Polarization rotation: phenomenon where the orientation of polarization plane changes as light passes through certain materials or structures.
Occurs in anisotropic materials (e.g., crystals, liquid crystals, optical waveguides) with direction-dependent properties.
Input polarization plane undergoes rotation when unpolarized or linearly polarized light passes through a rotation-inducing material.
Rotation angle depends on material properties and incident light wavelength (Faraday rotation angle or Verdet constant).
Applications: optical communication systems, optical isolators, magneto-optical devices, and polarization-sensitive detectors.
Different from birefringence (polarization-independent separation of light into orthogonal polarizations).
Polarization rotation controlled by external factors (magnetic field, electric field) depending on the material or device.
Significance in telecommunications, optics, magneto-optics, and material characterization.
Measurement of optical fiber refractive indexCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation discusses the various methods for measurement of refractive index of an optical fiber. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Measurement of optical fiber refractive indexCKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation discusses the various methods for measurement of refractive index of an optical fiber. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ANALYSIs TECHNIQUES : Spectroscopies - SHREYA NAIR
INTRODUCTION - Spectroscopies are useful for chemical state analysis (bonding or charge transfer amongst the atoms), electronic structure (energy gaps, impurity levels, band formation and transition probabilities) and other properties of materials.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
PHOTOLUMINESENCE SPECTROMETER
AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
X-Ray and Ultra Violet Photoelectron Spectroscopies (XPS or ESCA and UPS)
REFERENCE
THANK YOU
A detail and straight forward information about th CD and ORD
and Also about the polarization of light i.e. plane polarized light and circular polarized light
Introduction: The Power of Laser Operation
Laser technology has propelled modern innovation to new heights, thanks to its remarkable ability to generate intense beams of light. Understanding the fundamental principle behind laser operation sheds light on its vast applications across various fields. Let's delve into the intricacies of laser technology and explore its significance.
The Essence of Laser Operation
The operation of a laser revolves around the interaction of atoms or molecules within a gain medium, which encompasses solids, liquids, gases, and semiconductors. By exposing these particles to an external energy source, like an electrical discharge or another laser, they are excited to higher energy levels. Upon returning to their original state, these particles emit photons, thereby generating light.
Amplification: The Key to Laser Power
In a laser system, the process of stimulated emission is amplified by positioning the gain medium between two mirrors, forming an optical cavity. One mirror exhibits partial reflectivity, enabling a portion of the emitted light to escape as a coherent laser beam. Conversely, the second mirror boasts high reflectivity, redirecting the light back into the gain medium to stimulate further emission. This continuous back-and-forth reflection between the mirrors results in amplification, yielding a highly concentrated and precisely directed beam of light.
The Distinctive Features of Lasers
Lasers possess a myriad of unique properties that set them apart from conventional light sources. Their coherence, for instance, signifies that the light waves emitted by a laser remain in perfect phase alignment. Consequently, lasers emit tightly focused beams that can traverse long distances without significant divergence. Furthermore, lasers exhibit a high degree of monochromaticity, emitting light within a narrow range of wavelengths, often producing a single vibrant color.
Applications of Laser Technology
The versatility of laser technology has revolutionized numerous industries, paving the way for groundbreaking advancements. Let's explore some of the prominent domains where lasers find extensive utilization:
1. Telecommunications: Enabling High-Speed Data Transmission
Laser technology plays a vital role in fiber optic communications, facilitating rapid and efficient data transmission. The precise control and high intensity of laser beams enable the encoding and decoding of vast amounts of information, ensuring seamless connectivity and enhanced bandwidth.
2. Medicine: Precision and Minimally Invasive Procedures
In the medical field, lasers have emerged as invaluable tools for precise and minimally invasive procedures. Laser surgery, for instance, allows surgeons to operate with exceptional accuracy, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues and expediting the healing process. Laser technology also finds applications in ophthalmology, dermatology, and various diagnostic procedures.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ANALYSIs TECHNIQUES : Spectroscopies - SHREYA NAIR
INTRODUCTION - Spectroscopies are useful for chemical state analysis (bonding or charge transfer amongst the atoms), electronic structure (energy gaps, impurity levels, band formation and transition probabilities) and other properties of materials.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
PHOTOLUMINESENCE SPECTROMETER
AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
X-Ray and Ultra Violet Photoelectron Spectroscopies (XPS or ESCA and UPS)
REFERENCE
THANK YOU
A detail and straight forward information about th CD and ORD
and Also about the polarization of light i.e. plane polarized light and circular polarized light
Introduction: The Power of Laser Operation
Laser technology has propelled modern innovation to new heights, thanks to its remarkable ability to generate intense beams of light. Understanding the fundamental principle behind laser operation sheds light on its vast applications across various fields. Let's delve into the intricacies of laser technology and explore its significance.
The Essence of Laser Operation
The operation of a laser revolves around the interaction of atoms or molecules within a gain medium, which encompasses solids, liquids, gases, and semiconductors. By exposing these particles to an external energy source, like an electrical discharge or another laser, they are excited to higher energy levels. Upon returning to their original state, these particles emit photons, thereby generating light.
Amplification: The Key to Laser Power
In a laser system, the process of stimulated emission is amplified by positioning the gain medium between two mirrors, forming an optical cavity. One mirror exhibits partial reflectivity, enabling a portion of the emitted light to escape as a coherent laser beam. Conversely, the second mirror boasts high reflectivity, redirecting the light back into the gain medium to stimulate further emission. This continuous back-and-forth reflection between the mirrors results in amplification, yielding a highly concentrated and precisely directed beam of light.
The Distinctive Features of Lasers
Lasers possess a myriad of unique properties that set them apart from conventional light sources. Their coherence, for instance, signifies that the light waves emitted by a laser remain in perfect phase alignment. Consequently, lasers emit tightly focused beams that can traverse long distances without significant divergence. Furthermore, lasers exhibit a high degree of monochromaticity, emitting light within a narrow range of wavelengths, often producing a single vibrant color.
Applications of Laser Technology
The versatility of laser technology has revolutionized numerous industries, paving the way for groundbreaking advancements. Let's explore some of the prominent domains where lasers find extensive utilization:
1. Telecommunications: Enabling High-Speed Data Transmission
Laser technology plays a vital role in fiber optic communications, facilitating rapid and efficient data transmission. The precise control and high intensity of laser beams enable the encoding and decoding of vast amounts of information, ensuring seamless connectivity and enhanced bandwidth.
2. Medicine: Precision and Minimally Invasive Procedures
In the medical field, lasers have emerged as invaluable tools for precise and minimally invasive procedures. Laser surgery, for instance, allows surgeons to operate with exceptional accuracy, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues and expediting the healing process. Laser technology also finds applications in ophthalmology, dermatology, and various diagnostic procedures.
Multivibrators are electronic circuits that generate two or more continuous output waveforms without any external input signal.
They are often used in digital circuits, timing applications, and sequential logic circuits.
The most common types of multivibrators are the astable, monostable, and bistable multivibrators.
Astable multivibrator: Also known as a free-running multivibrator, it produces a continuous square wave output without any stable state. It has two unstable states that continually alternate, creating a waveform with a specific frequency and duty cycle.
Monostable multivibrator: Also known as a one-shot multivibrator, it generates a single output pulse of a specific duration when triggered. After the pulse, it returns to its stable state until the next trigger signal is received.
Bistable multivibrator: Also known as a flip-flop, it has two stable states and remains in one state until it receives a trigger signal. The triggered transition causes the output to switch to the opposite state, and it remains in that state until the next trigger is received.
Multivibrators can be implemented using various electronic components, such as transistors, operational amplifiers, and logic gates.
These circuits find applications in various areas, including clock synchronization, frequency division, pulse generation, timers, and sequential logic circuits.
They are commonly used in digital electronics, microcontrollers, and integrated circuits.
Multivibrators play a vital role in digital systems, providing timing and sequencing functions for reliable operation.
By adjusting the circuit components or using feedback mechanisms, the frequency, duty cycle, and timing characteristics of multivibrators can be customized to suit specific requirements.
Neuralink is a device being created by Elon Musk to enhance the capability of brain to do dofferent things. This is a business proposal prepared for the markting of Neuralink.The numbers are self made.
Basic information about the four law of Thermodynamics with chemistry point of view.
8 slide = Chemical Reactions
16 slide = Reversible and Non-Reversible Reactions
This is the introdution to caculas's curve curcature region and vectors with derivation of basic equation.
There are also many examples hand solved at the end of slides.
This is a basic presentation about the Capacotors with iths basic knowledge about some equations also.
It is a little longer but you will get the general information about the capacitors.
It is well divided into 4 portions.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. Principle
• A polarization rotator is an optical
device that rotates the polarization axis
of a linearly polarized light beam by an
angle of choice
• Distance between mirrors is d.
• Laser of wavelength λ at an incident
angle θ.
3.
4. Construction
• Optical Rail (1 meter)
• Fabry-Perot setup (Fixed
Mirror mount with Two
Etalon)
• Movable Mirror
• Diode Laser mount with
Kinematic (5 V) Power
Supply
• Achromatic Lens mount
5. • The phase difference is given by:
𝛿 = ( 2π /λ ) ∆
• Thus, the resultant transmitted light intensity IT
where, I0 is the incident intensity, R is the reflectivity of the mirrors. It can be noticed
that IT varies with 𝛿
6.
7. Applications
• Polarization can be used as an artistic medium to create unique and
visually striking works of art.
• In astronomy an etalon is used to select a single atomic transition for
imaging.
• Polarization can be used in archaeology to study the properties of
ancient materials such as ceramics, glass, and stone.
• Polarization is used in laser-based measurement and sensing systems to
determine physical properties of materials, such as surface roughness
and refractive index.
