Basic information about the four law of Thermodynamics with chemistry point of view.
8 slide = Chemical Reactions
16 slide = Reversible and Non-Reversible Reactions
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 9 Lesson 3 on energy changes, chemical reactions, endothermic and exothermic reactions, and activation energy. Understanding a reaction potential energy diagram.
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 9 Lesson 3 on energy changes, chemical reactions, endothermic and exothermic reactions, and activation energy. Understanding a reaction potential energy diagram.
activation energy of biological systemKAUSHAL SAHU
SOME GENERAL TERM
FREE ENERGY
ENDERGONIC REACTION
EXERGONIC REACTION
ACTIVATION ENERGY
DEFINITION
TRANSITION STATE
WHERE DOES ACTIVATION ENERGY COME FROM?
DETERMINING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY THROUGH ARREHINIUS EQUATION
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ACTIVATION ENERGY
NEGATIVE ACTIVATION ENERGY
EFFECTS OF ENZYMES ON ACTIVATION ENERGY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The rate of reaction is the speed at which a reaction proceeds. The factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction are : nature of reactants, temperature, concentration, size of particle and catalyst.
This is a summary of the topic "Speed of reactions" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
Topic Contains:
What is Thermo Chemistry ?
Define Origin of Heat of Reaction..
Exothermic Reaction..
Endothermic Reaction..
Graphical representation of Exothermic
and Endothermic reactions..
Different type of heat reactions..
Hess’s law..
Energy and the biological systems are joined together and no biological world is almost impossible without ATP. This study material intends to explore the beauty of ATP to drive different biological processes.
activation energy of biological systemKAUSHAL SAHU
SOME GENERAL TERM
FREE ENERGY
ENDERGONIC REACTION
EXERGONIC REACTION
ACTIVATION ENERGY
DEFINITION
TRANSITION STATE
WHERE DOES ACTIVATION ENERGY COME FROM?
DETERMINING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY THROUGH ARREHINIUS EQUATION
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ACTIVATION ENERGY
NEGATIVE ACTIVATION ENERGY
EFFECTS OF ENZYMES ON ACTIVATION ENERGY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The rate of reaction is the speed at which a reaction proceeds. The factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction are : nature of reactants, temperature, concentration, size of particle and catalyst.
This is a summary of the topic "Speed of reactions" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
Topic Contains:
What is Thermo Chemistry ?
Define Origin of Heat of Reaction..
Exothermic Reaction..
Endothermic Reaction..
Graphical representation of Exothermic
and Endothermic reactions..
Different type of heat reactions..
Hess’s law..
Energy and the biological systems are joined together and no biological world is almost impossible without ATP. This study material intends to explore the beauty of ATP to drive different biological processes.
This presentation is about bioenergetics. It talks about energy changes and equilibrium during different biological reactions, how exergonic and endergonic reactions are combined as sequential reactions in body, how the body system is following the law of thermodynamics etc. Role of enzymes in thermodynamics is also explained
These slides are based on the notes provided by the K V Sangathan. For the revision of thermodynamics the notes are pretty awseome. I f only want submit the home work they will do so.I am sure they will help.
THANK YOU
Introduction: The Power of Laser Operation
Laser technology has propelled modern innovation to new heights, thanks to its remarkable ability to generate intense beams of light. Understanding the fundamental principle behind laser operation sheds light on its vast applications across various fields. Let's delve into the intricacies of laser technology and explore its significance.
The Essence of Laser Operation
The operation of a laser revolves around the interaction of atoms or molecules within a gain medium, which encompasses solids, liquids, gases, and semiconductors. By exposing these particles to an external energy source, like an electrical discharge or another laser, they are excited to higher energy levels. Upon returning to their original state, these particles emit photons, thereby generating light.
Amplification: The Key to Laser Power
In a laser system, the process of stimulated emission is amplified by positioning the gain medium between two mirrors, forming an optical cavity. One mirror exhibits partial reflectivity, enabling a portion of the emitted light to escape as a coherent laser beam. Conversely, the second mirror boasts high reflectivity, redirecting the light back into the gain medium to stimulate further emission. This continuous back-and-forth reflection between the mirrors results in amplification, yielding a highly concentrated and precisely directed beam of light.
The Distinctive Features of Lasers
Lasers possess a myriad of unique properties that set them apart from conventional light sources. Their coherence, for instance, signifies that the light waves emitted by a laser remain in perfect phase alignment. Consequently, lasers emit tightly focused beams that can traverse long distances without significant divergence. Furthermore, lasers exhibit a high degree of monochromaticity, emitting light within a narrow range of wavelengths, often producing a single vibrant color.
Applications of Laser Technology
The versatility of laser technology has revolutionized numerous industries, paving the way for groundbreaking advancements. Let's explore some of the prominent domains where lasers find extensive utilization:
1. Telecommunications: Enabling High-Speed Data Transmission
Laser technology plays a vital role in fiber optic communications, facilitating rapid and efficient data transmission. The precise control and high intensity of laser beams enable the encoding and decoding of vast amounts of information, ensuring seamless connectivity and enhanced bandwidth.
2. Medicine: Precision and Minimally Invasive Procedures
In the medical field, lasers have emerged as invaluable tools for precise and minimally invasive procedures. Laser surgery, for instance, allows surgeons to operate with exceptional accuracy, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues and expediting the healing process. Laser technology also finds applications in ophthalmology, dermatology, and various diagnostic procedures.
Multivibrators are electronic circuits that generate two or more continuous output waveforms without any external input signal.
They are often used in digital circuits, timing applications, and sequential logic circuits.
The most common types of multivibrators are the astable, monostable, and bistable multivibrators.
Astable multivibrator: Also known as a free-running multivibrator, it produces a continuous square wave output without any stable state. It has two unstable states that continually alternate, creating a waveform with a specific frequency and duty cycle.
Monostable multivibrator: Also known as a one-shot multivibrator, it generates a single output pulse of a specific duration when triggered. After the pulse, it returns to its stable state until the next trigger signal is received.
Bistable multivibrator: Also known as a flip-flop, it has two stable states and remains in one state until it receives a trigger signal. The triggered transition causes the output to switch to the opposite state, and it remains in that state until the next trigger is received.
Multivibrators can be implemented using various electronic components, such as transistors, operational amplifiers, and logic gates.
These circuits find applications in various areas, including clock synchronization, frequency division, pulse generation, timers, and sequential logic circuits.
They are commonly used in digital electronics, microcontrollers, and integrated circuits.
Multivibrators play a vital role in digital systems, providing timing and sequencing functions for reliable operation.
By adjusting the circuit components or using feedback mechanisms, the frequency, duty cycle, and timing characteristics of multivibrators can be customized to suit specific requirements.
Polarization rotation: phenomenon where the orientation of polarization plane changes as light passes through certain materials or structures.
Occurs in anisotropic materials (e.g., crystals, liquid crystals, optical waveguides) with direction-dependent properties.
Input polarization plane undergoes rotation when unpolarized or linearly polarized light passes through a rotation-inducing material.
Rotation angle depends on material properties and incident light wavelength (Faraday rotation angle or Verdet constant).
Applications: optical communication systems, optical isolators, magneto-optical devices, and polarization-sensitive detectors.
Different from birefringence (polarization-independent separation of light into orthogonal polarizations).
Polarization rotation controlled by external factors (magnetic field, electric field) depending on the material or device.
Significance in telecommunications, optics, magneto-optics, and material characterization.
Neuralink is a device being created by Elon Musk to enhance the capability of brain to do dofferent things. This is a business proposal prepared for the markting of Neuralink.The numbers are self made.
This is the introdution to caculas's curve curcature region and vectors with derivation of basic equation.
There are also many examples hand solved at the end of slides.
This is a basic presentation about the Capacotors with iths basic knowledge about some equations also.
It is a little longer but you will get the general information about the capacitors.
It is well divided into 4 portions.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. 1st Law
• The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be converted from one form to another
with the interaction of heat, work and internal energy, but it cannot be created nor destroyed,
under any circumstances.
ΔU=q+w
• ΔU is the total change in internal energy of a system,
• q is the heat exchanged between a system and its surroundings, and
• w is the work done by or on the system.
4. • Work is also equal to the negative external pressure on the system multiplied by the change in
volume:
w=−pΔV
where P is the external pressure on the system, and ΔV is the change in volume. This is specifically
called "pressure-volume" work.
ΔUsystem=−ΔUsurroundings
5. 2nd Law
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that "in all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or
leaves the system, the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the
initial state."
Eff=W=1−QcQhEff=WQh=1−QcQh
•This is also commonly
referred to as entropy.
7. 3rd Law
• The Third Law states,
“The entropy of a perfect crystal is zero when the temperature of the crystal is equal to
absolute zero (0 K).”
S – S0 = 𝑘B ln𝛀
• S is the entropy of the system.
• S0 is the initial entropy.
• 𝑘B denotes the Boltzmann constant.
• 𝛀 refers to the total number of microstates that are consistent with the system’s macroscopic
configuration.
9. CHEMICAL REACTION
The process through which substances convert into
other substances is known as a chemical reaction.
For example the formation of water from hydrogen
and oxygen:
10. CATEGORIES OF CHEMICAL
REACTION
Chemical reactions are of the following categories:
○Exothermic and Endothermic
○Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous
○Reversible and Non-Reversible
On the basis heat evolution the two categories are,
Exothermic Reactions:
The chemical reactions which release energy during the process.
Endothermic Reactions:
The chemical reactions which absorb energy during the process.
11. SPONTANEOUS AND NON-
SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS
The propagation of a reaction determines whether it is spontaneous or
not:
Spontaneous Reactions:
If a reaction is capable of initiating or propagating on its own it is called
spontaneous.
Non-Spontaneous Reactions:
If a reaction is not capable of initiating or propagating on its own it is
called spontaneous.
12. SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS
These reactions have the following properties:
• They are exothermic.
• The reactants are at a higher energy level than products.
• There Gibbs energy is negative.
13. NON-SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS:
These reactions have the following properties:
• They are endothermic.
• The reactants are at a lower energy level than the products.
• There Gibbs energy is positive.
14. GIBBS ENERGY AND SPONTANEITY:
Gibbs Energy
The energy required to initiate a reaction is known as its Gibbs energy.
This energy determines the spontaneity of a reaction, since it tells
whether a reaction will absorb or release energy on initiations.
15. Gibbs energy of Spontaneous Reactions:
If the value of Gibbs energy for a reaction is negative, it means that it will
release energy on initiation and hence it will be spontaneous.
Gibbs energy of Non-Spontaneous Reactions:
If the value of Gibbs energy for a reaction is positive, it means that it will
absorb energy on initiation and hence it will be non-spontaneous.
17. REVERSIBLE & IRREVERSIBLE
A chemical reaction is the one in which a
substance converts into another, this is what is
known as a non-reversible reaction.
In some reactions the converted substance also
coverts back into the original substance, these are
known as reversible reaction.
18. PROPERTIES OF REVERSIBLE
REACTION:
• Two reactions forward and reverse take place
simultaneously.
• Forward reaction slows down over time while reverse
reaction speeds up.
• The end result of the reaction is Equilibrium state.
19. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM:
• The point in a reversible reaction where the forward and reverse
reaction take place at the same rate.
• The number of reactants converting into products is equal to the
number of products converting into reactants.
• The reaction does not stop but appears to be stationary.
• Further product cannot be yielded without somehow disturbing
the equilibrium.
20. THERMOCHEMISTRY OF
REVERSIBLE
REACTIONS:
Thermochemistry deals with the heat energy absorbed or
released in a reaction. It studies the effect of temperature on
chemical reactions.
The equilibrium state can be affected by temperature and its
effect can be determined by thermochemistry.
21. EFFECT OF INCREASING
TEMPRATURE:
• Increasing the temperature causes heat to transfer from
surrounding to the system, which favours exothermic processes
while diminishes endothermic processes.
• If the forward reaction is exothermic the increasing temperature
increases the rate of it while the endothermic reverse reaction is
slowed, thus more product is formed.
• If the forward reaction is endothermic the increasing
temperature decreases the rate of it while the endothermic
reverse reaction speeds up, thus more reactant is formed.
22. EFFECT OF DECREASING
TEMPRATURE:
Decreasing the temperature causes heat to transfer from the
system to the surrounding , which favours endothermic processes
while diminishes exothermic processes.
If the forward reaction is endothermic the decreasing temperature
increases the rate of it while the exothermic reverse reaction is
slowed, thus more product is formed.
If the forward reaction is exothermic the decreasing temperature
decreases the rate of it while the endothermic reverse reaction
speeds up, thus more reactant is formed.