheese),
- films for the packaging of medical products, Agricultural film (e.g. greenhouse
film, crop forcing film, silage film, silage stretch film).
21. PE Demand by Conversion Process
• Food Packaging
• Hygiene & Medical
• Consumer & Ind. Liners
• Stretch Films
• Agricultural Films
• HDSS
22.
Plastics and rubbers are used in different packaging
materials and dosing devices
These materials are in direct contact with the
Pharmaceutical product
The final use of the product determines the risk of
possible interactions with the product
Extractables and leachables can be harmful and can
possibly alter the pharmaceutical product
23. Extractable :
Compounds that can be extracted from
packaging (i.e. elastomeric, plastic
components or coating of the container
and closure system) when in the presence
of selected solvent or process
Leachable :
Compounds that leach from packaging
as a result of direct contact with the
formulation of the drug product and thus
could potentially be dosed to a patient.
Can also get interaction with a product
component to produce an impurity that
requires stability monitoring.
27. Potential Sources of Extractables from elastomeric or plastic
components:
Additives and processing aids, e.g. antioxidants, stabilizers,
plasticizers, emulsifiers etc.
Trace level contaminants and reaction products contained in
additives
Monomers
Secondary reaction products from processing
Pigments
Contaminants and/ or reaction products from storage/shipping
=> Conduct risk assessment based on this information regarding the
identity and amounts of ingredients
28.
Based on Extractable study suitable test methods for
testing of potential leachables in drug product have to
be developed
Recovery of reference compounds could be optimized
by spiking into a drug product formulation matrix.
Based on Toxicological Expertise limits for potential
leachables have to be defined
Validate the analytical methods
Methods for leachables studies are specific to the
finished product
Determine shelf-life acceptance criteria for leachables
based on the toxicological risk assessment
29.
30.
31. Surface Properties
Lubricants – Prevent sticky to machine
Slip & Blocking Agent – Prevent film & sheet
sticky
Anti Static Agent – Prevent static charges on
surface
Coupling Agent – Improve bonding between
polymer & filler
Welty Agent – Stabilize dispersion of Fillers
Anti Fogging Agent – Disperse moisture
droplets on film
Mechanical Properties
Plasticizers – Flexibility
Impact Modifier – Improves impact
strength
Reinforcy fillers – Increase Strength
Nucleatic agent – Modify Crystalling
Morphology
32.
By virtue of their insulting nature, polymers of all types
allow static charge to build up on their surfaces, and
films have large surface area to volume ratio.
Such static charge build up leads to several undesirable
consequences in the final products.
Built up static charge can attract dust on to a food
package, which is undesirable aesthetically.
It cause several processing problems such as winding of
films, agglomeration of powders during transport,
adhesion of film during processing, etc..
It can be avoided by using masterbatches containing
anti-static agents which will used internally with
polymer.
33.
Internal antistats are
migratory in nature.
The strongly polar hydrophilic
end adsorbs water molecules
which eliminates static
charges by ionic conduction.
The long hydrocarbon chain
length constitutes the
hydrophobic group and
controls the rate of diffusion
of the antistat to the surface
of the polymer product.
34.
35. 1. If the other additives are also migratory, they compete
with the antistats for diffusion through the polymer
matrix & also compete with the antistats for surface
coverage.
Slips are a common example of this type of additive,
which may exert adverse influenced on anti-static
properties.
2. Amine & Amide type antistats are basic(Alkaline) in
nature, which may react with some acidic flame
retardants, which can result in reduction of anti-static
properties.