This document provides an overview of language history and change. It discusses the causes of language change, including changes in the world, convenience, language contact, politeness, and prestige. The main types of language changes are sound changes, syntactic changes, lexical changes, and semantic changes. Family trees and comparative reconstruction are used to understand relationships between languages and reconstruct proto-languages. The history of the English language is divided into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English periods, each influenced by social and political events that impacted vocabulary and grammar.

1. :BYTHE STUDY OF LANGUAGE
“Dr. Ahmed Algdafi
LECTURE TITLE:
Language History And Change
PRESENTED BY:
Ms. Hawa Ghabag
12th / DEC / 2015

2. OUTLINE:
Introduction
Causes of Language Change
Types Of Language Changes
- sound changes
- syntactic changes
-- lexical changes
-Semantic changes-
Family Tree, and Family Relationships
- comparative reconstruction
History of English Language
- old English
- middle English
- modern English
Summary

3. Introduction
All living languages change with time, and every generation speaks
a little differently since our language changes continually. And if that
were not the case, there would be no history of them all
And this change of the English language over time is due to different
:reasons

4. Causes of change
Changes in the world-
Convenience-
Language contact-
Politeness-
Prestige and pretentiousness-
-Analogy

5. Types of language changes
Sound Change:
* the great vowel shift
Ex:- house
Old English modern English
/ Hu:s / / haws /
*metathesis
Ex:-
Old English modern English
____________________________________________________
Bridd bird

6. *epenthesis
Ex:-
Old English Modern English
________________________________________________
timr timber
*Prosthesis
Ex:-
Latin Spanish
_______________________________________________
schola escuela

7. Syntactic Changes
Ex:- 1- word order
Old English Modern English
_________________________________________________________
From where did you com? Where did you come from?
2- double negative
Old English Modern English
________________________________________________________
Not you give me never a kid! You never give me a kid.

8. Lexical changes
Ex:-
Old English Modern English
_________________________________________________
Don’t dare talk to him! Don’t dare to talk to him
He did run away? Did he run away?

9. Semantic changes
1-broading
Ex :- holiday
Middle English Modern English
____________________________________________________________________
A day of religious significance. Any day that we don’t have to work
2- Narrowing
Ex:- hound
Old English Modern English
___________________________________________________________________
General term for dog. A specific kind of dog used for hunting.

10. Family tree, and family relationships

11. proto- language:
an ancient parent language from which a group of related
languages have descended through slow modifications.
- comparative reconstruction:
This procedure is to reconstruct what must have been the
original or proto form in the common ancestral language.

12. -the principles of the proto-language:
1. the majority principle
Ex:- languages
Italy Spanish French
___________________________________________________________________
Cavallo caballo cheval " horse"
/k/ /k/ /S/

13. 2. the natural development principle
Ex:- languages
A B C
______________________________________________
Mube mupe mup "stream"
 Final vowels often disappear.
 Voiceless sounds become voiced between vowels.
 Stops become fricatives.
 Consonants become voiceless at the end of the words.

14. A brief history of English language
The history of English language has traditionally been
divided into four periods :
1-old English: {450-1100} AD
During the 5th century AD three Germanic tribes (Saxons,
Angles, Jutes), came to Britain isles from northwest
Germany, they pushed out most of the original inhabitants
from England into Scotland, and Wales .
Then, they mixed their different Germanic dialects, and this
group of dialects is forms what linguists refer to as old
English or Anglo-Saxon.
Ex:- Englisc >>> English
Drincan >>> Drink

15. 2- Middle English {1100-1500} AD
This period is the beginning of the Norman French arrival to
England, following their victory under the conqueror
William in 1066. As a result, the French took over as the
language of court, administration and culture.
Ex :- royal , accuse , art , pray , aid, judge .

16. 3- Modern English {1700- present }
At the beginning of this stage, the rules of the English
language were definitely fixed. A lot of dictionaries and
books were printed. Moreover, there were three big
developments in the world during the middle of this period;
The Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution, and the British
colonialism.
Ex:- telegraph, engine.

17. Summary
“ All things change, except the love of change”
.}1601,{Anonymous