According to the document: - Children acquire language without being taught rules of grammar by parents, and know most grammar of their native language by age 5. - The innateness hypothesis asserts that children are born knowing universal principles like structure dependency rather than needing to learn them. - Theories of second language acquisition include Krashen's hypotheses that acquisition and learning are independent systems, there is a natural order of acquisition, and input must be comprehensible for acquisition to occur.

1. LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION

2. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
• Language is extremely complex, yet children already know most of the grammar of
their native language(s) before they are five years old
• Children acquire language without being taught the rules of grammar by their parents

3. WHAT’S LEARNED, WHAT’S NOT?
• The innateness hypothesis asserts that children do not need to learn universal
principles like structure dependency because that is part of UG
• An argument for the innateness hypothesis is the observation that we end up knowing
more about language than we hear around us – This argument is known as the poverty
of the stimulus – Children are exposed to slips of the tongue, false starts,
ungrammatical and incomplete sentences – Also, children learn aspects of language
about which they receive no information
• • Such as structure dependent rules
• • The data the children is exposed to is impoverished

4. WHAT’S LEARNED, WHAT’S NOT?
• For example, children somehow know to invert the auxiliary of the main clause when
forming a question like:
• • Is the boy who is sleeping __ dreaming of a new car?
Rather than • *Is the boy __ sleeping is dreaming of a new car?

5. STAGES IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
• Children acquire language in similar stages across the world.
• When children are acquiring language, they do not speak a degenerate form of adult
language.

6. STAGES IN
LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION

7. SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
• Second Language Acquisition (SLA) refers to the study of how students learn a second
language (L2) additionally to their first language (L1). Although it is referred as Second
Language Acquisition, it is the process of learning any language after the first language
whether it is the second, third or fourth language.

8. SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
• Therefore, any other language apart from the first language is called a second
language (SL) or also referred to as a target language (TL).
• here are different ways to acquire second or foreign languages. It can be in a formal
way as in a classroom environment or informal way such as when the learner picks up
the language by being culturally active participant of the society.

9. THEORIES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
There are various factors that have impact on learning a second language and it is
important to discuss the theories behind second language acquisition and try to find out
how we learn a language and what elements needs to be present for a successful
language acquisition.

10. THEORIES OF SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
• Five Components of Second Language Acquisition Theory
There are five main components of Krashen's theory. Each of the components relates to a different
aspect of the language learning process. The five components are as follow:
1. The Acquisition Learning Hypothesis
2. The Monitor Hypothesis
3. The Natural Order Hypothesis
4. The Input Hypothesis
5. The Affective Filter Hypothesis

11. THE ACQUISITION-LEARNING
HYPOTHESIS
• This hypothesis actually fuses two fundamental theories of how individuals learn
languages.
• Krashen has concluded that there are two systems of language acquisition that are
independent but related: the acquired system and the learned system

12. THE MONITOR HYPOTHESIS
• The monitor hypothesis seeks to elucidate how the acquired system is affected by the
learned system. When second language learners monitor their speech, they are
applying their understanding of learned grammar to edit, plan, and initiate their
communication. This action can only occur when speakers have ample time to think
about the form and structure of their sentences.

13. THE NATURAL ORDER HYPOTHESIS
• This hypothesis argues that there is a natural order to the way second language
learners acquire their target language. Research suggests that this natural order
seems to transcend age, the learner's native language, the target language, and the
conditions under which the second language is being learned. The order that the
learners follow has four steps:
1.They produce single words.
2.They string words together based on meaning and not syntax.
3.They begin to identify elements that begin and end sentences.
4.They begin to identify different elements within sentences and can rearrange them to
produce questions.

14. THE INPUT HYPOTHESIS
• This hypothesis seeks to explain how second languages are acquired. In its most basic
form, the input hypothesis argues that learners progress along the natural order only
when they encounter second language input that is one step beyond where they are in
the natural order. Therefore, if a learner is at step one from the above list, they will only
proceed along the natural order when they encounter input that is at the second step.

15. THE AFFECTIVE FILTER HYPOTHESIS
• his hypothesis describes external factors that can act as a filter that impedes
acquisition.
These factors include motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety. For example, if a learner
has very low motivation, very low self-confidence, and a high level of anxiety, the
affective filter comes into place and inhibits the learner from acquiring the new language.
Students who are motivated, confident, and relaxed about learning the target language
have much more success acquiring a second language than those who are trying to
learn with the affective filter in place.

16. According to second language
acquisition theory, the role of
grammar in language
acquisition is useful only when
the learner is interested in
learning grammar. Otherwise,
Krashen argues that studying
grammar equates to language
appreciation and does not
positively influence language
acquisition.

17. CONCLUSIONS
• We have concluded taht second language acquisition is a very importat process by
wich we learn a new language, the acquisition of a second language is a disclipne that
is dedicated to studying this process.
• Second language acquisition, or SLA, has two meanings. In a general sense it is a term
to describe learning a second language. More specifically, it is the name of the theory
of the process by which we acquire - or pick up - a second language
• Second language acquisition, or sequential language acquisition, is learning a second
language after a first language is already established. Many times this happens when a
child who speaks a language other than English goes to school for the first time.
Children have an easier time learning a second language, but anyone can do it at any
age. It takes a lot of practice!