The document discusses MPLS VPN configurations. It covers VPN concepts like overlay and peer models, benefits of MPLS VPNs, and how routing information is propagated between provider edge (PE) routers using MP-BGP. Key aspects include using virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instances to isolate customer routes, extending prefixes with route distinguishers (RDs) to handle overlapping addresses, and exchanging VPN routes between PE routers in the provider network.
MPLS-TE memungkinkan pengaturan aliran lalu lintas jaringan untuk memaksimalkan sumber daya dan kinerja jaringan dengan memilih rute berdasarkan beban lalu lintas, kondisi jaringan, dan persyaratan pengguna. MPLS-TE menggunakan protokol seperti IS-IS dan OSPF untuk berbagi informasi topologi, CSPF untuk perhitungan rute, dan RSVP-TE atau CR-LDP untuk pengaturan LSP secara dinamis
MPLS L3 VPN allows companies to offer Layer 3 VPN services with advantages like scalability, security, and support for duplicate IP addresses and different network topologies. The key components that enable this are VRF tables on PE routers that separate routing information for each customer to avoid duplicate IP issues, and MP-BGP which customizes VPN routing information using a Route Distinguisher, VPN label, and Route Target to support different VPN topologies. MPLS L3 VPN provides services like multi-homed sites for redundancy, hub-and-spoke networks, internet access with security, and extranets for inter-company communication.
LDP allows MPLS routers to exchange label mapping information by establishing LDP sessions between peers. LDP defines procedures and messages for routers to advertise label bindings and establish label switched paths for forwarding traffic. LDP sessions can be directly connected over a single hop or nondirectly connected over multiple hops using targeted Hellos.
This document provides an overview of BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) basics and configuration for internet service providers. It discusses BGP attributes, path selection, and applying routing policies. The key points covered include the purpose of BGP in exchanging routing information between autonomous systems, BGP neighbor configuration for internal and external peers, and using attributes like AS path, local preference, communities to influence best path selection.
The document provides information about an upcoming training course on deploying MPLS L3 VPNs. It includes details about the trainers, Nurul Islam Roman and Jessica Wei, their backgrounds and areas of expertise. It also outlines the course agenda which will cover topics such as MPLS VPN models, terminology, operation, configuration examples and service deployment scenarios.
Cisco Packet Transport Network – MPLS-TPCisco Canada
The document discusses Cisco's Packet Transport Network solution for MPLS-TP. It begins by outlining the challenges facing network operators as packet traffic grows. It then introduces the Packet Optical Transport System (P-OTS) and its keys, including determinism, resiliency, bandwidth efficiency, legacy support, and service scalability. The document goes on to describe how MPLS-TP addresses these challenges by converging data and transport networks and providing carrier-grade SLA, OAM, and resiliency capabilities comparable to SONET/SDH. It outlines MPLS-TP components, encapsulation, resiliency options, and OAM functionality including connectivity check, continuity verification, and fault detection.
The document discusses MPLS VPN configurations. It covers VPN concepts like overlay and peer models, benefits of MPLS VPNs, and how routing information is propagated between provider edge (PE) routers using MP-BGP. Key aspects include using virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instances to isolate customer routes, extending prefixes with route distinguishers (RDs) to handle overlapping addresses, and exchanging VPN routes between PE routers in the provider network.
MPLS-TE memungkinkan pengaturan aliran lalu lintas jaringan untuk memaksimalkan sumber daya dan kinerja jaringan dengan memilih rute berdasarkan beban lalu lintas, kondisi jaringan, dan persyaratan pengguna. MPLS-TE menggunakan protokol seperti IS-IS dan OSPF untuk berbagi informasi topologi, CSPF untuk perhitungan rute, dan RSVP-TE atau CR-LDP untuk pengaturan LSP secara dinamis
MPLS L3 VPN allows companies to offer Layer 3 VPN services with advantages like scalability, security, and support for duplicate IP addresses and different network topologies. The key components that enable this are VRF tables on PE routers that separate routing information for each customer to avoid duplicate IP issues, and MP-BGP which customizes VPN routing information using a Route Distinguisher, VPN label, and Route Target to support different VPN topologies. MPLS L3 VPN provides services like multi-homed sites for redundancy, hub-and-spoke networks, internet access with security, and extranets for inter-company communication.
LDP allows MPLS routers to exchange label mapping information by establishing LDP sessions between peers. LDP defines procedures and messages for routers to advertise label bindings and establish label switched paths for forwarding traffic. LDP sessions can be directly connected over a single hop or nondirectly connected over multiple hops using targeted Hellos.
This document provides an overview of BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) basics and configuration for internet service providers. It discusses BGP attributes, path selection, and applying routing policies. The key points covered include the purpose of BGP in exchanging routing information between autonomous systems, BGP neighbor configuration for internal and external peers, and using attributes like AS path, local preference, communities to influence best path selection.
The document provides information about an upcoming training course on deploying MPLS L3 VPNs. It includes details about the trainers, Nurul Islam Roman and Jessica Wei, their backgrounds and areas of expertise. It also outlines the course agenda which will cover topics such as MPLS VPN models, terminology, operation, configuration examples and service deployment scenarios.
Cisco Packet Transport Network – MPLS-TPCisco Canada
The document discusses Cisco's Packet Transport Network solution for MPLS-TP. It begins by outlining the challenges facing network operators as packet traffic grows. It then introduces the Packet Optical Transport System (P-OTS) and its keys, including determinism, resiliency, bandwidth efficiency, legacy support, and service scalability. The document goes on to describe how MPLS-TP addresses these challenges by converging data and transport networks and providing carrier-grade SLA, OAM, and resiliency capabilities comparable to SONET/SDH. It outlines MPLS-TP components, encapsulation, resiliency options, and OAM functionality including connectivity check, continuity verification, and fault detection.
BFD is a protocol that can quickly detect failures in the forwarding path between two adjacent routers, including interfaces, data links, and forwarding planes. It operates in two modes: asynchronous mode where it periodically sends control packets, and demand mode where it only sends packets when needed. When a failure is detected, BFD triggers routing protocol actions to recalculate the routing table and reduce convergence time. It provides fast failure detection independently of media, encapsulation, topology, or routing protocol. Configuring BFD involves setting intervals at the interface level and enabling it for routing protocols.
The document discusses the evolution of next generation IP transport networks using a Unified MPLS approach. Key points include:
- Unified MPLS aims to simplify MPLS operations in large, complex networks through common MPLS technology across domains and hierarchical BGP routing.
- It reduces the number of operational points needed for services by minimizing static configuration and integrating previously separate MPLS islands.
- The network is divided into IGP/LDP domains with inter-domain communication handled through labeled BGP routes. This reduces route tables and the number of label switched paths required in the access domains.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) including:
- BGP establishes neighbor relationships to exchange routing information between autonomous systems (ASes). It uses path attributes like AS_PATH to choose the best route and prevent routing loops.
- BGP classifies neighbors as internal (iBGP) or external (eBGP) depending on if they are in the same AS or different ASes. iBGP does not modify the AS_PATH while eBGP does.
- Techniques like route reflectors, confederations, and multiprotocol BGP are used to improve scalability within large ASes. Route filtering uses features like prefix-lists, route-maps and regular expressions to control route
The document provides information about a training event on Deploy MPLS Traffic Engineering taking place from 20 February to 2 March 2017 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It includes details about two presenters - Nurul Islam Roman, Manager of Training & Technical Assistance at APNIC, and Jessica Wei, Training Officer at APNIC. It also acknowledges Cisco Systems and provides an agenda with topics on why MPLS Traffic Engineering is used and how it works.
The document provides an overview of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) which is the routing protocol used to exchange routes between institutions and the KAREN network. BGP allows different autonomous systems (AS) to exchange routing information and is more than just a routing protocol as it contains additional route attributes that are used for policy rules. BGP can operate internally within an AS or externally between ASes to control route propagation based on commercial agreements.
This document explains MPLS Layer 3 VPNs. It discusses how Layer 3 VPNs allow routing information to be shared between customer sites using protocols like OSPF and BGP across the service provider's MPLS network. It describes how Virtual Routing and Forwarding instances (VRFs), MP-BGP, Route Distinguishers (RDs), and Route Targets (RTs) work together to separate routing information for different customers and establish VPN connectivity between their sites while avoiding overlapping address spaces.
The document provides an introduction to MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) covering its definition, advantages, architecture, labels, label switching path setup, and forwarding operations. Key points include:
- MPLS encapsulates packets with short fixed-length labels to enable faster forwarding based on the label rather than the IP address.
- MPLS decouples routing from forwarding and supports traffic engineering and virtual private networks.
- The MPLS architecture consists of label edge routers, label switch routers, label distribution protocols, and label forwarding tables.
- Labels are assigned and distributed to establish label switched paths for forwarding packets across the MPLS network.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP concepts such as autonomous systems, path attributes, and the BGP protocol operation. Key points include that BGP establishes peering sessions to exchange routing information, uses route attributes like AS path, next hop, and communities to determine the best path, and supports techniques like route reflection and confederation to improve scalability in large networks.
This document provides an overview of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), including its history, key concepts, applications, and use by service providers. MPLS was developed in the late 1990s to meet the needs of scalable routing and quality of service on the growing internet. It works by assigning fixed length labels to data packets, allowing routers to forward based on these labels rather than long network addresses. Major applications of MPLS include traffic engineering, virtual private networks, and bandwidth management. The document discusses how service providers like MegaPath use MPLS in their backbones to provide integrated data and voice services, and nationwide networking solutions for corporate customers.
BGP (Border Gateway Routing Protocol) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to
exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. The
Border Gateway Protocol makes routing decisions based on paths, network policies or rule-sets
configured by a network administrator, and are involved in making core routing decisions.
BGP is a very robust and scalable routing protocol, as evidenced by the fact that BGP is the routing
protocol employed on the Internet.
Segment routing is a technology that is gaining popularity as a way to simplify MPLS networks. It has the benefits of interfacing with software-defined networks and allows for source-based routing. It does this without keeping state in the core of the network and needless to use LDP and RSVP-TE.
MPLS L3 VPN Tutorial, by Nurul Islam Roman [APNIC 38]APNIC
This document discusses deploying MPLS L3VPN. It begins with an overview of MPLS and VPN terminology. It then covers the MPLS reference architecture and different node types. It describes how IP/VPN technologies use separate routing tables at provider edge (PE) routers to provide independent virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instances for each VPN customer. The control plane uses multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) to distribute VPN routes between PE routers using route distinguisher (RD), route target (RT), and labels. The forwarding plane uses these labels to encapsulate and transport customer IP packets across the MPLS core. The document then discusses various IP/VPN services including load sharing, hub-and-spoke
BGP started in 1989 to connect autonomous systems in a stable, efficient manner. This document outlines advancements in BGP infrastructure, VPN enhancements, and high availability features. Infrastructure enhancements improve areas like keepalive processing and update generation. VPN enhancements support technologies like iBGP between PE and CE routers, multicast VPNs, and EVPN. High availability features include graceful shutdown, fast convergence using PIC, and non-stop routing.
The document discusses Layer 2 VPN over MPLS, including concepts of Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) and Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS). It covers characteristics of Layer 3 and Layer 2 VPNs and concepts of L2 VPN signaling using protocols like LDP and BGP. The document also provides examples of encapsulation and data flow for Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS) and Frame Relay over MPLS (FRoMPLS) L2 VPN services.
This slide contains basic concept about MPLS and LDP protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books(SP and R&S) and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.
i will prepare MPLS_VPN and MPLS_QoS and MPLS_TE later.
This document describes a presentation on designing MPLS Layer 3 VPN networks, covering MPLS VPN technology overview, configuration, services such as multihoming and hub-and-spoke, and best practices. The presentation discusses how MPLS VPNs use VRFs, MP-BGP, and label switching to provide scalable VPN services to enterprises by separating routing and forwarding tables for each customer VPN. Sample MPLS VPN configurations for PE, P, and route reflector routers are also provided.
MPLS provides mechanisms for traffic engineering by allowing routers to forward packets based on fixed-length labels rather than long variable length IP addresses. MPLS labels are assigned to packets at ingress routers and swapped or removed by transit and egress routers along the Label Switched Path (LSP). Routers can be configured with constraints and administrative groups to calculate optimal LSP paths using protocols like RSVP and LDP.
Este documento presenta una sesión de capacitación sobre los fundamentos del protocolo de enrutamiento BGP. Explica características clave de BGP como la diferencia entre sesiones iBGP e iBGP. También cubre temas como mensajes y tablas BGP, estados de sesión, configuración de vecinos y autenticación. Finalmente, analiza conceptos como selección de rutas, atributos y solución de problemas comunes de BGP.
BFD is a protocol that can quickly detect failures in the forwarding path between two adjacent routers, including interfaces, data links, and forwarding planes. It operates in two modes: asynchronous mode where it periodically sends control packets, and demand mode where it only sends packets when needed. When a failure is detected, BFD triggers routing protocol actions to recalculate the routing table and reduce convergence time. It provides fast failure detection independently of media, encapsulation, topology, or routing protocol. Configuring BFD involves setting intervals at the interface level and enabling it for routing protocols.
The document discusses the evolution of next generation IP transport networks using a Unified MPLS approach. Key points include:
- Unified MPLS aims to simplify MPLS operations in large, complex networks through common MPLS technology across domains and hierarchical BGP routing.
- It reduces the number of operational points needed for services by minimizing static configuration and integrating previously separate MPLS islands.
- The network is divided into IGP/LDP domains with inter-domain communication handled through labeled BGP routes. This reduces route tables and the number of label switched paths required in the access domains.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) including:
- BGP establishes neighbor relationships to exchange routing information between autonomous systems (ASes). It uses path attributes like AS_PATH to choose the best route and prevent routing loops.
- BGP classifies neighbors as internal (iBGP) or external (eBGP) depending on if they are in the same AS or different ASes. iBGP does not modify the AS_PATH while eBGP does.
- Techniques like route reflectors, confederations, and multiprotocol BGP are used to improve scalability within large ASes. Route filtering uses features like prefix-lists, route-maps and regular expressions to control route
The document provides information about a training event on Deploy MPLS Traffic Engineering taking place from 20 February to 2 March 2017 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It includes details about two presenters - Nurul Islam Roman, Manager of Training & Technical Assistance at APNIC, and Jessica Wei, Training Officer at APNIC. It also acknowledges Cisco Systems and provides an agenda with topics on why MPLS Traffic Engineering is used and how it works.
The document provides an overview of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) which is the routing protocol used to exchange routes between institutions and the KAREN network. BGP allows different autonomous systems (AS) to exchange routing information and is more than just a routing protocol as it contains additional route attributes that are used for policy rules. BGP can operate internally within an AS or externally between ASes to control route propagation based on commercial agreements.
This document explains MPLS Layer 3 VPNs. It discusses how Layer 3 VPNs allow routing information to be shared between customer sites using protocols like OSPF and BGP across the service provider's MPLS network. It describes how Virtual Routing and Forwarding instances (VRFs), MP-BGP, Route Distinguishers (RDs), and Route Targets (RTs) work together to separate routing information for different customers and establish VPN connectivity between their sites while avoiding overlapping address spaces.
The document provides an introduction to MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) covering its definition, advantages, architecture, labels, label switching path setup, and forwarding operations. Key points include:
- MPLS encapsulates packets with short fixed-length labels to enable faster forwarding based on the label rather than the IP address.
- MPLS decouples routing from forwarding and supports traffic engineering and virtual private networks.
- The MPLS architecture consists of label edge routers, label switch routers, label distribution protocols, and label forwarding tables.
- Labels are assigned and distributed to establish label switched paths for forwarding packets across the MPLS network.
The document provides an overview of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It discusses BGP concepts such as autonomous systems, path attributes, and the BGP protocol operation. Key points include that BGP establishes peering sessions to exchange routing information, uses route attributes like AS path, next hop, and communities to determine the best path, and supports techniques like route reflection and confederation to improve scalability in large networks.
This document provides an overview of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), including its history, key concepts, applications, and use by service providers. MPLS was developed in the late 1990s to meet the needs of scalable routing and quality of service on the growing internet. It works by assigning fixed length labels to data packets, allowing routers to forward based on these labels rather than long network addresses. Major applications of MPLS include traffic engineering, virtual private networks, and bandwidth management. The document discusses how service providers like MegaPath use MPLS in their backbones to provide integrated data and voice services, and nationwide networking solutions for corporate customers.
BGP (Border Gateway Routing Protocol) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to
exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. The
Border Gateway Protocol makes routing decisions based on paths, network policies or rule-sets
configured by a network administrator, and are involved in making core routing decisions.
BGP is a very robust and scalable routing protocol, as evidenced by the fact that BGP is the routing
protocol employed on the Internet.
Segment routing is a technology that is gaining popularity as a way to simplify MPLS networks. It has the benefits of interfacing with software-defined networks and allows for source-based routing. It does this without keeping state in the core of the network and needless to use LDP and RSVP-TE.
MPLS L3 VPN Tutorial, by Nurul Islam Roman [APNIC 38]APNIC
This document discusses deploying MPLS L3VPN. It begins with an overview of MPLS and VPN terminology. It then covers the MPLS reference architecture and different node types. It describes how IP/VPN technologies use separate routing tables at provider edge (PE) routers to provide independent virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instances for each VPN customer. The control plane uses multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) to distribute VPN routes between PE routers using route distinguisher (RD), route target (RT), and labels. The forwarding plane uses these labels to encapsulate and transport customer IP packets across the MPLS core. The document then discusses various IP/VPN services including load sharing, hub-and-spoke
BGP started in 1989 to connect autonomous systems in a stable, efficient manner. This document outlines advancements in BGP infrastructure, VPN enhancements, and high availability features. Infrastructure enhancements improve areas like keepalive processing and update generation. VPN enhancements support technologies like iBGP between PE and CE routers, multicast VPNs, and EVPN. High availability features include graceful shutdown, fast convergence using PIC, and non-stop routing.
The document discusses Layer 2 VPN over MPLS, including concepts of Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) and Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS). It covers characteristics of Layer 3 and Layer 2 VPNs and concepts of L2 VPN signaling using protocols like LDP and BGP. The document also provides examples of encapsulation and data flow for Ethernet over MPLS (EoMPLS) and Frame Relay over MPLS (FRoMPLS) L2 VPN services.
This slide contains basic concept about MPLS and LDP protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books(SP and R&S) and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.
i will prepare MPLS_VPN and MPLS_QoS and MPLS_TE later.
This document describes a presentation on designing MPLS Layer 3 VPN networks, covering MPLS VPN technology overview, configuration, services such as multihoming and hub-and-spoke, and best practices. The presentation discusses how MPLS VPNs use VRFs, MP-BGP, and label switching to provide scalable VPN services to enterprises by separating routing and forwarding tables for each customer VPN. Sample MPLS VPN configurations for PE, P, and route reflector routers are also provided.
MPLS provides mechanisms for traffic engineering by allowing routers to forward packets based on fixed-length labels rather than long variable length IP addresses. MPLS labels are assigned to packets at ingress routers and swapped or removed by transit and egress routers along the Label Switched Path (LSP). Routers can be configured with constraints and administrative groups to calculate optimal LSP paths using protocols like RSVP and LDP.
Este documento presenta una sesión de capacitación sobre los fundamentos del protocolo de enrutamiento BGP. Explica características clave de BGP como la diferencia entre sesiones iBGP e iBGP. También cubre temas como mensajes y tablas BGP, estados de sesión, configuración de vecinos y autenticación. Finalmente, analiza conceptos como selección de rutas, atributos y solución de problemas comunes de BGP.
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang struktur saluran maju dan mundur pada sistem telekomunikasi CDMA2000 1xEV-DO. Terdiri dari 3 kalimat:
2. Struktur saluran maju terdiri atas saluran pilot, MAC, dan saluran trafik/kontrol yang ditransmisikan secara TDM, sedangkan saluran mundur terdiri atas saluran akses, trafik, pilot, DRC, ACK, dan indikator laju data.
3. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan
Protokol 1xEV-DO terdiri dari beberapa lapisan protokol mulai dari lapisan fisik hingga lapisan aplikasi. Lapisan-lapisan protokol tersebut meliputi protokol fisik, MAC, lapisan koneksi, sesi, aliran, dan aplikasi. Protokol-protokol default yang digunakan antara lain protokol sinyal, protokol paket, dan protokol aliran.
Procuring a wide area network is a complex process. Depending on the carrier sales force has many short-comings. Using an independent specialist to manage the procurement process will save you time and money. This PPR gives you an overview.
The document discusses Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), which allows different sites to communicate as if they are connected to the same LAN over a service provider's IP/MPLS network. There are two implementations of VPLS supported by IETF - one using BGP signaling and one using LDP signaling. Juniper Networks' VPLS solution implements both standards. The document concludes that the BGP-based implementation provides the highest level of automation and operational efficiency for service providers offering VPLS.
This document provides an overview of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) in three minutes or less. MPLS allows routers to route packets more quickly by applying "labels" or addresses rather than examining the contents of each packet. It offers benefits like scalability, faster routing between interfaces, and private virtual connections. MPLS works by having the ingress router apply a label, and then each subsequent router routes the packet based on that label rather than looking inside the packet until the egress router removes the label and delivers the packet normally.
The document outlines various scenarios for establishing and releasing HRPD sessions between an access terminal (AT) and air interface (AN) on a CDMA network. It describes successful and unsuccessful authentication procedures when the AT originates a session, as well as call reactivation from dormancy initiated by the network or AT. It also covers connection and session release that can be initiated by the AT, AN, or PDSN.
MPLS VPN provides a way to extend private network connectivity over a shared public infrastructure in a secure manner. It utilizes MPLS to create virtual point-to-point connections between customer sites. There are two main types of MPLS VPNs - Layer 3 VPNs which use extensions to BGP to exchange routing information between customer edge routers and provider edge routers, and Layer 2 VPNs which extend customer layer 2 networks across the MPLS backbone by encapsulating layer 2 frames with labels.
MPLS is a technology that allows traffic to be forwarded through networks based on short fixed length labels rather than long network addresses, enabling traffic engineering and quality of service. It works by classifying packets into forwarding equivalency classes, assigning labels when packets enter the MPLS domain, and using label switching to forward packets along label switched paths. MPLS provides advantages like simplified packet forwarding, efficient traffic engineering capabilities, and virtual private networks.
Network Configuration Example: Configuring VPLS Pseudowires on MX Series Devi...Juniper Networks
This document includes an overview of dynamic profiles. It highlights what they do, how they work, and how to configure virtual private LAN service (VPLS) pseudowires using dynamic profiles. Example configurations are highlighted at the end.
Network Virtualization in Cloud Data Centersrjain51
Class lecture by Prof. Raj Jain on Network Virtualization in Cloud Data Centers. The talk covers Network Virtualization, Network Virtualization Techniques, NVO3, NVO3 Goals, NVO3 Terminology, NVO3 Components, Current NVO Technologies, GRE, EoMPLSoGRE, NVGRE, VXLAN, VXLAN Architecture, VXLAN Deployment Example, VXLAN Encapsulation Format, Stateless Transport Tunneling Protocol (STT), LSO and LRO, STT Optimizations, STT Frame Format, TCP-Like Header in STT. Video recording available in YouTube.
This document discusses data center interconnect and virtual private LAN service (VPLS) technologies. It provides an overview of data center edge functions, collapsed WAN and aggregation solutions, data center LAN configurations, and layer 2 loop detection capabilities. It also covers multi-chassis link aggregation, data center WAN connectivity options using IP/MPLS or VPLS, and the advantages of Ethernet VPN (EVPN) over VPLS. Finally, it discusses challenges and solutions related to virtual machine mobility and provides a comparison analysis of PBB-EVPN versus EVPN.
This document provides an overview of Metro Ethernet (ME) concepts and technology. It defines ME as a carrier-class Ethernet service defined by five attributes that distinguish it from traditional Ethernet networks. The document discusses ME drivers like simplicity and transport flexibility. It also covers ME technologies like Ethernet, MPLS, VPLS, and various access methods. The author is Anuradha Udunuwara, a chartered engineer with experience in telecom network design and implementation.
CISCO Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) Technical Deployment OverviewAmeen Wayok
This document discusses Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) and provides an overview of VPLS technical concepts. VPLS defines an architecture that delivers Ethernet multipoint services over an MPLS network by emulating an Ethernet bridge. Key components of VPLS include provider edge devices, pseudowires to connect customer sites, and virtual switch instances to segment customer traffic. VPLS supports both direct attachment and hierarchical architectures. Loop prevention is achieved through a full mesh of pseudowires between provider edges and split horizon forwarding in the MPLS core.
The document discusses the configuration of static MPLS label switched paths (LSPs) across a network topology consisting of routers in various cities. It describes how each router is configured to either push a label, swap a label, or pop the top label as packets traverse the LSP from Jakarta to Makasar and back. Traceroute outputs are provided to show the functioning LSP paths versus normal IGP routing. Complete configuration snippets are included in an appendix.
1. The document discusses provider-provisioned layer 2 MPLS VPNs, which allow customers to construct private networks over a shared infrastructure while maintaining independent addressing and routing.
2. Key components include customer edge routers, provider edge routers, and provider routers. The provider edge routers exchange VPN routing information and use MPLS to forward traffic across the shared core network.
3. Provisioning involves configuring customer edge devices and VPN forwarding tables at provider edges to map customer sites to MPLS labels for transport across the core.
Overview of the MPLS backbone transmission technology.
MPLS (MultiProtocol Layer Switching) is a layer 2.5 technology that combines the virtues of IP routing and fast layer 2 packet switching.
IP packet forwarding is not suited for high-speed forwarding due to the need to evaluate multiple routes for each IP packet in order to find the optimal route, i.e. the route with the longest prefix match.
However, Internet Protocol routing provides global reachability through the IP address and through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Layer 2 packet switching has complementary characteristics in that it does not provide global reachability through globally unique addresses but allows fast packet forwarding in hardware through the use of small and direct layer 2 lookup addresses.
MPLS combines IP routing and layer 2 switching by establishing layer 2 forwarding paths based on routes received through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Thus the control plane of an MPLS capable device establishes layer 2 forwarding paths while the data plane then performs packet forwarding, often in hardware.
MPLS is not a layer 2 technology itself, i.e. it does not define a layer 2 protocol but rather makes use of existing layer 2 technologies like Ethernet, ATM or Frame Relay.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang berbagai jenis protokol routing dan karakteristiknya. Protokol routing membantu router bertukar informasi tentang topologi jaringan untuk membangun tabel routing. Terdapat tiga kelas protokol routing yaitu distance vector, link state, dan exterior gateway protocol. Beberapa protokol yang dijelaskan antara lain RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, IGRP, dan BGP.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang konfigurasi jaringan layer 2 virtual private network (L2VPN) atau virtual private LAN service (VPLS) menggunakan protokol MPLS. Terdapat penjelasan singkat tentang konfigurasi OSPF, Metronet, cross connect, dan pengecekan konektivitas antar sisi seperti ping dan bandwidth. Dokumen ini juga memuat daftar tes untuk memverifikasi layanan VPLS.
Routing protocol adalah protokol komunikasi antar router untuk berbagi informasi tentang jaringan dan koneksi. Ada beberapa jenis routing protocol seperti RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, dan BGP yang bekerja berdasarkan prinsip distance vector dan link state. Setiap protocol memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan tertentu yang sesuai untuk jenis jaringan dan skala yang berbeda.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan penjelasan tentang protokol routing dinamik seperti OSPF dan BGP yang didukung oleh Mikrotik Router OS. OSPF digunakan untuk membentuk informasi routing secara otomatis di dalam autonomous system, sedangkan BGP digunakan untuk berbagi informasi routing antar autonomous system. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan konfigurasi dasar dan fitur-fitur penting dari OSPF dan BGP seperti area, jaringan, tetangga, tabel routing, peer, dan filter
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang protokol routing dan beberapa jenis protokol routing yang umum digunakan seperti RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP. Protokol-protokol tersebut memiliki karakteristik berbeda seperti algoritma yang digunakan (distance vector, link state), cakupan area (internal/external), dan tujuan utama membangun tabel routing.
Dokumen tersebut membahas protokol routing antara lain RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, dan BGP yang digunakan untuk menentukan jalur paket antar sistem otonom dan internet. Protokol interior seperti RIP dan OSPF digunakan untuk pertukaran informasi routing di dalam sistem otonom, sedangkan BGP digunakan untuk pertukaran informasi antar sistem otonom di internet.
Routing protocol adalah protokol komunikasi antar router untuk berbagi informasi tentang jaringan dan koneksi. Ada dua jenis routing protocol yaitu interior routing protocol untuk dalam satu autonomous system dan exterior routing protocol untuk antar autonomous system. Contoh interior routing protocol adalah RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, sedangkan contoh exterior routing protocol adalah BGP."
RIP adalah protokol routing dinamis yang menggunakan algoritma distance-vector untuk menghitung jalur terpendek antar router. RIP bekerja dengan router yang mengirimkan update routing ke seluruh jaringan secara berkala untuk mendeteksi perubahan topologi. Contoh topologi jaringan menggunakan 3 router dan 3 PC untuk mendemonstrasikan konfigurasi dan tes RIP routing antar komputer.
Dfox - A Day To ShutDown Indonesian Internet Core Routing idsecconf
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang celah keamanan pada protokol routing Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) dan bagaimana celah tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk melakukan serangan man in the middle. Secara khusus dijelaskan tentang cara melakukan hijacking routing antar router BGP dengan memanfaatkan karakteristik routing BGP dan beberapa parameternya seperti prefix lebih spesifik dan pengaturan AS path. Contoh kasus dilengkapi dengan topologi jaringan sembilan
Modul ini membahas pengenalan Mikrotik router, fitur-fiturnya, dan cara setting Mikrotik router untuk menghubungkan jaringan LAN ke internet melalui ISP serta mengatur bandwidthnya. Mikrotik dapat berfungsi sebagai router dengan mengatur DHCP server, NAT, dan queues untuk membatasi kecepatan akses internet masing-masing klien.
Modul ini membahas pengenalan Mikrotik router, fitur-fiturnya, dan cara setting Mikrotik router untuk menghubungkan jaringan LAN ke internet melalui ISP serta mengatur bandwidthnya. Mahasiswa diajak melakukan setting Mikrotik sebagai DHCP server untuk LAN dan DHCP client untuk WAN, lalu mengatur NAT dan bandwidth per client menggunakan queue. Diakhir ada pengukuran bandwidth menggunakan MRTG.
Modul ini membahas pengenalan Mikrotik router, fitur-fiturnya, dan cara setting Mikrotik router untuk menghubungkan jaringan LAN ke internet melalui ISP serta mengatur bandwidthnya. Mikrotik dapat berfungsi sebagai router dengan mengatur DHCP server, NAT, dan queues untuk membatasi kecepatan akses internet masing-masing klien.
1. PBX memungkinkan pengguna internal untuk melakukan panggilan dan menerima panggilan eksternal melalui trunk. Contohnya adalah DS1 trunk yang dapat menangani 24 panggilan sekaligus.
2. Terdapat 3 komponen utama PBX yaitu kontrol kompleks, antarmuka terminal, dan jaringan switching. Switching dapat berbasis waktu atau ruang.
3. IP PBX menggunakan teknologi IP dan terdiri dari router/server PBX, gateway,
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah: (1) dokumen tersebut membahas konsep protokol dan model OSI serta TCP/IP; (2) Model OSI dan TCP/IP menjelaskan arsitektur protokol yang digunakan pada internet dan jaringan komersial; (3) Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan konsep layering pada model OSI dan TCP/IP.
Modul ini membahas tentang fungsi dan protokol layer jaringan serta karakteristik Internet Protocol. Fungsi utama layer jaringan adalah pengalamatan dan routing untuk mentransfer data melalui jaringan dengan memilih jalur terbaik. Internet Protocol bersifat connectionless, best effort, dan independen terhadap media. Router berperan menghubungkan jaringan dengan menganalisis alamat tujuan paket dan menggunakan tabel routing.
2. Topik bahasan
- Konsep VPN
- Parameter Layer-3 VPN
-VRF,RD,RT,MPBGP
- Mekanisme Pertukaran Informasi Routing
- Mekanisme Traffic Forwarding
3. Konsep VPN
VPN merupakan jaringan komunikasi lokal (privat) yang
terhubung melalui media jaringan publik (shared network)
4. Model VPN MPLS
Customer site Customer site
Service Provider Network
CE CE
P PE
PE
CE P PE
Virtual Circuit (VC)
5. Komponen VPN MPLS
VPN Site
Provider Router Provider Edge
Customer Edge
CE CE
VPN A VPN A
P PE
PE CE
CE
CE P
VPN B
VPN B
PE
CE CE
CE - Customer Edge, perangkat kastamer yang secara langsung terhubung dengan
service provider
PE -Provider Edge, merupakan perangkat yang berada di dalam jaringan provider yang
terhubung dengan CE dan bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan akses layanan VPN
P - Provider, merupakan perangkat yang berada di dalam jaringan provider yang tidak
terhubung langsung dengan CE dan bertanggung jawab untuk fungsi routing dan
forwarding
8. Parameter Layer-3 VPN MPLS
Beberapa parameter penting pada router PE yang berperan
dalam membangun Layer-3 VPN :
VRF,
Route Distinguisher (RD),
Route Target (RT),
Propagasi Route : MP-BGP
Forwarding Paket berdasarkan Label
9. VPN Routing & Forwarding Instances (VRF)
VPN Routing Table
VPN-A
CE
Grogol PE
VPN-A CE VRF for VPN-A
IGP & non-
Cawang VPN BGP
VPN-B CE VRF for VPN-B
Bekasi
Global Routing Table
Multiple VRF menyediakan pemisahan antar kastamer yang berbeda
10. VRF - Virtual Routing Forwarding
Setiap VPN membutuhkan VRF yang terpisah pada setiap
router PE
Menyediakan isolasi VPN
Mengijinkan overlap private IP Address
VRF merupakan suatu virtual router
VRF diasosiasikan dengan Interface/sub-interface yang
terhubung dengan CE,
PE mengelola forwarding table untuk setiap site VPN
Route dalam VRF akan didistribusikan ke site yang lain
(biasanya terhubung dengan PE lain) dari VPN yang sama.
12. MP-BGP - (MultiProtocol BGP)
BGP V4 hanya mendukung ipv4
MP-BGP dapat mendukung pengirimana informasi route
multi protokol (IPv6, IPX,dll.).
MP-BGP menambahkan 2(dua) atribut pada NLRI (Network
Layer Reachability Information):
MP_REACH_NLRI dan MP_UNREACH_NLRI
13. MP_REACH_NLRI
AFI=1, SAFI (Subsequent Address Family Identifier)=128
menunjukkan bahwa, NLRI membawa informasi alamat VPN.
(RD ditambah IP v4 prefix , disebut dengan alamat VPN V4.)
14. MP_REACH_NLRI
Detail tambahan informasi pada NLRI( (Network Layer Reachability
Information))
MP_REACH_NLRI:
address-family : VPN-IPV4 address-family :
next-hop: Loopback address of PE router
NLRI:
label: 24 bit,the same as MPLS label, but without TTL.
prefix: RD:64bit+ip prefix
Daftar Route Target (RT)
Extended_Communities(RT1)
Extended_Communities(RT2)
Extended_Communities(RT3)
15. MP-BGP update
VPNv4 Address
Route Target
Label yang digunakan untuk forwarding paket VPN
Atribut BGP yang lain (AS-Path, Local Preference, MED,
standard community …)
Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) digunakan pada MPLS VPN
untuk melakukan pertukaran VPNv4 prefix.
16. Route Distinguisher (RD)
Digunakan untuk merubah bentuk non-unique 32-bit adress
IPv4 user kedalam 96-bit unik VPNv4 address.
RD digunakan untuk identifikasi VRF instances.
membedakan IPV4 yang sama dari VPN yang berbeda
VRF instances yang berbeda, HARUS mempunyai RD yang
berbeda
RD dikonfigurasi pada router PE untuk setiap VRF
17. Format Route Distinguisher
0 AS Number Assigned Number
1 IP Address Assigned Number
2 AS Number Assigned Number
18. Format Route Distinguisher
8 byte = 64 bit
Administrator field berisi Autonomous System Number
(ASN) dari IANA
Assigned Number field ditetapkan oleh provider
Format : AS:number atau IPaddress:number
Contoh RD :
100:1
172.1.1.1:1
20. VPNv4
Route VPNv4
Ingress PE menambahkan RD pada IPv4 prefix yang diterima
dari setiap CE
Address VPNv4 hanya dipertukarkan antar PE menggunakan
MP-BGP
Egress PE melakukan konversi VPNv4 menjadi IPv4 sebelum
memasuki routing table
VPNv4 hanya digunakan pada control plane
Data plane menggunakan MPLS
21. Format VPNv4
VPN-IP address = Route Distinguisher (RD) + IP address
12 byte = 8 byte + 4 byte
96 bit
Contoh : 10458:22:10.1.0.0/16 atau 1.1.1.1:33:10.1.0.0/16
23. Route Target
untuk mengidentifikasi VRF pada saat router PE
mendistribusikan route
import/export route dari/ke VRF
Mempunyai format yang sama dengan RD
Type(0x0002) AS#(16bit) Value(32bit)
Type(0x0102) IP address(32bit) Value(32bit)
24. Route Target
Setiap VRF Instances diknfigurasi 2 Route Target :
Export RT
Atribut export RT ditambahkan pada paket, ketika PE mengirimkan
MP-iBGP updates
Import RT
Ketika MP-BGP update diterima suatu PE, hanya lokal VRF yang
mempunyai daftar import RT yang sama yang dapat mengambil
data tersebut.
25. Distribusi Route VRF
P Router
CE Router PE PE CE Router
Site MP-iBGP Site
Router PE mendistribusikan informasi route VRF lokal melalui jaringan
backbone MPLS/VPN
PE pengirim, melakukan export route VRF lokal melalui MP-iBGP
(dengan atribut export-route target)
PE penerima, melakukan import route ke VRF yang sesuai (dengan
atribut import-route target).
26. RT pada Intranet
VPN A MPLS/VPN Backbone
VPN A
Site-1 & Site -2 routes
Site- Site-3 & Site -4 routes
Site-
SITE -1 RT=VPN -A RT=VPN -A SITE -3
MP-iBGP
P Router
SITE -2 Site-1 routes
Site- Site-1 routes
Site- SITE -4
Site-2 routes
Site- Site-2 routes
Site-
VPN A Site-3 routes
Site- Site-3 routes
Site- VPN A
Site-4 routes Site-4 routes
28. Komponen VRF pada MP-BGP
MP-iBGP
BGP, OSPF, RIPv2 update PE PE
for 149.27.2.0/24,NH=CE-1
VPN-v4 update:
RD:1:27:149.27.2.0/24,
Next-hop=PE-1
CE-1
RT=VPN-A, CE-2
Label=(28)
29. Arsitektur BGP/MPLS VPN
Terdiri atas 2 komponen :
Control plane:
Menggunakan VRF didalam router PE untuk memisahkan VPN
yang berbeda.
Menggunakan LDP/RSVP untuk mendistribusikan LSP label
dalam mencapai remote PE
Menggunakan MP-BGP untuk mendistribusikan VPN route dan
VPN label antar PE
Forwarding plane : dual stack
30. Arsitektur BGP/MPLS VPN
Forwarding Plane
Trafik diforward dengan menggunakan 2 label :
1. LSP Label
untuk menjangkau remote PE (BGP next-hop) .
2. VPN label
untuk identifikasi interface VPN pada remote PE :
Layer 2 Label Label IP Datagram
Header 1 2
LSP Label didistribusikan oleh LDP atau RSVP
VPN Label didistribusikan oleh BGP, along with the VPN-IP
address.
Remote PE membuat keputusan forwarding berdasarkan
VPN Label
31. Model Routing MPLS VPN
Routing MPLS VPN-Perspektif CE router,
Routing MPLS VPN-Perspektif overall user,
Routing MPLS VPN-Perspektif P router,
Routing MPLS VPN- Perspektif PE router.
32. Routing MPLS VPN - Perspektif CE router
Router CE menjalankan routing standar dan bertukar
routing update dengan router PE
EBGP, OSPF, RIPv2, EIGRP, and static route
33. Routing MPLS VPN - Perspektif overall user
Dari sudut pandang customer, router PE terlihat sebagai core router
yang menggunakan backbone BGP,
Router P tidak terlihat dari customer
34. Routing MPLS VPN - Perspektif P Router
Router P tidak mengambil bagian didalam routing MPLS
VPN dan tidak membawa route VPN.
Router P berkomunikasi dengan PE router pada backbone
Internet Gateway Protocol (IGP) dan saling bertukar
informasi tentang global subnetwork (core link dan
loopback).
35. Routing MPLS VPN - Perspektif PE Router
PE Router :
melakukan pertukaran route VPN dengan router CE melalui routing
protokol yang berjalan didalam virtual routing table
Melakukan pertukaran route pada sisi core dengan router P melalui
core IGP
melakukan route VPNv4 dengan router PE yang lain melalui sesi
MP-BGP
36. Routing MPLS VPN - Perspektif PE router
Routing tables on PE-Routers.
PE mempunyai 2 routing table :
Global routing table , berisi informasi route untuk semua router
PE dan P (core route)
VRF (VPN routing & forwarding) table, berisi informasi tabel
routing dan forwarding untuk CE yang terhubung langsung
38. Pertukaran Informasi Routing (1/7)
VPN A
VPN A
Site-2
Site-1 MP-BGP session
CE-2
CE-1 PE-2
VRF PE-1 VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
OSPF
Site-1 Site-2
10.1/16 1
Router CE meng-advertise route ke router PE
menggunakan teknik routing tradisional (OSPF, IS-IS, RIP,
BGP, and static routes)
39. Pertukaran Informasi Routing (2/7)
VPN A
VPN A
Site-2
Site-1 MP-BGP session
CE-2
CE-1 PE-2
VRF PE-1 VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
OSPF
Site-1 Site-2
2 10458:23:10.1/16 10.1/16
Pada VRF, IPv4 dikonversi menjadi VPNv4
40. Pertukaran Informasi Routing (3/7)
VPN A
VPN A
Site-2
Site-1 MP-BGP session
CE-2
CE-1 PE-2
VRF PE-1 VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
OSPF
Site-1 Site-2
10458:23:10.1/16 10.1/16
3 “VPN RED” Export
VRF diasosiasikan dengan export - Route Target
VRF meng-export Route Target “VPN RED”
41. Pertukaran Informasi Routing (4/7)
VPN A
VPN A
Site-2
Site-1 MP-BGP session
CE-1 PE-2 CE-2
VRF PE-1 VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
OSPF
Site-1 Site-2
10458:23:10.1/16 10.1/16
4 “VPN RED” Export
BGP Label
Next Hop PE-2
VPNv4 di-advertise ke PE yang lain
Inner label (“BGP/VPN Label”)
Extended communities
• Route Target
BGP next hop
42. Pertukaran Informasi Routing (5/7)
VPN A
VPN A
Site-2
Site-1 MP-BGP session
CE-1 PE-2 CE-2
VRF PE-1 VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
OSPF
Site-1 Site-2
10458:23:10.1/16 10.1/16
MP-BGP
“VPN RED” Import “VPN RED” Export
BGP Label
5
Next Hop PE-2
Setiap router PE dikonfigur dengan import Route Target
Jika import Route Target sesuai dengan atribut Route Target
yang terdapata pada route BGP, route di-copy pada VRF yang
sesuai
10458:23:10.1/16 di-copy pada red VRF, bukan pada blue VRF
43. Pertukaran Informasi Routing (6/7)
VPN A
VPN A
Site-2
Site-1 MP-BGP session
CE-1 PE-2 CE-2
VRF PE-1 VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
OSPF
Site-1 Site-2
10458:23:10.1/16 10.1/16
MP-BGP
“VPN RED” Import “VPN RED” Export
10458:23:10.1/16 BGP Label
6 BGP Label (inner) Next Hop PE-2
MPLS Label (outer)
Setiap route VPNv4 dalam VRF diasosiasikan dengan :
Inner (VRF) label, dibawa dalam BGP update
Outer Label untuk menjangkau router PE
44. Pertukaran Informasi Routing (7/7)
VPN A
VPN A
Site-2
Site-1 MP-BGP session
CE-2
CE-1 PE-2
VRF PE-1 VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
Site-1 Site-2
7
10.1/16 Next Hop PE-1
Route IPv4 yang diasosiasikan dengan VRF tertentu, di-
advertise ke CE,
Menggunakan routing standar
46. Data Flow (1/7)
VPN A VPN A
Site-2
Site-1
CE-2
CE-1
VRF PE-1 LSP 1 PE-2
VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
VPN B
Site-1 Site-2
10/8
Sebelum Forwarding data, LSP harus disetup pada backbone MPLS dari
PE-to-PE
Setup LSP menggunakan signaling LDP atau RSVP
47. Data Flow (2/7)
VPN A VPN A
Site-2
Site-1
CE-2
CE-1
VRF PE-1 LSP PE-2
VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
VPN B
Site-1 Site-2
IP 10/8
2 10.1.2.3
Router CE melakukan lookup IPv4 tradisional dan
mengirimkan paket ke router PE
48. Data Flow (3/7)
VPN A VPN A
Site-2
Site-1
3
CE-2
CE-1
VRF PE-1 LSP PE-2
VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
VPN B
Site-1 Site-2
IP 10/8
10.1.2.3
Router PE mengasosiasikan VRF yang sesuai untuk inbound interface
Paket dienkapsulasi dengan 2 label :
Bgp/VPN Label
MPLS Label
49. Data Flow (4/7)
VPN A
VPN A
Site-2
Site-1
CE-2
CE-1
VRF PE-1 LSP PE-2
VRF
4 CE-4
CE-3 VRF VRF
MPLS Label VPN B
VPN B
Site-1 BGP Label Site-2
IP 10.1.2.3
IP 10.1.2.3 10/8
Paket diteruskan dengan dua-level label stack
Outer - MPLS label
Identifikasi LSP yang menuju egress PE
• Inner - BGP/VPN label
Identifikasi outgoing interface dari egress PE ke CE
50. Data Flow (5/7)
VPN A
VPN A
Site-2
Site-1
CE-2
CE-1 PE-2
VRF PE-1 VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
VPN B
MPLS Label
Site-1 Site-2
BGP Label
IP 10.1.2.3 10/8
5
Setelah paket keluar dari ingress PE, outer MPLS label
digunakan untuk forwarding data pada jaringan backbone
Router P tidak mengetahui informasi VPN
51. Data Flow (6/7)
VPN A
VPN A
Site-2
Site-1
CE-2
CE-1 PE-2
VRF PE-1 VRF
6 VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
VPN B BGP Label
Site-1 Site-2
IP 10.1.2.3
10/8
Penultimate hop popping (router sebelum egress PE)
menghapus outer label
52. Data Flow (7/7)
VPN A
VPN A
Site-2
Site-1
CE-2
CE-1 PE-2
VRF PE-1 VRF
VRF CE-4
CE-3 VRF
VPN B
VPN B
Site-1 Site-2
7
IP 10.1.2.3 10/8
Inner label dihapus pada egress PE router
Paket IPv4 dikirim ke outbound interface yang diasosiasikan
dengan label.