The document provides an overview of LaTeX symbols and commands for scientific writing. It covers topics such as subscripts, superscripts, fractions, integrals, matrices, fonts, and spacing. The document is presented by Dr. Ahmed Fouad Ali from Suez Canal University and provides examples of LaTeX syntax for various mathematical symbols and formatting.

1. Scientific Research Group in Egypt (SRGE)
Latex symbols and commands
Dr. Ahmed Fouad Ali
Suez Canal University,
Dept. of Computer Science, Faculty of Computers and informatics
Member of the Scientific Research Group in Egypt
Company
LOGO

2. Company
LOGO Scientific Research Group in Egypt
www.egyptscience.net

3. Company
LOGO Outline (1)
1. Operations
2. Subscripts and superscripts
3. Sums, integrals and products
4. Brackets
5. Multiline formulas and piecewise functions
6. Arrows

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LOGO Outline (2)
.
7. Function names
8. Matrices
9. Punctuation
10. Fonts
11. Spacing

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LOGO Operations
Command Symbols Latex syntax
square root sqrt{x+sqrt{y}}
higher order roots sqrt[mn]{x+y} quad
sqrt[3]{2}
root sign surd[x+y]
fractions frac{a+b}{x+logfrac{Y}{Z}}
force large (display)
fraction
frac{a+b}{x+logdfrac{Y}{Z}}
continued fraction 1+cfrac{2}{
3+cfrac{4}{
5+cfrac{6}{7+dotsb}}} =
frac{1}{sqrt e - 1}
binomial binom{n+1}{k}

6. Company
LOGO Operations
Command Symbols Latex syntax
prime y'' + y' + y = u
mod begin{array}{l}
abmod n=b
aequiv bpmod n
aequiv bmod n
aequiv bpod n
end{array}

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LOGO Subscripts and superscripts
Command Symbols Latex syntax
subscripts x_1, x_2 quad a_{ij}
superscripts x^y quad e^{2jpi t} quad a_{ij}^2
multilevel
subscripts
sum_{substack{
1 le m le N,
mtext{ odd}}} P(m)
nested
sub/superscripts
a_{b_j} quad e^{x^2}
sub- and
superscripts
before the
symbol
{}_n C_k
subscripts and
superscripts for
large symbols
sideset{^a_b}{'_c}sum

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LOGO Sums, integrals, and products
Command Symbols Latex syntax
sum sum_{i=1}^{+infty}
product prod_{alpha in U}
integral int_{x_0}^{x_1}
contour oint_C
double and triple
integrals
iint_S quad iiint_S
even more
integrals
iiiint_S quad idotsint_S
integrals with
alternative limit
placement
intlimits_alpha^beta
quad
iintlimits_S

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LOGO Sums, integrals, and products
Command Symbols Latex syntax
unions and
intersections
bigcup_{alphain S} quad
bigcap_{Vinmathfrak{V}}
direct sums, co-products,
and so
on
bigodot quad bigoplus
bigotimes quad bigsqcup
biguplus quad coprod
bigvee quad bigwedge

10. Company
LOGO Brackets
Command Symbols Latex syntax
pairing brackets ( ; ), [ ; ], { ; }
lvert;rvert, lVert;rVert
lceil;rceil, lfloor;rfloor
langle;rangle
absolute value abs{u(t)}
norm norm{hat{G}}_infty

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LOGO Brackets
Command Symbols Latex syntax
left(
sum_{i=1}^{n} e^{2pi j i^2}
right)
( sum_{i=1}^{n} e^{2pi j i^2} )
Biggl( biggl( Bigl( bigl(
quad
Biggr} biggr} Bigr} bigr}
left[ sum_j
left|sum_i x_{ij}right|^2
right] ^{1/2}

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LOGO Brackets
Command Symbols Latex syntax
biggl[ sum_j
Bigl|sum_i x_{ij}Bigr|^2
biggr]^{1/2}
Oleft(left(
m^2+n^2right)log nright)
Obigl((m^2+n^2)log nbigr)

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LOGO Multiline formulas and piecewise functions
Command Symbols Latex syntax
piecewise
functions/cases
a_k = begin{cases}
k & text{for $k le n/2$}
n & text{for $k=n/2$}
k-1 & text{otherwise}
end{cases}
multiline equations
(aligned at &)
begin{split}tan^2 x
&= sin^2 x/cos^2 x
&= 1/cos^2 x - 1
end{split}
systems of
equations
left{begin{array}{l}
ax+by=r_1
cx+dy=r_2
end{array}right.

14. Company
LOGO Arrows
Command Symbols Latex syntax
implication x^2=4 implies x=pm 2
if and only if x^2=4 iff x=pm 2
tends to xto+infty
gets Agets B+C
sizable single Axleftarrow{rm today}B

15. Company
LOGO Arrows
Command Symbols Latex syntax
horizontal arrows Bxrightarrow{rm tomorrow}C
C xrightarrow
[text{(except Fridays)}]
{text{every day}} D
sizable single
vertical arrows
left uparrow sum
rightdownarrow ;
Bigupdownarrow
sizable double
vertical arrows
left Uparrow sum
right Downarrow ;
BigUpdownarrow

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LOGO Function names
Symbols syntax Symbols syntax Symbols syntax
arccos cot ln
arcsin coth exp
arctan csc gcd
arg deg hom
cos det inf
cosh dim injlim

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LOGO Function names
Symbols syntax Symbols syntax Symbols syntax
varinjlim limsup projlim
ker varlimsup varprojlim
lg log sec
lim max sin
liminf min sinh
varliminf Pr sup
tan tanh

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LOGO
Matrices
Command Symbols Latex syntax
matrix (square-bracketed)
begin{bmatrix}
lambda
1 & lambda
& ddots & ddots
& & 1 & lambda
end{bmatrix}_{ntimes n}
alternative delimiters begin{pmatrix}abcend
{pmatrix},
begin{Bmatrix}abcend
{Bmatrix},
begin{vmatrix}abcend
{vmatrix},
begin{Vmatrix}abcend
{Vmatrix},
begin{matrix}abcend{
matrix}
inline matrices (begin{smallmatrix}1 &&
2
3 && 4end{smallmatrix})

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LOGO
Punctuation
Command Symbols Latex syntax
dots between
commas
x_1, x_2, dotsc, x_n
dots between binary
operations
x_1 + x_2 + dotsb + x_n
dots between
integrals
intdotsiint
dots between
multiplication signs
x(x+1)dotsm(x+n)
colon (meaning “such
that” or when defining
domains)
fcolon
mathbb{N}tomathbb{R}
vertical and diagonal vdots quad ddots

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LOGO Fonts
Command Symbols Latex syntax
normal text x+frac{1}{x} ge 2
text{ for all $x>0$}
bold text, upright textbf{I am Jack's bold text.}
bold math, upright ABmathbf{CD}EF
bold math, italic ABboldsymbol{C}boldsymbol{
D}EF
poor ABpmb{C}pmb{D}EF
calligraphic
(uppercase Latin
letters only)
begin{array}{c}
mathcal{ABCDEFGHIJKLM}
mathcal{NOPQRTSUVWXYZ}e
nd{array}

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LOGO Fonts
Command Symbols Latex syntax
blackboard bold
(uppercase
Latin letters
only)
begin{array}{c}
mathbb{ABCDEFGHIJKLM}
mathbb{NOPQRTSUVWXYZ}e
nd{array}
sans-serif font begin{array}{c}
mathsf{ABCDEFGHIJKLM}
mathsf{NOPQRTSUVWXYZ}
mathsf{abcdefghijklm}
mathsf{nopqrtsuvwxyz}
mathsf{0123456789}end{array}
typewriter begin{array}{c}
mathtt{ABCDEFGHIJKLM}
mathtt{NOPQRTSUVWXYZ}
mathtt{abcdefghijklm}
mathtt{nopqrtsuvwxyz}
mathtt{0123456789}end{array}

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LOGO
Spacing
Command Symbols Latex syntax
default (none) x y
quad (width of ) xquad y
double quad xqquad y
virtual space Gamma_{ij}^{phantom{ij}k}

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LOGO
Thank you
Ahmed_fouad@ci.suez.edu.eg
http://www.egyptscience.net