The document discusses various topics related to lathe machines and their operation. It describes safety precautions when using lathes, different types of lathes, and identifies the main parts of a center lathe such as the headstock, carriage, apron, cross-slide, compound slide, tool post, and tailstock. It also covers holding work, cutting tapers, cutting speeds, and accessories like lathe centers.
Presentation on different types of machine,spur gear making, single point cut...Reshad Ibn Momin
Different types of machines,such as
#Lathe Machine
#Milling Machine
#Grinding Machine
#Drilling Machine
#Shaper&Planer
and Spur Gear Making ,making of single point cutting tool.
Presented By the RESHAD,BAPPY,RAJIB,SAORAV,Kadery. (13 batch) Mechanical Engineering Dept of Chittagong University of Engineering & technology.
Unit 3A1 Lathe turning and related operationsMechbytes
Coverage of machine tools classification, types, functions and Lathe machine, Turning & related operations, Lathe construction, parts, accessories and attachments
Fundamentals of Metal cutting and Machining Processes
MACHINING OPERATIONS AND MACHINING TOOLS
Turning and Related Operations
Drilling and Related Operations
Milling
Machining Centers and Turning Centers
Other Machining Operations
High Speed Machining
Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling, hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
Milling is a machining process that uses a rotating cutter to remove material from a workpiece through the cutting action of multiple cutting edges. There are two main types of milling: peripheral milling and face milling. Peripheral milling involves rotating the cutter parallel to the workpiece surface, while face milling generates a surface perpendicular to the cutter axis. Milling operations can produce flat, contoured, or irregular surfaces and complex shapes through techniques like slab milling, slotting, side milling, straddle milling, form milling, up milling, down milling, end milling, pocket milling, and profile milling.
Presentation on different types of machine,spur gear making, single point cut...Reshad Ibn Momin
Different types of machines,such as
#Lathe Machine
#Milling Machine
#Grinding Machine
#Drilling Machine
#Shaper&Planer
and Spur Gear Making ,making of single point cutting tool.
Presented By the RESHAD,BAPPY,RAJIB,SAORAV,Kadery. (13 batch) Mechanical Engineering Dept of Chittagong University of Engineering & technology.
Unit 3A1 Lathe turning and related operationsMechbytes
Coverage of machine tools classification, types, functions and Lathe machine, Turning & related operations, Lathe construction, parts, accessories and attachments
Fundamentals of Metal cutting and Machining Processes
MACHINING OPERATIONS AND MACHINING TOOLS
Turning and Related Operations
Drilling and Related Operations
Milling
Machining Centers and Turning Centers
Other Machining Operations
High Speed Machining
Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling, hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
Milling is a machining process that uses a rotating cutter to remove material from a workpiece through the cutting action of multiple cutting edges. There are two main types of milling: peripheral milling and face milling. Peripheral milling involves rotating the cutter parallel to the workpiece surface, while face milling generates a surface perpendicular to the cutter axis. Milling operations can produce flat, contoured, or irregular surfaces and complex shapes through techniques like slab milling, slotting, side milling, straddle milling, form milling, up milling, down milling, end milling, pocket milling, and profile milling.
The document provides information about a workshop manual for a mechanical engineering department. It includes:
- A table of contents listing 10 experiments involving lathe, shaper, and milling machine operations.
- General instructions for safe machine operation and lab procedures.
- Safety precautions for various machines.
- Objectives of learning basic workshop processes and machine operations.
- Detailed descriptions of the parts of a lathe and shaper machine and procedures for experiments involving turning, facing, threading and knurling on a lathe and block machining on a shaper.
Centre lathe, constructional features, specification, operations – taper turning methods, thread cutting methods, special attachments, machining time and power estimation. Capstan and turret lathes- tool layout – automatic lathes: semi automatic – single spindle : Swiss type, automatic screw type – multi spindle:
This document discusses the vertical milling machine. It begins by listing the objectives of describing the main parts of a ram-type vertical milling machine and explaining how to select cutting speeds, feeds, and depth of cut. It then explains the parts of a ram-type vertical milling machine and how to align the vertical head and vise. The document provides information on various milling operations and cutter types including end mills. It concludes by outlining the procedure for accurately machining a block square and parallel and drilling holes to location using a vertical milling machine.
The document provides an overview of machining processes and safety procedures in a workshop. It discusses various machining operations like turning, drilling, milling, boring, tapping, threading and grinding. It also covers chip formation and different types of chips produced during machining. Workshop safety rules regarding personal protective equipment, machine operations, housekeeping and emergency response are highlighted. The document emphasizes the importance of following safety protocols to prevent injuries in the workshop.
This document summarizes different types of milling machines and milling processes. It discusses column and knee milling machines, which are commonly used for small shop work. It also describes different milling processes like peripheral milling, up milling, down milling, and face milling. Key factors that influence these milling processes like cutter geometry, lead angle, and rake angle are explained. Guidelines for milling operations to minimize vibrations and ensure rigidity are also provided.
This document discusses machining and cutting tools. It defines machining as a process that removes excess material from preformed blanks using cutting tools to achieve desired dimensions and surface finish. It also describes different types of machine tools, cutting tool materials like high speed steel and stellite, cutting tool geometry, chip formation, cutting forces, mechanics of orthogonal cutting, and calculations of metal removal rate and cutting power consumption.
The document discusses lathe machines, which are used to shape cylindrical workpieces. It describes various lathe operations like turning, facing, drilling and threading. It explains key lathe components like the headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It also covers workholding devices, lathe types, and turning parameters that define the cutting process. Overall, the document provides an overview of lathe machines, their functions, operations and various related topics.
The document summarizes fundamentals of machining including:
1. Metal cutting is the process of producing a workpiece by removing unwanted material from a block of metal in the form of chips. Chip formation occurs when stress in the workpiece exceeds its ultimate strength, causing particles to shear off along the shear plane.
2. Cutting tools can be single-point or multi-point tools. Properties of ideal tool materials include hot hardness, wear resistance, toughness, and low cost. Common tool materials are high-speed steel, cemented carbides, and diamonds.
3. Cutting involves feed rate, cutting speed, depth of cut, and standard time calculations. Cutting can be orthogonal or oblique
1. The document describes various common machining processes including lathe operations like turning, taper turning, and thread cutting.
2. Milling operations including plain milling, face milling, and side milling are discussed as well as other processes like drilling, planning, shaping, and grinding.
3. Numerical control and computer numerical control are covered as methods to control machine tools using programmed instructions.
Whole lathe machine in brief which any one can understand easily and quickly.
A Perfect ppt to get knowledge about lathe machine, its parts, operations etc.
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the centre lathe. It discusses the main parts and functions of the lathe, including the headstock, bed, carriage, cross-slide, apron, tailstock, tool post, and quick-change gearbox. It also covers lathe safety, types of lathes, cutting speeds, lathe accessories such as centers, chucks, faceplates, and work holding methods. The objectives are to identify lathe parts and their purposes, discuss safety procedures, calculate cutting speeds, and describe various lathe accessories.
This document provides an overview of milling machines, including their basic functions, classifications, and applications. It discusses the purposes of milling machines in producing flat and contoured surfaces. Milling machines are classified based on their purpose, configuration, spindle orientation, and degree of automation/production rate. Common types include knee type, bed type, planer type, and rotary table type machines. CNC milling machines offer increased flexibility, reduced changeover times, and ability to machine complex geometries compared to conventional machines.
This document provides an overview of milling and turning operations. It discusses the principles and types of milling machines like horizontal and vertical mills. Common milling operations include plain, face, side, profile, end and gang milling. Turning operations covered are facing, parting, grooving, boring, knurling, drilling, reaming, threading, taper and polygonal turning. Both milling and turning remove material using rotary cutters or single point tools on workpieces mounted on machine tools.
IN THIS PRESENTATION CONSIST ON LATHE AND ITS TYPES EXPLAIN SHORT &
SWEET WITH GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Note : PART-A CONTINUOUS..... Remaining Unit Update soon ...WIsh you Happy Learning.....
shaping, milling and gear cutting machineslaxtwinsme
Shaper – Types of operations. Drilling, reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling ,hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
This document discusses milling machines and their components and operations. It defines milling as a machining process that uses a rotating multi-tooth cutter to remove material from a workpiece as it travels along different axes relative to the workpiece. It describes the different types of milling machines, milling parameters such as cutting speed and feed, common milling operations including peripheral, face and end milling, and components like the worktable, saddle, knee, and head.
MILLING – Cutting parameters, machine time calculation
Milling operation – Plain milling, side & face milling, form milling, gang milling, end milling, face milling, T slot milling, slitting
GEAR CUTTING – Gear cutting on milling machine – dividing head and indexing method, gear hobbing, principle of operation, advantages & limitation, hobbing tech, gear shaping, gear finishing process
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the center lathe. It discusses the main purpose of the lathe, safety precautions when using it, different types of lathes, and the main parts of the center lathe. It explains what each main part is used for, how to hold workpieces, cut tapers, and select proper cutting speeds. The document also provides examples of calculating cutting speeds and spindle speeds for different materials and diameters.
Chapter 3 CNC turning and machining centersRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses CNC turning and machining centers. It describes turning as a machining process using a lathe where the tool moves parallel to the workpiece axis to remove material. CNC lathes are replacing older lathes. Milling involves using rotating cutting tools to produce flat and helical surfaces. Machining centers are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the spindle orientation. Machining centers have automatic tool changers and may have automatic workpiece positioners or pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
The document provides information about a workshop manual for a mechanical engineering department. It includes:
- A table of contents listing 10 experiments involving lathe, shaper, and milling machine operations.
- General instructions for safe machine operation and lab procedures.
- Safety precautions for various machines.
- Objectives of learning basic workshop processes and machine operations.
- Detailed descriptions of the parts of a lathe and shaper machine and procedures for experiments involving turning, facing, threading and knurling on a lathe and block machining on a shaper.
Centre lathe, constructional features, specification, operations – taper turning methods, thread cutting methods, special attachments, machining time and power estimation. Capstan and turret lathes- tool layout – automatic lathes: semi automatic – single spindle : Swiss type, automatic screw type – multi spindle:
This document discusses the vertical milling machine. It begins by listing the objectives of describing the main parts of a ram-type vertical milling machine and explaining how to select cutting speeds, feeds, and depth of cut. It then explains the parts of a ram-type vertical milling machine and how to align the vertical head and vise. The document provides information on various milling operations and cutter types including end mills. It concludes by outlining the procedure for accurately machining a block square and parallel and drilling holes to location using a vertical milling machine.
The document provides an overview of machining processes and safety procedures in a workshop. It discusses various machining operations like turning, drilling, milling, boring, tapping, threading and grinding. It also covers chip formation and different types of chips produced during machining. Workshop safety rules regarding personal protective equipment, machine operations, housekeeping and emergency response are highlighted. The document emphasizes the importance of following safety protocols to prevent injuries in the workshop.
This document summarizes different types of milling machines and milling processes. It discusses column and knee milling machines, which are commonly used for small shop work. It also describes different milling processes like peripheral milling, up milling, down milling, and face milling. Key factors that influence these milling processes like cutter geometry, lead angle, and rake angle are explained. Guidelines for milling operations to minimize vibrations and ensure rigidity are also provided.
This document discusses machining and cutting tools. It defines machining as a process that removes excess material from preformed blanks using cutting tools to achieve desired dimensions and surface finish. It also describes different types of machine tools, cutting tool materials like high speed steel and stellite, cutting tool geometry, chip formation, cutting forces, mechanics of orthogonal cutting, and calculations of metal removal rate and cutting power consumption.
The document discusses lathe machines, which are used to shape cylindrical workpieces. It describes various lathe operations like turning, facing, drilling and threading. It explains key lathe components like the headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It also covers workholding devices, lathe types, and turning parameters that define the cutting process. Overall, the document provides an overview of lathe machines, their functions, operations and various related topics.
The document summarizes fundamentals of machining including:
1. Metal cutting is the process of producing a workpiece by removing unwanted material from a block of metal in the form of chips. Chip formation occurs when stress in the workpiece exceeds its ultimate strength, causing particles to shear off along the shear plane.
2. Cutting tools can be single-point or multi-point tools. Properties of ideal tool materials include hot hardness, wear resistance, toughness, and low cost. Common tool materials are high-speed steel, cemented carbides, and diamonds.
3. Cutting involves feed rate, cutting speed, depth of cut, and standard time calculations. Cutting can be orthogonal or oblique
1. The document describes various common machining processes including lathe operations like turning, taper turning, and thread cutting.
2. Milling operations including plain milling, face milling, and side milling are discussed as well as other processes like drilling, planning, shaping, and grinding.
3. Numerical control and computer numerical control are covered as methods to control machine tools using programmed instructions.
Whole lathe machine in brief which any one can understand easily and quickly.
A Perfect ppt to get knowledge about lathe machine, its parts, operations etc.
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the centre lathe. It discusses the main parts and functions of the lathe, including the headstock, bed, carriage, cross-slide, apron, tailstock, tool post, and quick-change gearbox. It also covers lathe safety, types of lathes, cutting speeds, lathe accessories such as centers, chucks, faceplates, and work holding methods. The objectives are to identify lathe parts and their purposes, discuss safety procedures, calculate cutting speeds, and describe various lathe accessories.
This document provides an overview of milling machines, including their basic functions, classifications, and applications. It discusses the purposes of milling machines in producing flat and contoured surfaces. Milling machines are classified based on their purpose, configuration, spindle orientation, and degree of automation/production rate. Common types include knee type, bed type, planer type, and rotary table type machines. CNC milling machines offer increased flexibility, reduced changeover times, and ability to machine complex geometries compared to conventional machines.
This document provides an overview of milling and turning operations. It discusses the principles and types of milling machines like horizontal and vertical mills. Common milling operations include plain, face, side, profile, end and gang milling. Turning operations covered are facing, parting, grooving, boring, knurling, drilling, reaming, threading, taper and polygonal turning. Both milling and turning remove material using rotary cutters or single point tools on workpieces mounted on machine tools.
IN THIS PRESENTATION CONSIST ON LATHE AND ITS TYPES EXPLAIN SHORT &
SWEET WITH GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Note : PART-A CONTINUOUS..... Remaining Unit Update soon ...WIsh you Happy Learning.....
shaping, milling and gear cutting machineslaxtwinsme
Shaper – Types of operations. Drilling, reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling ,hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
This document discusses milling machines and their components and operations. It defines milling as a machining process that uses a rotating multi-tooth cutter to remove material from a workpiece as it travels along different axes relative to the workpiece. It describes the different types of milling machines, milling parameters such as cutting speed and feed, common milling operations including peripheral, face and end milling, and components like the worktable, saddle, knee, and head.
MILLING – Cutting parameters, machine time calculation
Milling operation – Plain milling, side & face milling, form milling, gang milling, end milling, face milling, T slot milling, slitting
GEAR CUTTING – Gear cutting on milling machine – dividing head and indexing method, gear hobbing, principle of operation, advantages & limitation, hobbing tech, gear shaping, gear finishing process
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the center lathe. It discusses the main purpose of the lathe, safety precautions when using it, different types of lathes, and the main parts of the center lathe. It explains what each main part is used for, how to hold workpieces, cut tapers, and select proper cutting speeds. The document also provides examples of calculating cutting speeds and spindle speeds for different materials and diameters.
Chapter 3 CNC turning and machining centersRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses CNC turning and machining centers. It describes turning as a machining process using a lathe where the tool moves parallel to the workpiece axis to remove material. CNC lathes are replacing older lathes. Milling involves using rotating cutting tools to produce flat and helical surfaces. Machining centers are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the spindle orientation. Machining centers have automatic tool changers and may have automatic workpiece positioners or pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
This document provides information about lathe machines, including their definition, main components, operations, specifications, safety precautions, and advantages of carbide and high-speed cutting tools. A lathe machine is used to shape and size metal workpieces through operations like turning, grooving, and drilling. It discusses the types of lathe machines and describes the headstock, tailstock, carriage, cross slide, and tool post as main components. Facing, turning, grooving, and other operations are outlined. Jigs and fixtures are used to increase accuracy and automation.
The document provides an overview of machining and robotics. It discusses lathe machines and their typical parts, principles of operation, and types of operations performed on lathes like turning, facing, threading, and taper turning. It also describes drilling machines, milling machines, and different types of cutting tools used in machining like single point cutting tools and drill bits. Robotics and automation concepts are also briefly introduced.
Experimental investigation of ohns surface property and process parameter on ...ila vamsi krishna
This document discusses optimization of CNC milling operations. It investigates machining performance using different cutting speeds, feeds, and depths of cut with side and face milling cutters. Surface roughness was evaluated using Taguchi design of experiments and analysis of variance. The Taguchi method was used to formulate the experimental design and optimize milling parameters like speed, feed, and depth of cut. Analysis of variance and signal-to-noise ratios were used to study performance characteristics in milling operations.
This document provides a syllabus for a manufacturing science course covering machining, joining, and non-conventional machining and welding processes. The machining section covers topics like metal cutting mechanics, machine tools like lathes, milling machines, and grinders. It discusses machining operations, tooling, workholding, and specifications. The joining section covers welding processes like gas welding and arc welding. The final section introduces unconventional processes like EDM, ECM, laser beam machining, and non-conventional welding techniques. The syllabus is divided into 5 units and provides learning objectives and references for each major topic.
01-PED121-Lecture 2- Basic Elements and Mechanisims of Machine tools.pdfDalia Nabil
This document provides an overview of machining operations and machine tools. It describes the basic elements and mechanisms of machine tools, including structures, guideways, spindles, driving systems, and maintenance principles. The key elements are machine structures to resist loads and maintain accuracy, guideways to restrict motion, spindles to hold and drive tools or workpieces, and drive systems to impart motion. Proper maintenance is also essential to prevent excessive wear and ensure accurate parts production over the machine's lifetime.
The document discusses machining processes and lathe operations. It introduces machining as a process where a sharp cutting tool removes material from a rotating workpiece to achieve the desired shape. It then describes various machine tools used for machining like lathe, milling machine, drilling machine, and shaping machine. The majority of the document focuses on lathe components, operations that can be performed on a lathe like turning, facing, grooving etc. It also discusses important lathe parameters like cutting speed, feed, depth of cut. Finally, it provides an overview of CNC lathe and common G-codes and M-codes used.
This document provides a summary of machining techniques and equipment related to single point turning tools. It defines cutting parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut that must be selected based on tool and workpiece materials. It then defines and describes single point tools, their geometry, and common turning operations on a center lathe like facing, turning, grooving and threading. The document outlines the main parts of a lathe and shows different tool holders and work holding devices used to secure the workpiece for turning operations.
1. The document discusses different types of turning machines, including center lathes, turret lathes, capstan lathes, and automatic lathes. It describes the basic parts and functions of a center lathe like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage.
2. Various lathe operations are outlined such as plain turning, taper turning, drilling, boring, and knurling. Special attachments for milling and grinding are also mentioned.
3. Automatic lathes are classified as either magazine-loaded or chucking-type depending on how the workpiece is loaded and removed for machining duplicate parts automatically.
Mechanical engineering is an interdisciplinary field that requires diverse skills. Mechanical engineers play an important role on design teams and must understand forces across multiple engineering disciplines. Lathes and drilling machines are fundamental machine tools used for machining operations like cutting, shaping, and forming metals. A lathe consists of major components like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage that work together to perform operations such as turning, facing, drilling, and threading.
Mechanical engineering is an interdisciplinary field that requires diverse skills. Mechanical engineers play an important role on design teams and must understand forces across multiple engineering disciplines. Lathes and drilling machines are fundamental machine tools used for machining operations like cutting, shaping, and forming metals. A lathe consists of major components like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage that work together to perform operations such as turning, facing, drilling, and threading.
Unit 1 introductiontomachineandmachinetoolDrPrabu M
This document provides an introduction to machine tools and lathe machines. It discusses the evolution of machine tools from manually operated tools to computer numerical control machines. The key parts and operations of lathe machines are described, including the bed, headstock, carriage, tailstock, and common turning operations like plain turning, facing, and threading. It also provides overviews of other common machine tools like shapers, planers, and milling machines, outlining their basic workings, constructions, and purposes.
Machine tools are used to precisely shape metal parts through relative motion between a cutting tool and the workpiece. Lathes are one of the main types of machine tools and are used for axially symmetric workpieces like bolts and shafts. On a lathe, the workpiece rotates while the cutting tool removes material through linear motion. The material removal rate in turning depends on the cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.
Optimizing Material removal rate and surface roughness using Taguchi techniqueroymeister007
The objective of this advanced design project is to obtain an optimal setting of turning parameters (Cutting speed, Feed and Depth of Cut), which results in an optimal value of material removal rate (MRR) while machining a cylindrical bar made of mild steel. In our study, an attempt has been made to generate a model to predict material removal rate using Regression Technique. Also an attempt has been made to optimize the process parameters using Taguchi Technique. A three level orthogonal array L9 was selected to satisfy the minimum number of experiment conditions for the factors and levels presented in this project.
This document provides an overview of basics of manufacturing technology and lathe machines. It discusses the need for understanding manufacturing processes, materials, tools and safety. It also covers the main parts and operations of lathe machines, including the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage and various attachments. The document aims to provide foundational knowledge of manufacturing processes, workshop activities, materials, and operating lathe machines.
The document provides information about manufacturing processes and different workshop types. It discusses the classification of manufacturing processes which include forming, moulding, machining, assembly and finishing processes. It also explains process manufacturing and different types of machine shops including lathe, milling, drilling and shaping machines. Additionally, it describes fitting, casting, welding, smithy and carpentry workshops. The document aims to educate about the basics of various manufacturing and workshop processes.
The only way to shape hardened or brittle material Economics (for small part ...AlamSutra
The only way to shape hardened or brittle material
Economics (for small part volumes (e.g. prototypes)
Can achieve special surface finishes
Indispensable for creating complex shapes with good dimensional accuracy and surface finish
The document provides instructions for maintaining the output shaft gear box of a steel transfer car. It details dismantling the damaged output shaft assembly, which involves removing the gear coupling using a hydraulic press. Reassembly is also described, such as fixing split plates and adjusting them before recoupling the gear. The procedure aims to repair the output shaft assembly efficiently and with quality.
This document provides information about machine tools and lathes. It discusses that machine tools are power operated machines that cut metal using cutting tools. It then describes the major components of lathes, including the headstock, spindle, tailstock, carriage, apron, and bed. It explains the different motions in machining like primary and auxiliary motion. The document also summarizes various classifications of machine tools and discusses performance criteria. Finally, it covers topics like specification, drive systems, speed changing methods, and work holding devices in lathes.
This document discusses different types of gears and their components. It begins by defining gears and their purpose in power transmission systems. There are three main types of gears defined by their shaft positions: parallel, intersecting, and non-parallel/non-intersecting. Spur gears have parallel shafts while bevel gears have intersecting shafts. Worm gears are non-parallel and non-intersecting. The document then discusses specific gears like spur gears, helical gears, rack and pinion gears, and bevel gears. It also covers gear tooth profiles, terminology, interference issues, and measurement techniques.
The document discusses various aspects of screw threads and their measurement. It defines key screw thread terminology like pitch, lead, major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter, flank angle, etc. It describes different types of threads and their uses. It then explains various methods to measure elements of a screw thread like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, effective diameter and flank angle. These include using a micrometer, bench micrometer, pitch measuring machine, toolmaker's microscope and different wire methods. The concept of best wire size for effective diameter measurement is also introduced.
1. A comparator is a precision instrument used to compare the dimensions of a workpiece to a master standard. It indicates how much the workpiece differs from the standard dimension but does not provide an actual measurement.
2. Comparators are required for mass production to quickly and consistently check that parts meet dimensional specifications without having to directly measure each one. They eliminate human error and require little skill to operate.
3. Good comparators have robust designs, are sensitive, versatile, unaffected by environmental conditions, and provide quick, clear readings. The contact points should withstand wear and the system must be free of backlash and friction.
1. Surface roughness consists of repetitive or random deviations from the normal surface that form the pattern of the surface texture.
2. Surface texture is made up of roughness, waviness, lay, and flows and varies due to manufacturing techniques and part structure.
3. Key terms used in surface roughness measurements include roughness height, roughness width, roughness width cut off, lay, waviness height, arithmetic average, and root mean square. Measurement methods include contact stylus instruments and non-contact optical/laser profilometers.
This document discusses various instruments used to measure angles, including protractors, bevel protractors, vernier bevel protractors, optical bevel protractors, combination sets, sine bars, sine centers, angle gauges, spirit levels, and clinometers. Protractors are used to measure angles between lines, while instruments like sine bars and gauges are used to measure angles between faces. Clinometers specifically measure angles of inclination relative to the horizontal plane.
This document discusses various instruments used for linear measurement. It describes graduated instruments like vernier calipers and micrometers that use vernier principles to improve accuracy. Vernier calipers and micrometers are described in detail, including their construction, working principle, and how to take measurements. Limit gauges and slip gauges are also summarized, with limit gauges used to check if a part meets specified size limits and slip gauges used as precision length standards.
This document defines metrology and its key elements. Metrology is the science of measurement and includes theoretical and practical problems related to measurement. It establishes measurement standards and ensures the interchangeability of manufactured parts. The key elements of metrology discussed are standards, instruments, environment, and the person performing the measurement. Factors affecting precision and accuracy are also outlined, including properties of the standard, workpiece, instrument, environment, and person. Different types of errors in measurement systems are defined, including gross errors, blunders, theoretical measurement error, systematic error, and random errors. Instrumental and environmental errors are discussed as sources of systematic error.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
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2. Content
Safetyprecautions on the lathe
Typesof Lathe
Specification and purposeof the centrelathe
Identify main parts of the Centre lathe
Statethe purposeof eachmainparts
Method of Holdingwork
Method of cuttingtapers
Cuttingspeedon theLathe
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
3. SafetyPrecautions
Alwayswearapprovedsafetyglasses
Rollupsleeves,removetie andtuck inloose
clothing
Neveroperate machineif safetyguards
areremoved
Stoplathe before measurework or clean,oil
or adjustmachine
Alwaysremovechuckkeyafteruse
Alwaysremovechipswithbrush
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
4. Types of Lathe
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Bench Lathe Center Lathe Capstan Lathe
5. Types of Lathe
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Turret Lathe CNC Lathe
6. CentreLathe
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
A lathe center, often
shortened to center, is a tool
that has been ground to a
point to accurately position a
workpiece on an axis. They
usually have an included
angle of 60°, but in heavy
machining situations an
angle of 75° is used.
9. Clamped on left-hand end of bed.
Headstock spindle
• Hollow cylindrical shaft supported by
bearing
• Provides drive through gears to work-
holding devices
• Live center, faceplate, or chuck fitted to
spindle nose to hold and drive work
Driven by stepped pulley or transmission gears.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
HeadStock
10. Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
LatheBed
Heavy, rugged casting
Made to support working
parts of lathe
On top section are machined
ways- Guide and align major
parts oflathe
11. Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
• Used to move cutting tool along lathe bed
• Consists of main parts
– Saddle H-shaped casting mounted on top of
lathe ways, provides means of mounting
cross-slide and apron
– Compound Rest
– Cross-slide
– Apron
– Tool Post
Carriage
12. Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
• Fastened to saddle
• Houses gears and mechanism required to
move carriage or cross-slide automatically
• Locking-off lever inside apron
prevents engaging split-nut lever and
automatic feed lever at same time
• Apron handwheel turned manually
to move carriage along lathe bed
Apron
13. Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
CrossSlide
• Mounted on top of saddle
• Provides manual or automatic
cross movement for cutting tool
• Compound rest (fitted on top of
cross- slide)
– Used to support cutting tool
– Swiveled to any angle for taper-
turning
– Has graduated collar that ensure
accurate cutting-tool settings (.001
in.) (also cross-slide)
14. It is fixed on top of the cross-
slide, and can be turned (set)
to any desired angle. The
compound slide is useful for
turning and boring short
tapersand chamfers.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Compoundslide/Topslide
15. • Therearethreemaintypesoftool postused for holdinglathe cuttingtools:
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
ToolPost
Ring and rocker Four-way turret Quick -change
16. Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
TailStock
Adjusted for taper or parallel turning
by two screws set in base
Tailstock clamp locks tailstock in
any position along bed of lathe
Tailstock spindle has internal taper
to receive dead center provides
support for right-hand endof work
17. Producecylindricalwork
Typeof lathe Programmeto carry
outtask
Useto tighten thechuck
Typesof lathe useinschool
workshops
Useto makeprecisionwork and
smallworkpieces.
lathe which havemultiple tools
Toolpost that doesn’tneed
packing
Useto produce shorttapers
Made to support working parts of
lathe
Foundat the left sideofthe bed
Foundat the right sideof the bed
Holdfour tools at the same time
Used to move cutting tool along
lathe bed
Parts of the machine use when
facing off
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Quizpoints
19. • The cutting speed (v) of a tool is the speed at which the metal is removed by the tool from
the workpiece. In a lathe, it is the peripherical speed of the work past the cutting tool
expressed in meters per minute.
• The feeds(f) of the cutting tool in lathe work are the distance the tool advances for each
revolution of the work. A feed is expressed in millimeters per revolution.
• The depth of cut (d) is the perpendicular distance measured from the machined surface
to the uncut surface of the workpiece. The depth of cut changes inversely as the cutting
speed. For general purpose, the ratio of the depth of cut to the feed varies from 10:1.
• The machining time (t) is the time by which machining process is completed. Time for the
lathe work can be calculated for a particular operation if the speed of the job, feed and
length of the job is known.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
MachiningParameters
20. 47-42
• Rate at which point on work circumference travels past
cutting tool
• expressed in meters per minute (m/min)
• Important to use correct speed for material
–Too high: cutting-tool breaks down rapidly
–Too low: time lost, low production rates
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
CuttingSpeed
21. • The softer the work
material, the faster
the recommended
cutting speed
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Cuttingspeedselection
• The harder the cutting tool
material, the faster the cutting
speed. The softer the cutting
tool material, the slower the
recommended cutting speed
22. • The material being cut
• The rigidity and condition of the machine
• The material of which the tool is made from
• The depth of cut and the feed rate
• Availability of coolant (cutting fluid)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
FactorsthatDeterminecuttingspeed
24. 47-50
• Given in metres per minute
• spindle speed of machine (N) and diameter of
work must be known
S (m/min)= πDN/1000
• Where π= 22/7 or 3.142
D= diameter of material in mm.
N= Spindle speed(rev/min)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
CalculatingLathecuttingspeed
25. • Calculate rev/min required to rough-turn 150mm diameter piece of
machinesteel(CS90)cuttingspeedis30m/min.
• Find the cutting speed of a 50mm diameter bar being turned with a
spindleof 178 rev/min.
Examples
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Exercise
• Calculate the spindle speed required to turn 200mm diameter piece of high
speed steel, if the cutting speed is 28 m/min.
• Find the cutting speed of a 15mm diameter bar being turned with a spindle
of 955 rev/min.
• Determine the lathe speed to cut a 40mm diameter at 30 m/min
26. 1. What is cutting speed for turning?
2. State the unit for cutting speed.
3. Which of the following materials have the highest
cutting speed.
1.Brass 2. Bronze 3. mild steel. Give
reasons for your choice.
4. List four factors that determine the cutting speed.
Explain any two factors.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Classwork
27. •
Divided into twocategories
– Work-holding,-supporting, and–driving devices
• Lathecenters,chucks,faceplates
• Mandrels, steadyandfollowerrests
• Lathedogs,driveplates
– Cutting-tool-holding devices
• Straight andoffsettoolholders
• Threadingtoolholders, boringbars
• Turret-typetoolposts
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
LatheAccessories
28. • Work to be turned between centers must have center hole
drilled in each end
• Support during cutting
• Most common have solid Morse taper
shank 60º centers, steel with carbide tips
• Care to adjust and lubricate occasionally
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
LatheCenters
29. Lathe centres is used as a support at the end of a work. It is usually
madefrom carbon tool steel. Thereare three (3) main types of Lathe
centres:
Livecentre (Revolvingcentre)
Deadcentre
Halfcentre
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
TypeofLatheCentres
30. It isconstructedsothat the60°centerrunsinits own bearings.
Thelive centre fits in the spindle(headstock)and rotates with thespindle.
Usedwhen turning betweencentres
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Livecentre(RevolvingCentre)
Centre in Headstock Spindle
31. Fits in the tailstock spindle,
remains stationary while the
workrotatesonitspoint
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Deadcentre
Halfcenter
A centre that is cut away almost to its
point. It isoften usedin the tailstockfor
facing up to or for turning close to the
endof thework.
32. Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
• Usedextensivelyfor holding workfor
machiningoperations
– Work largeor unusualshape
• Most commonly usedlathechucks
– Three-jawuniversal
– Four-jawindependent
– Colletchuck
Chuck
33. • Holdsround andhexagonalwork
• Graspswork quickly andaccurate
• Threejawsmove simultaneously when adjustedbychuckKey
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Three-jawUniversalChuck
34. Usedto hold round, square,
hexagonal,and irregularly shaped
workpieces
Hasfour jaws
– Eachcanbeadjustedindependently by
chuckKey
Jawscanbereversedto hold work
by inside diameter
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Four-JawIndependentChuck
35. Collet chuck is used to
hold small
workpieces.
Usedfor high-precisionwork
Spring collets available to hold
round, square, or hexagon-
shapedworkpieces
Each collet has range of only few
thousandths of an inch over or
undersizestampedon collet
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
ColletChuck
36. |
Special adapter fitted into
taper of headstock spindle,
and hollow draw bar having
internal thread inserted in
opposite end of headstock
spindle. It draws collet
into tapered adapter causing
collet to tighten on
workpiece.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
ColletChuck
37. A lathe dog ( lathe carrier) is a device that clamps
around the workpiece and allows the rotary motion
of the machine's spindle to be transmitted to the
workpiece.
A carrier is most often used when turning between
centers on a lathe.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
LatheDogs/Carrier
38. Standard bent-tail lathe dog
Most commonly used for round workpieces
Available with square-head setscrews of
headless setscrews
Straight-tail lathe dog
Driven by stud in driveplate
Used in precision turning
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
TypesofLatheDogs
39. Safetyclamplathedog
Usedto hold variety ofwork
Widerangeofadjustment
Clamplathe dog
Widerrange thanothers
Usedon allshapes
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
TypesofLatheDogs
40. Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
WorkHeldBetweenCentres
41. A faceplate is the basic workholding accessory for a lathe.
It is a circular metal plate which fixes to the end of the
lathe spindle. The workpiece is then clamped to the
faceplate, typically using t-nuts in slots in the faceplate, or
less commonly threaded holes in the faceplate itself.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Faceplate
Used to hold work too large or shaped so it
cannot be held in chuck or between centers
Usually equipped with several slots to
permit use of bolts to secure work
42. Used to support long work held in chuck or between lathe
centers
– Prevent springing
Located on and aligned by ways of the lathe
Positioned at any point along lathe bed
Three jaws tipped with plastic, bronze or rollers may be
adjusted to support any work diameter with steadyrest
capacity
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
SteadyRest/FixedSteady
44. Mounted on saddle
Travels with carriage to prevent work from
springing up and away from cutting tool
Cutting tool generally positioned just ahead of
follower rest
Provide smooth bearing surface for two jaws
of follower rest
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
TravellingSteady/FollowerRest
46. • Holds internally machined workpiece between centers so
further machining operations are concentric with bore
• Several types, but most common
– Plain mandrel
– Expanding mandrel
– Stepped mandrel
– Double cone mandrel
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Mandrel
47. Plain Mandrel
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
TypesofMandrel
Expanding Mandrel
48. Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
ColletChuck
TypesofMandrel
Stepped Mandrel Double cone Mandrel
49. Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
TaperTurning
Taper Turning: A conical surface produced
on a lathe is called taper turning. The tool
moves at an angle to the axis of rotation.
Methods of Taper turning:
Form tool method
Compound rest method
Taper attachment method
Tailstock set over method
50. Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
MethodsofTaperturning:
Form tool method
It is one of the simplest methods used to produce
short taper. A broad nose tool having straight
cutting edge is set on to the work at half taper
angle and is fed straight into the work. It requires
excessive cutting pressure which may distort the
workpiece due to vibration.
Compound rest method
This method is used to produce short and
steep taper. The compound rest is
swiveled to the required angle and
clamped in position, it can be moved up
to 45° on both sides.
51. Taper:
2L
tan
D1 D2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
UsingthecompoundSlide
52. 105
d = small diameter
k = unit length of taper
l = total length of taper
D = large diameter
If know d, k, and l, D may be calculated.
D equal to small dia + amount of taper.
Amount of taper is equal to 1/k, so total
taper equals l/k.
D = d + total taper
D = d + l/k
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Metric Taper Calculations
53. Calculate tailstock offset required to turn a 1:30 taper X 60 mm
long on a workpiece 300 mm long. The small diameter of tapered
section is 20 mm.
Determine the angle at which the compound rest would be
swiveled for cutting a taper on a workpiece having a length of 150
mm and outside diameter 80 mm. The smallest diameter on the
tapered end of the rod should be 50 mm and the required length of
the tapered portion is 80 mm.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
TaperTurningCalculation
54. D 4 0
d 2 0
O L 1 0 5
l 5 0
D 5 0
d 2 0
O L 1 0 0
l 4 0
D 6 0
d 3 0
O L 1 2 0
l 6 0
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
Usingthecompoundslide