Laser - Rivin
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Laser therapy is a medical treatment that uses a strong beam of light to cut, burn, or destroy tissue. The term LASER stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
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1. Raman discovered that a small fraction of light scattered by certain molecules has a different wavelength than the incident light, known as the Raman effect.
2. Raman scattering occurs when photons are inelastically scattered from a molecule, resulting in scattered photons with frequencies different than the incident photons.
3. Raman spectroscopy measures the wavelength and intensity shifts of inelastically scattered light from molecules, which depend on the molecule's chemical structure and polarizability.
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This document provides information about lasers, specifically discussing spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, how lasers work, population inversion, and characteristics of laser beams. It then describes the Helium-Neon laser in detail, including how it is pumped through electron collisions, its gain medium of Helium and Neon gases, and the optical resonator that allows stimulated emission to produce coherent laser light. Key points are that lasers require population inversion to produce stimulated emission of coherent, monochromatic, and directional laser light.
Laser
LASER stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. It produces an intense, monochromatic, and directional beam of light. Lasers work through the process of stimulated emission, which was first theorized by Einstein in 1917. This involves exciting atoms to a higher energy state and inducing them to emit photons of the same wavelength and phase through stimulation rather than spontaneously. When there are more excited atoms than unexcited atoms, a condition known as population inversion, stimulated emission dominates over absorption and spontaneous emission, allowing for the generation of a coherent laser beam. Lasers have many applications in fields such as medicine, science, industry, communications, and military.
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Laser is an acronym that stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". It works on the principle of stimulated emission, where atoms in an excited state are stimulated to emit photons when impacted by an incoming photon. This leads to amplification of light within an optical cavity. The first laser was built in 1960 by Maiman and was a ruby laser. Lasers have coherent, high intensity beams that are highly directional and monochromatic. They require a process called population inversion to achieve stimulated emission, which can be created through pumping mechanisms. Lasers now have applications in industry, medicine, science, engineering and the military.
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Laser
LASER stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. It produces an intense, monochromatic, and directional beam of light. Lasers work through the process of stimulated emission, which was first theorized by Einstein in 1917. This involves exciting atoms to a higher energy state and inducing them to emit photons of the same wavelength and phase through stimulation rather than spontaneously. When there are more excited atoms than unexcited atoms, a condition known as population inversion, stimulated emission dominates over absorption and spontaneous emission, allowing for the generation of a coherent laser beam. Lasers have many applications in fields such as medicine, science, industry, communications, and military.
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Laser is an acronym that stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". It works on the principle of stimulated emission, where atoms in an excited state are stimulated to emit photons when impacted by an incoming photon. This leads to amplification of light within an optical cavity. The first laser was built in 1960 by Maiman and was a ruby laser. Lasers have coherent, high intensity beams that are highly directional and monochromatic. They require a process called population inversion to achieve stimulated emission, which can be created through pumping mechanisms. Lasers now have applications in industry, medicine, science, engineering and the military.
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1) The document describes the helium-neon laser, which was invented in 1960 and works on the principle of a four-level laser system.
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The combination of spontaneous emission first, and then stimulated emission, causes the laser to "lase," which means it generates a coherent beam of light at a single frequency.
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In this presentation, we talked about how lasers are produced and their function in the medical fields.
Optical Instrumentation 7. Laser
1. The document discusses the key concepts behind how lasers work, including definitions of laser, absorption and emission, spontaneous and stimulated emission, population inversion, and Einstein coefficients.
2. It explains that lasers generate coherent light through stimulated emission, which requires achieving a population inversion where more atoms are in an excited state than a lower state. This can be achieved through three-level or four-level pumping schemes.
3. The principles of laser operation are described as light amplification through repeated stimulated emissions of photons with the same frequency, direction, and phase as they pass through excited atoms in the gain medium.
Laser And its Application's - Engineering Physics
This document provides an overview of lasers, including the basic processes involved, common laser types like ruby and He-Ne lasers, and their applications. It describes how stimulated emission produces laser light and explains the key components and working of ruby and He-Ne lasers. Ruby lasers use a synthetic ruby crystal as the active medium which is optically pumped by a flash lamp. He-Ne lasers consist of a gas mixture inside a quartz tube which is electrically pumped. Examples of laser applications include medicine, industry, communication, and military uses.
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Inflammatory bowel diseases
This document discusses inflammatory bowel diseases, specifically ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It outlines the disease severity classifications for ulcerative colitis based on symptoms. Extraintestinal manifestations that can affect the eyes, skin, musculoskeletal system, liver and biliary system, and other organ systems are described. Investigations include blood tests, endoscopy, and imaging. Management of acute episodes involves steroids, 5-aminosalicyclic acid, correcting nutrition/hydration/electrolytes, and monitoring vital signs. Surgery may be required for complications or treatment failure. Long term treatment options include immunosuppressants, biologics like infliximab, and surgery.
Esophageal & gastric cancers
This document summarizes information about esophageal and gastric cancers. It discusses the different types of esophageal cancers including squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. It describes risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for esophageal cancers. It also summarizes gastric cancers, providing information on types, risk factors, clinical features, evaluation, staging, differential diagnosis, and treatment/management. Primary gastric lymphoma is also briefly mentioned.
Bronchiectasis
This document provides information on bronchiectasis, including its definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, management, treatment and prognosis. Key points include:
- Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by persistent bronchial dilation and impaired mucociliary clearance due to recurrent infections.
- Common causes include infection, obstruction, immune deficiencies and inflammatory conditions.
- Symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production and recurrent infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging showing bronchial dilation.
- Treatment focuses on airway clearance, controlling infections with antibiotics, reversing airflow obstruction and addressing underlying causes if possible. Prognosis depends on associated conditions but the disease is generally progressive.
Orthostasis
This document discusses orthostasis (postural hypotension), including its definition, causes, epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, management, and outcomes. Some key points include:
- Orthostasis is defined as a decrease in blood pressure within 3 minutes of standing. It commonly occurs in older adults (20% of those over 65) and has various causes like medications, autonomic dysfunction, and aging-related changes.
- Evaluation involves assessing blood pressure and heart rate changes with position changes as well as looking for underlying causes. Management focuses on addressing reversible factors, increasing fluid/salt intake, and medications like fludrocortisone and midodrine.
- While acute
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disease characterized by hemolytic anemia, low platelet count, and kidney failure. It is predominantly seen in children and can be typical (caused by E. coli or Shigella infection) or atypical (caused by complement abnormalities or other infections). Treatment involves supportive care, antibiotics for infections, and plasma therapy for complement abnormalities to replace deficient factors. With aggressive treatment, over 90% of patients survive the acute phase, though some may have long term kidney or other organ damage.
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Neisseria meningitidis is a gram-negative diplococcus bacteria that can cause meningococcal infection. There are 13 serogroups but groups A, B, C, W135, and Y are most common. Meningococcal infection ranges from asymptomatic colonization to fulminant sepsis and can manifest as meningitis, meningococcemia, or localized infection. Symptoms may include fever, rash, headache, vomiting, and stiff neck. A petechial rash that starts on the lower extremities is particularly indicative of meningococcal infection. Diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection, or gram stain of specimens. Treatment is with intravenous penicillin or other antibiotics. Vacc
Meningococcal infection
1. Meningococcal infection, caused by Neisseria meningitidis, manifests as meningitis or septicemia. It is a serious and life-threatening disease, especially in children.
2. N. meningitidis is a gram-negative coccus that colonizes the nasopharynx initially before invading the bloodstream and meninges. Virulence factors like capsular polysaccharides and pili aid in invasion and evading the immune system.
3. Diagnosis involves identifying the organism from blood or CSF cultures. Treatment involves antibiotics like ceftriaxone or penicillin. Outcomes range from full recovery to death, with purpura fulminans carrying the
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy characterized by thrombocytopenia, acute renal impairment, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. It has typical and atypical variants, with the typical variant caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. HUS presents with varied symptoms depending on etiology and can progress to end-stage renal disease if left untreated. Treatment involves supportive care, dialysis if needed, and addressing the underlying cause. Outcomes depend on prompt diagnosis and intervention to prevent complications.
Opiates & opioids, receptors & mechanism
Opioids and opiates act on mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors throughout the body and brain. Mu receptors are responsible for analgesia, respiratory depression, and euphoria, making overdose dangerous. Chronic use can increase tolerance and risk of overdose. While prescription opioids started the current crisis, many users transition to highly dangerous illegal opioids like fentanyl and fentanyl analogs. Naloxone is used to treat overdoses but very potent synthetic opioids require high doses or continuous infusion.
Opiates & opioids intoxication and treatment
The document discusses opiate intoxication and treatment. It covers the history, physical exam findings, differential diagnosis, management, and complications of opiate overdose. Key signs of overdose include depressed consciousness, respiratory depression, miosis, and fresh needle marks. Treatment involves supportive care, naloxone to reverse effects, activated charcoal if ingestion was recent, and monitoring for complications like withdrawal symptoms, infections from needle use, or acute lung injury.
Opiates & Opioids
Opioids and opiates act on opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord and gut to reduce pain perception. They can cause respiratory depression, physical dependence and euphoria. Opioid overdose deaths have increased significantly in recent decades. Common signs of overdose include pinpoint pupils, decreased breathing and unconsciousness. History and examination may reveal signs of drug use as well as depressed breathing and mental status. Naloxone is used to reverse effects in an overdose.
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Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to developing pNENs.
But may not be expressed unless it is triggered or activated under certain circumstances, such as due to certain environmental factors.
As part of a larger genetic syndrome such as; 1. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1), 2. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL) or 3. Neurofibromatosis type I (NF-1).
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The disease can be either localized to the skin or involve other organs in addition to the skin.
Symptoms may include areas of thickened skin, stiffness, feeling tired, and poor blood flow to the fingers or toes with cold exposure.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Rivin
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Characterised by numbness and tingling of the radial 3 ½ digits.
Found in 1% of the general population
Increased incidence is noted in women, the elderly and pregnant patients.
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Cryptochordism - Rivin
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Scorpion Poisoning - Rivin
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
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Olfactory Mucosa:
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Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
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Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
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Primary Sensations of Smell:
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Laser - Rivin
- 1. Laser Rivindu Wickramanayake Group no. 04 1st Year 2nd Semester
- 2. The term LASER stands for; “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”
- 3. A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. What is a Laser?
- 4. It is based on the quantum mechanical phenomenon of Stimulated emission. Stimulated emission is the process by which an atomic electron interacting with an electromagnetic wave of a certain frequency may drop to a lower energy level, transferring its energy to that field. A new photon created in this manner has the same phase, frequency, polarization, and direction of travel as the photons of the incident wave.
- 6. More electrons are needed to populate an excited level as compared with the ground state. This condition is known as population inversion an it is due to meta stable levels within the population. Process goes until the level become unstable to the extent that electrons can no longer stay in this position and make simultaneous transition to the ground state creating strong spontaneous emission, which is the source of Laser emission. Continue;
- 8. Types of Lasers Gas lasers Chemical lasers Excimer lasers Solid-state lasers Fiber lasers Photonic crystal lasers Semiconductor lasers Dye lasers Free-electron lasers
- 9. Principle of He-Ne Laser Operation Has a quartz tube consists of He and Ne gas mixture in a ratio of 10:1 As a result of electric discharge He atoms make transition to excited state. 2nd energy level of He atom matches 3rd energy level of Ne atom. When colliding they transfer energy to each other. As a result Ne electrons make transition to the 3rd energy level, Which is metastable level.
- 10. Electrons condense at an inverse level that result in their simultaneous drop to 2nd energy level, accompanied with intensive flow of photons. This process requires the second energy level to be maximally unoccupied so that it becomes populated with the electrons dropped from 3rd energy level. Continue;
- 12. For this reason Quartz tube has specially selected size so that Ne atoms when colliding with the walls drop the electrons to the 1st energy level. Continue;
- 13. In order to enhanced the intensity of emission, mirrors are placed in the beginning and the in the end of the tube. One of the mirror is semitransparent. This will multiply internal reflections and amplifies the intensity of the light beam and the transmission of intense laser beam through the transparent mirror. Continue;
- 14. Dye laser emitting near 590nm, one typically used in early medical laser systems
- 15. Medical use of Laser Angioplasty Cancer diagnosis & cancer treatment Cosmetic dermatology such as scar revision, skin resurfacing, laser hair removal, tattoo removal Dermatology, to treat melanoma Lithotripsy Laser mammography Next;
- 16. Radiation being delivered, via a fiber for photodynamic therapy to treat cancer
- 17. Medical imaging Microscopy Ophthalmology (includes Lasik and laser photocoagulation) Optical coherence tomography Prostatectomy Plastic surgery, in laser liposuction Surgery, to ablate and cauterize tissue Continue;
- 18. CO2 laser with applications in ENT, gynecology, dermatology, oral surgery, and podiatry
- 19. Warning symbol for laser