This document summarizes a study that estimated VO2max (maximal oxygen consumption) levels in participants using various exercise tests. It found that estimates of VO2max can vary depending on the test used, and are also affected by individual factors like genetics, body composition, and training status. The study measured heart rate responses and oxygen consumption during tests like treadmill running, step tests, and 12-minute runs to estimate VO2max in participants and compare the results across tests. It concluded that more accurate VO2max measurements can be obtained in a laboratory setting using expired gas analysis compared to field tests.
A Comparative Study of VO2 Max in Young Female Athletes and Non-AthletesIOSR Journals
Abstract:
Aims And Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare maximum oxygen uptake(VO2
max ) between young female athletes and non-athletes and to show the importance of sports for physical
fitness.
Material & Methods: The present study was carried out in 50 females between the age group of 18-22 yrs.
They were divided into to groups, study group (25 athletes) and control group. (25 non-athletes) The maximum
oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was compared between cases and controls by using Queen’ college step test.(
Harward step test) .
Results: The VO2 max was higher in female athletes than non-athletes.
Conclusion: The present study showed VO2 max levels more in female athletes. Now a days, physical inactivity
is seen among students due to sedentary lifestyle which may lead to many health problems. Hence, we suggest
that students should get involved in sports and it should make a compulsory subject in colleges.
Key words:- VO2 Max; athlete & non athlete ;Young females
A Comparative Study of VO2 Max in Young Female Athletes and Non-AthletesIOSR Journals
Abstract:
Aims And Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare maximum oxygen uptake(VO2
max ) between young female athletes and non-athletes and to show the importance of sports for physical
fitness.
Material & Methods: The present study was carried out in 50 females between the age group of 18-22 yrs.
They were divided into to groups, study group (25 athletes) and control group. (25 non-athletes) The maximum
oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was compared between cases and controls by using Queen’ college step test.(
Harward step test) .
Results: The VO2 max was higher in female athletes than non-athletes.
Conclusion: The present study showed VO2 max levels more in female athletes. Now a days, physical inactivity
is seen among students due to sedentary lifestyle which may lead to many health problems. Hence, we suggest
that students should get involved in sports and it should make a compulsory subject in colleges.
Key words:- VO2 Max; athlete & non athlete ;Young females
Investigation of the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and...Sports Journal
The rationale of the study is to investigate the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and
anaerobic training among type 2 diabetic patients. To achieve the purpose of the study 45 male type 2
diabetic patients from Ongole, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, India, were selected as subjects.
The subjects were selected in the age group of 45 to 50 years and they were randomly assigned into three
equal groups of 15 each. Experimental group-I performed aerobic training, experimental group-II
performed anaerobic training and group III acted as control. The muscular endurance was selected as
dependent variable. The data collected from the three groups prior to and post experimentation on
selected dependent variable was statistically analyzed to find out the significant difference if any, by
applying the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the obtained ‘F’ ratio value was found to be
significant for adjusted post-test means, the Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test. In all the cases the
level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level for significance. The result of the study produced 20.48%
percentage of improvement due to aerobic training and 15.32% of improvement due to anaerobic training
in muscular endurance of the diabetic patients
Match analysis studies
have also demonstrated that football requires
participants to repeatedly produce maximal or
nearmaximal actions of short durationwith brief
recovery periods [40,45]. For these reasons, foot-
ball training should commonly include physical
exercises aimed to enhance both aerobic fitness
and repeated-sprint ability (RSA).
Differing from moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, high-intensity interval training
(HIIT) consists of alternating short periods of intense exercise with recovery
periods of passive or mild-intensity movement. Typically, the work intervals last
from 15 seconds to 4 minutes and approach 80% to 95% of an individual’s
maximum heart rate. Recovery intervals are generally equal to or slightly longer
than the intense work interval and consist of passive rest or mild activity at 40% to
50% of the maximum heart rate. The combined work/rest interval commonly is
repeated 6 to 10 times. Thus, the total HIIT exercise time ranges from 10 to 40 or
more minutes depending on the actual duration of the work and rest periods
Investigation of the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and...Sports Journal
The rationale of the study is to investigate the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and
anaerobic training among type 2 diabetic patients. To achieve the purpose of the study 45 male type 2
diabetic patients from Ongole, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, India, were selected as subjects.
The subjects were selected in the age group of 45 to 50 years and they were randomly assigned into three
equal groups of 15 each. Experimental group-I performed aerobic training, experimental group-II
performed anaerobic training and group III acted as control. The muscular endurance was selected as
dependent variable. The data collected from the three groups prior to and post experimentation on
selected dependent variable was statistically analyzed to find out the significant difference if any, by
applying the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the obtained ‘F’ ratio value was found to be
significant for adjusted post-test means, the Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test. In all the cases the
level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level for significance. The result of the study produced 20.48%
percentage of improvement due to aerobic training and 15.32% of improvement due to anaerobic training
in muscular endurance of the diabetic patients
Match analysis studies
have also demonstrated that football requires
participants to repeatedly produce maximal or
nearmaximal actions of short durationwith brief
recovery periods [40,45]. For these reasons, foot-
ball training should commonly include physical
exercises aimed to enhance both aerobic fitness
and repeated-sprint ability (RSA).
Differing from moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, high-intensity interval training
(HIIT) consists of alternating short periods of intense exercise with recovery
periods of passive or mild-intensity movement. Typically, the work intervals last
from 15 seconds to 4 minutes and approach 80% to 95% of an individual’s
maximum heart rate. Recovery intervals are generally equal to or slightly longer
than the intense work interval and consist of passive rest or mild activity at 40% to
50% of the maximum heart rate. The combined work/rest interval commonly is
repeated 6 to 10 times. Thus, the total HIIT exercise time ranges from 10 to 40 or
more minutes depending on the actual duration of the work and rest periods
VO2max (maximal oxygen consumption) refers to the amount of oxygen that can be consumed within 1 minute – this value has been called the absolute VO2max and this parameter is one of the highest in rowers among other sport disciplines.
Fórmulas del ACSM y aplicaciones al sistema métrico europeo para calcular en consumo de VO2 y calórico en actividades cardiovasculares como la cinta andadora, ergómetros, jogging ó en subida de escalones.
www.santiliebana.com
Effect of Exercise on CVS and Exercise Rx.pptxSoniya Lohana
A guide to effects of exercise on cardiovascular system and exercise prescription to conditions related to the human heart such as hypertension, CHF and even COVID.
VO2max Trainability and High Intensity Interval Training in Humans: A Meta-An...Fernando Farias
The benefits of an active lifestyle are well documented [1–3].
Many of these benefits are also associated with higher levels of
cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) which may exert protective
effects that are independent of traditional risk factors [3,4].
Additionally, for individuals with low physical fitness, even modest
improvements in fitness can have substantial health benefits.
However, some individuals may have a limited ability to increase
their cardiorespiratory fitness (trainability) in response to endurance
exercise training
An oral paper presentation on the topic "Cardiorespiratory fitness: A cross-sectional study by comparison of the athletic and non-athletic medical UG students using VO2 max" based on the post graduate dissertation done in 2019-2021
Acute cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to high intensity interval trai...Fernando Farias
Results from the present study quantify the effects of altering either the intensity of the
work or the recovery interval when performing interval sessions consisting of 60s of work and
60s of recovery for multiple repetitions. The information provided may aid those interested in
designing interval training sessions by providing ranges of values that could be expected for
individuals who possess moderate levels of cardiopulmonary fitness. Using a work intensity of
80% or 100% VGO2peak and a recovery intensity of 0% or 50% VGO2peak, subjects were able to
exercise within the ACSM recommended range for exercise intensity. Based upon the data it
would appear that a protocol such as the 80/0 may be appropriate for those individuals who
are just beginning a program or have little experience with interval-type activity. By contrast, a
100/50 protocol could not be completed by all of the subjects and therefore may be too intense
for some individuals.
SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE MEASURE OF EXERCISE TESTINGSusan Jose
FOLLOWING ACSM GUIDELINES TO OUTLINE VARIOUS MEASURES TO ESTIMATE EXERCISE INTENSITY.
WHAT IS VO2 MAXIMUM? HEART RATE MAXIMUM
MODIFIED BORG SCALE HOW TO USE CORRECTLY
TABATA: Articulo original del cual se ha basado el metodo Tabata actualMeso Ciclo
Estudio original del metodo tabata: Efectos de la resistencia de intensidad moderada y del interval training de alta intensidad respecto a la capacidad anaerobica y al VO2 MaX
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Lipid oxidation and perceived exertion level during exercise in obese: effect...IOSR Journals
Regular exercise is one of the most used solutions to avoid obesity. In this study we compared the amounts of lipid oxidation and the level of perceived exertion in three physical exercises, one continuous and two intermittent in obese. Ten obese men (age 26.01 ± 6.0 years, weight: 104.2 ± 19.4 kg, BMI: 33.5 ± 3.6 kg / m2) performed three 45 minutes exercises during which we measured energy expenditure and the level of perceived exertion. A continuous exercise whose intensity corresponds to the intensity of Fat max, an intermittent exercise which alternate four minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the fat max intensity +10% (intermittent 1/4), and a second intermittent exercise which alternate two minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the Fat max intensity +20% (intermittent 1/2). While the total energy expenditure during continuous exercise (321.6 Kcal) is higher than those of the intermittent 1/4 (268.1 Kcal) and the intermittent 1/2 (268.9 Kcal), the amounts of energy from oxidized fats in the three exercises are equivalent: 34,6 Kcal, 31,8 Kcal and 36,2 Kcal respectively for the three exercises. The perceived exertion measured by the Borg scale showed that intermittent exercises causes less fatigue in obese than the continuous exercise.
The break down of proteins.
Protein Background
Definition Of Proteolysis
How/Where Proteins Breakdown
Enzyme Precursor
Proteolytic Enzymes
Protein To Energy Pathway
Exposure In Practise
Promoting Yourself And Your Organisation
Promoting The Benefits If Sport And Regular Physical Activity
Marketing Special Events
Evaluating Marketing
A written report (1500 words) based upon an interview (with one subject) focused upon the place and meaning of exercise. The submitted report must include:
1. A transcript of the semi-structured interview with the subject (this MUST interview must be conducted according to the required ethical and methodological procedures for qualitative research introduced by the unit);
2. Based on a brief review of the relevant academic literature provide a clear and detailed explanation and justification for A) the choice of interviewee; B) Your selection of lead questions; C) What conclusions may be drawn from the data collected
Part 1: Reflective Log - Is Corby Borough Council strategic management for th...Carl Page
Conducted a piece of small scale research, within this piece of research focuses on a work related management issue / problem or a key management principle / theme. The research follows ethical guidelines and theory learned within research based units.
Part 2: Presentation - Is Corby Borough Council strategic management for the ...Carl Page
Succinct presentation of the outcome of my piece of small scale research which focused on a work related management issue / problem or a key management principle / theme.
The organisation of sport – and hence the Sport Industry of Employers – is very complex and subject to constant changes and modifications, for example when there is a change of national government in the UK and / or success (or failure) on the international stage of our elite sports men and women.
There are three areas to the research:
(1) The difference between the ‘performance’ and the ‘participation’ strands and the implications of this for the Sport Industry;
(2) The differences and interdependencies of the three main sectoral components of the Sport Industry (Public; private; voluntary);
(3) Significant recent and / or proposed changes (such as funding or strategic thinking about the place of sport in society) to the Sport Industry.
The Application of Self Confidence/Efficacy, Motivation and Interpersonal Ski...Carl Page
Weiner’s Attribution Model Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) Model of self-confidence (adapted from Feltz, 1984) Need to Achieve (NACH) and Need to Avoid Failure (NAF) SMARTER acronym Emotional Intelligence Interpersonal Skills Self-Confidence/Efficacy
Footwear Technology In Sport...Harder, Better, Faster, StrongerCarl Page
I produced a document, which identifies a gap in the research literature and provides a sound academic rationale for conducting a research study in a particular area. This includes a research question and hypothesis, detailed methodology, presented is how this hypothesis will be tested. Also I have provided a justification for the resources that may be used in the project. Finally, included is an overview of the ethical considerations for this project.
Critical Discussion on the Long Term Athlete Development (LTAD) Approach In t...Carl Page
This essay critically discusses current theory/practice of developing performers aged16+ years in the sport of football. These performers may already be elite or aspire to be elite performers. In particular, refers to relevant theoretical frameworks/models for developing performers within this age group in sport.
Developing Young Performers (8-16 Years Old) Through The Long Term Athlete De...Carl Page
A essay that critically discusses current theory/practice of developing young performers (8-16 years old) in a sport of your choice. In particular, you should refer to relevant theoretical frameworks/models for developing performers in sport.
Analyse the Performance of a Sport Skill: Rugby Line-out ThrowCarl Page
In this assignment scrutinises two executions of a singular particular sport skill which is the rugby line-out throw. In which one is pattern of the perfect model, whereas the other is a model that needs opportunity for progression.
Analyse the Performance of a Sport Skill: Badminton Backhand Short ServeCarl Page
In this assignment scrutinises two executions of a singular particular sport skill which is the badminton backhand short serve. In which one is pattern of the perfect model, whereas the other is a model that needs opportunity for progression.
The Effects Of Creatine On Repeated Sprint Performance, Maximum Strength And ...Carl Page
Working as part of a research team investigating the effects of creatine on repeated sprint performance, maximum strength and power; our role, as a group, was to write a 1500 word scientific laboratory report presenting the findings of our study.
The nutritional supplement creatine has been gaining popularity exponentially over the past decade, so much so, that it is one of the most widely used Ergogenic aids. Theoretically, an increase in creatine stores within the muscle may enhance the rate of ATP synthesis and PCr resynthesis during high-intensity exercise, and therefore, improve performance. However, within the scientific literature the effects of creatine on exercise performance remain equivocal.
The Effects Of Creatine On Repeated Sprint Performance, Maximum Strength And ...Carl Page
Working as part of a research team investigating the effects of creatine on repeated sprint performance, maximum strength and power.
The nutritional supplement creatine has been gaining popularity exponentially over the past decade, so much so, that it is one of the most widely used Ergogenic aids. Theoretically, an increase in creatine stores within the muscle may enhance the rate of ATP synthesis and PCr resynthesis during high-intensity exercise, and therefore, improve performance. However, within the scientific literature the effects of creatine on exercise performance remain equivocal.
Research Analysis: Performance Comparison against Different Pain Killer TabletsCarl Page
Worked in collaboration with several other investigators and had the responsibility to complete the unfinished ‘Statistical Analysis’ of the ‘Methodology’ section and then write an appropriate ‘Results’ section.
Peak Performance Of A Marathon Runner With A Sub 2 Hr 40 Race TimeCarl Page
In this physiology assignment discusses how the cardio-respiratory systems facilitate the energy systems that are used during a peak performance of a marathon runner with a sub 2 hr 40 race time. Also suggests and justifies a physiological assessment which could be used to help understand the person’s fitness and specific physiological responses to exercise.
Peak Performance Of A Marathon Runner With A Sub 2 Hr 40 Race Time
The Discrepancy in Estimated VO2MAX Concerning Diverse Practices
1. Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Laboratory Report
SPO021-1 Introduction to Exercise Physiology
Carl Page
University of Bedfordshire
Ms. N Bretherton
2. THE DISCREPANCY IN ESTIMATED VO2MAX
CONCERNING DIVERSE PRACTICES
Introduction
How fit do you think you are? Agreement to
Dr David Stensel of the School of Sport and
Exercise Sciences at Loughborough University,
it is tough to identify precisely. Frequent
training while greatly suggested it is simply
fraction of the portrayal. "Genetics plays a big
part in fitness too. It's certainly the case that
two people of the same age can do the same
amount of exercise, but one can be fitter than
the other.”
Thus across various performances the
cardiovascular exercises can conclude a
participant VO2max “the highest rate of
oxygen consumption attainable during
maximal or exhaustive exercise”. Since
individuals VO2max can be calculated via
straight quantity of maximal oxygen uptake,
through being calculated in the maximum
amount of oxygen in millilitres, individuals can
use in one minute per kilogram of their body
weight.
Although there are numerous sub maximal
and maximal exercise tests have been
developed made from track/field walking and
jogging to treadmill laboratory settings. While
the valid and reliable approximations of
VO2max which are gained from normative
data as from previous studies published
online and paper e.g. the Journal of Sports
Science and Medicine (JSSM) and other
relevant worldwide sporting organisations.
Presented in this physiology journal are the
physiological tests which examined chosen
characteristics of participant’s execution
within a monitored laboratory. Since this
study shows the findings from physiology
assessments through to data collection. These
fitness assessments require the motivation of
participants exercise to exhaustion,
consequently VO2max depends on participant
factors. Therefore those with a high-level
Body Mass Index (BMI) will have an estimated
lower VO2max rating and cannot do exercises
further powerfully than individuals who are
healthy trained.
2 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
3. Methodologies
Participants volunteered to be in research and
understood the risks involved as Physical
Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and
Informed Consents were used. Data gathered
used to evaluate the participants VO2 levels
of fitness against the norm for easy
comparisons. Consequently with participants
Body Mass Index (BMI) rating then able to
discover if participants are over/under or in
the ideal weight bracket for their height too.
Record all participants heart rate before,
immediately afterwards, and then five
minutes later of each test. Astrand Treadmill
Test, from the total running time an estimate
of the participants VO2max can be calculated
as follows: VO2max= (Time × 1.444) + 14.99
Where "Time" is the recorded test time exact
in minutes and parts of a minute. Test forces
the participant to run as extensive and
achievable on a treadmill. Assistant
discontinues the stopwatch, records the time
whenever the participant is incapable to
persist.
Queens College (VO2max) Step Test, step up
and down on the bench for three minutes
accordance to selected beat and at height
16.25 inches. Females: VO2max= 65.81-
(0.1847*HR), Males: VO2max= 111.33-
(0.42*HR).
Multi-Stage Fitness Test consists of 18 or 21
levels depending on CD/tape used. Test is
stopped once participant fails to reach the
line (within 2 meters) for two consecutive
ends. The reliability of the test would depend
on how strictly the test is run and the practice
allowed for the subjects.
12 minute Cooper Test, participants run for
twelve minutes, and the total distance
covered is recorded. The reliability would
depend on practice, pacing strategies and
motivation level. An estimate of the
participants VO2max can be calculated as
follows:
VO2max= (Distance covered in meters
– 504.9) ÷ 44.73
3 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
4. 4 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Results
The total of seven British Caucasian
participant’s male to female ratio 6:1 ages 18-
20 years old. Although following BMI
assessment is presented from NHS Direct
(UK);
Less than 18.5 participants are
underweight for their height.
18.5 to 24.9 participants are an ideal
weight for their height
25 to 29.9 participants are over the
ideal weight for their height
30 to 39.9 participants are obese
Over 39.9 participants very obese
List of fitness assessments and the room
temperatures participants performed at.
Fitness Assessment Room
Temperature
Astrand 18'C
Step Test 20'C
Multi-stage Fitness Test 18'C
Cooper 18'C
All four fitness assessment VO2max results of
each participant.
The groups heart rate differences before,
immediately afterwards, and then five
minutes later on two fitness assessments.
Multi-stage
Fitness Test
HR
Resting
Heart
Rate at
End
HR at
end + 5
mins
Mean 62 126 80
Median 60 120 84
Mode 54 156 60
Range 28 78 36
Standard
Deviation
10.39 29.11 14.58
12 Minute
Cooper VO2max
Test
HR
Resting
Heart
Rate at
End
HR at
end + 5
mins
Table 1. Test temperatures of all fitness tests.
Figure 2. Bar Chart presenting VO2Max of all fitness
tests
Figure 1. Pie Chart showing participants Body Mass
Index
Table 2. Heart rate data of the Multi-stage
Fitness Test.
5. Mean 63 133 81
Median 60 120 78
Mode 48 120 60
Range 42 94 54
5 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Standard
Deviation
15.04 35.47 19.86
Discussion/Conclusion
VO2max was estimated through a number of
indirect exercise assessments. Yet
recommended that maximal exercise
assessments aren’t further unsafe compared
submaximal assessments delivered cautiously
obey procedures for practice acceptance
assessment and observer the physiological
reactions of the participant exercise
constantly. The sample is heterogeneous as
participants experience VO2max changes in
the fitness assessments. Although every
assessment followed “The protocol duration
of tests to VO2max should be between 8 and
10 min for healthy, moderately to highly
trained subjects.” (Med Sci Sports Exerc.
2007)
Support recommends the occurrence of VO2
plateau through increased performance
assessment is greatly variable stretching from
16% to 94% (Day et al. 2003; Rossiter,
Kowalchuk, and Whipp 2006; Yoon, Kravitz,
and Robergs 2007). Actually these
investigations recognised that a "plateau
phenomenon" is not a condition for
recognising an accurate VO2max in the
difference of participants (Noakes
2008). Intended for participants who do not
achieve an definite VO2 plateau, the VO2
peak reached in a maximal exercising fitness
assessment to the threshold of acceptance is
an effective guide of VO2max (Day et al. 2003;
Hawkins et al. 2007; Howley 2007).
Factors that affect maximal oxygen uptake,
individual variations their somatotype in
Table 3. Heart rate data of the 12 Minute
Cooper VO2max Test.
Figure 3. Line Chart displaying oxygen
consumption plateaus
6. VO2max reflect the volume of muscle mass
recruited. VO2max expressed relative to
body mass. More body fat mass = lower
relative VO2max. Genetics build up to 40% of
difference in VO2max connecting participants.
(Bouchard et all, 1992)
Normal values for relative (mL/kg/min) VO2
for various groups of individuals;
Untrained College-aged Females 30-
35 mL/kg/min
Untrained College-aged Males 35-45
mL/kg/min
Active College-aged Females 40-45
mL/kg/min
Active College-aged Males 45-50
mL/kg/min
Trained College-aged Females 50-60
mL/kg/min
Trained College-aged Males 55-65
mL/kg/min
Competitive College-aged Males 65-
85 mL/kg/min
Highest measured VO2max 95
mL/kg/min
Figure 4. Cardiac output and VO2 increase
linearly (California State University 2004)
6 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Fick Equation;
VO2 = HR x SV x a-vO2diff
Maximal and submaximal VO2 is stated as
absolute or relative conditions. Absolute VO2
is the total volume of oxygen consumed and
expressed as L/min. Relative VO2 is the total
volume of oxygen consumed related to body
weight since allows comparison of aerobic
fitness among individuals of various body size.
Nonetheless reliant on couple effects, the
compound capacity to utilise oxygen in
crushing downward energy and the joint
capability of cardio-respiratory systems to
carrying the oxygen to the muscle tissue. As
both cardiac output and VO2 increase in
linearly with exercise intensity. Therefore
measuring heart rate is great way of
estimating all the participants VO2.
Cooper (1968) reported a correlation of 0.90
between VO2max and the distance covered in
a 12 min walk/run. The running economies of
each compared to participant are different.
Consequently further investigation process
and continuation laboratory setting a VO2max
capable of being attained in increasing
intensity which obtains assured
measurements by use of Douglas Bags. Since
it will gives more accurate reading of expired
California State University (2004).
7. VO2max as calculates the expired air which
can be presented on a graph for simpler
comparisons of participants levels of fitness.
Further conditions which can show the
execution of an accurate VO2max;
Stoppage of the heart rate to add
through rises in workout amount.
Breathing interchange ratio (RER)
more than 1.15
Therefore monitoring the heart rate and
changing room temperature VO2max can
be discovered through analysing how
each participant’s cardio-respiratory
systems keep up with the demands at
different stages for more valid and
reliable results.
7 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
8. References/Acknowledgements
Appendix
A. Informed Consent Sheets.
B. Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q's).
C. Fitness Test Scores Spreadsheet
D. SPO021-1 Introduction to Exercise Physiology Practical 6: Estimating VO2 Max from
Cardiovascular Exercise
Normative Data for VO2max
Non-Athletes
Age Male Female
10-19 47-56 38-46
20-29 43-52 33-42
30-39 39-48 30-38
40-49 36-44 26-35
50-59 34-41 24-33
60-69 31-38 22-30
70-79 28-35 20-27
Tables adapted from: Wilmore JH and Costill DL. (2005) Physiology of Sport and Exercise: 3rd Edition.
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetic
Female (values in ml/kg/min)
Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior
13-19 <25.0 25.0 - 30.9 31.0 - 34.9 35.0 - 38.9 39.0 - 41.9 >41.9
20-29 <23.6 23.6 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.9 33.0 - 36.9 37.0 - 41.0 >41.0
30-39 <22.8 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.6 35.7 - 40.0 >40.0
40-49 <21.0 21.0 - 24.4 24.5 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.8 32.9 - 36.9 >36.9
50-59 <20.2 20.2 - 22.7 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.7 >35.7
60+ <17.5 17.5 - 20.1 20.2 - 24.4 24.5 - 30.2 30.3 - 31.4 >31.4
9. Male (values in ml/kg/min)
Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior
13-19 <35.0 35.0 - 38.3 38.4 - 45.1 45.2 - 50.9 51.0 - 55.9 >55.9
20-29 <33.0 33.0 - 36.4 36.5 - 42.4 42.5 - 46.4 46.5 - 52.4 >52.4
30-39 <31.5 31.5 - 35.4 35.5 - 40.9 41.0 - 44.9 45.0 - 49.4 >49.4
40-49 <30.2 30.2 - 33.5 33.6 - 38.9 39.0 - 43.7 43.8 - 48.0 >48.0
50-59 <26.1 26.1 - 30.9 31.0 - 35.7 35.8 - 40.9 41.0 - 45.3 >45.3
60+ <20.5 20.5 - 26.0 26.1 - 32.2 32.3 - 36.4 36.5 - 44.2 >44.2
Table Reference: The Physical Fitness Specialist Certification Manual, The Cooper Institute for
Aerobics Research, Dallas TX, revised 1997 printed in Advance Fitness Assessment & Exercise
Prescription, 3rd Edition, Vivian H. Heyward, 1998.p48.
Queen's College Step Test, normative data for the Queen's College step up test, the following are
national norms for 16 to 19 year olds.
Gender Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor
Male <121 148 - 121 156 - 149 162 - 157 >162
Female <129 158 - 129 166 - 159 170 - 167 >170
Table Reference: Physical Education and the study of sport, B. Davies et al.
Normative data for the Multi-Stage Fitness Test.
Male
Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor
14 - 16 L12 S7 L11 S2 L8 S9 L7 S1 <L6 S6
17 - 20 L12 S12 L11 S6 L9 S2 L7 S6 <L7 S3
21 - 30 L12 S12 L11 S7 L9 S3 L7 S8 <L7 S5
31 - 40 L11 S7 L10 S4 L6 S10 L6 S7 <L6 S4
41 - 50 L10 S4 L9 S4 L6 S9 L5 S9 <L5 S2
9 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
10. 10 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Female
Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor
14 - 16 L10 S9 L9 S1 L6 S7 L5 S1 <L4 S7
17 - 20 L10 S11 L9 S3 L6 S8 L5 S2 <L4 S9
21 - 30 L10 S8 L9 S2 L6 S6 L5 S1 <L4 S9
31 - 40 L10 S4 L8 S7 L6 S3 L4 S6 <L4 S5
41 - 50 L9 S9 L7 S2 L5 S7 L4 S2 <L4 S1
Multi-Stage Fitness Test Level Expectations
Rating Men Women
Excellent > 13 > 12
Very Good 11 - 13 10 - 12
Good 9 - 11 8 - 10
Average 7 - 9 6 - 8
Poor 5 - 7 4 - 6
Very Poor < 5 < 4
Normative data for the 12 Minute Cooper VO2max Test
Male Athletes
Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor
13-14 >2700m 2400-2700m 2200-2399m 2100-2199m <2100m
15-16 >2800m 2500-2800m 2300-2499m 2200-2299m <2200m
17-19 >3000m 2700-3000m 2500-2699m 2300-2499m <2300m
20-29 >2800m 2400-2800m 2200-2399m 1600-2199m <1600m
11. 30-39 >2700m 2300-2700m 1900-2299m 1500-1999m <1500m
40-49 >2500m 2100-2500m 1700-2099m 1400-1699m <1400m
>50 >2400m 2000-2400m 1600-1999m 1300-1599m <1300m
Female Athletes
Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor
13-14 >2000m 1900-2000m 1600-1899m 1500-1599m <1500m
15-16 >2100m 2000-2100m 1700-1999m 1600-1699m <1600m
17-20 >2300m 2100-2300m 1800-2099m 1700-1799m <1700m
20-29 >2700m 2200-2700m 1800-2199m 1500-1799m <1500m
30-39 >2500m 2000-2500m 1700-1999m 1400-1699m <1400m
40-49 >2300m 1900-2300m 1500-1899m 1200-1499m <1200m
>50 >2200m 1700-2200m 1400-1699m 1100-1399m <1100m
11 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Websites
Brianmac Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/ Accessed (12/02/2011)
Top End Sports Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/ Accessed (12/02/2011)
Brianmac VO2max Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/VO2max.htm#vo2 Accessed
(23/02/2011)
Brianmac Body Mass Index (BMI) Test Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/idealw.htm
Accessed (12/02/2011)
BBC Body Mass Index (BMI) Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/cgi-perl/
health/fightingfat/bodymass.pl Accessed (12/02/2011)
Brianmac Performance Evaluation Tests Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/eval.htm Accessed
(12/02/2011)
Top End Sports Testing Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/index.htm Accessed
(12/02/2011)
12. Top End Sports Testing Guide Conduct Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/guide-conduct.
htm Accessed (12/02/2011)
Top End Sports Testing Norms Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/norms.htm
Accessed (12/02/2011)
Top End Sports Testing Guide Select Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/guide-select.
htm Accessed (12/02/2011)
Top End Sports Standing Height (Stature) Available at:
http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/height.htm Accessed (23/02/2011)
Top End Sports Body Mass / Weight Available at:
http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/mass.htm Accessed (23/02/2011)
Top End Sports 20m Multistage Fitness Test (Beep Test) Available at:
http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/20mshuttle.htm Accessed (23/02/2011)
Brianmac Multi-Stage Fitness Test Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/beep.htm Accessed
(23/02/2011)
Brianmac Astrand Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/astrand.htm Accessed (15/03/2011)
Brianmac Queens Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/queens.htm Accessed (21/02/2011)
Top End Sports Step Queens Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/step-queens.
htm Accessed (21/02/2011)
Brianmac Cooper VO2max Test Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/gentest.htm Accessed
(23/02/2011)
Sport Fitness Advisor VO2max Available at: http://www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/VO2max.html
Accessed (23/02/2011)
California State University CV Adaptations Available at:
http://www.csun.edu/~bby44411/346pdf/cvadaptations.pdf Accessed (31/03/2011)
California State University CV Adaptations 2 Available at:
http://www.csun.edu/~bby44411/346pdf/cvadaptations2.pdf Accessed (31/03/2011)
Women Fitness VO2 Available at: http://www.womenfitness.net/vo2.htm Accessed (01/04/2011)
Calculator Standard Deviation Calculator Available at: http://www.calculator.net/standard-deviation-
calculator.html Accessed (01/04/2011)
12 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Books
A. and C. Black, (11/2006), Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science, A & C Black Publishers, 1-255.
MyAthens ebrary [Online]. Available at:
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/treshamins/docDetail.action?docID=10196632 (Accessed: 08/11/2010)
13. Pearson Education Limited (07/2007), BTEC National Sport Book 1 (2nd Edition), Pearson Education
Limited, Unit 6 Fitness testing for sport and exercise, 228-268. MyAthens ebrary [Online]. Available
at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/treshamins/docDetail.action?docID=10300498 (Accessed: 23/03/2011)
Pearson Education Limited (07/2007), BTEC National Sport and Exercise Sciences, Pearson Education
Limited, Chapter 4 Research methods for sport and exercise sciences & Chapter 5 Research project
in sport and exercise sciences,124-200 MyAthens ebrary [Online]. Available at:
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/treshamins/docDetail.action?docID=10314091&p00=fitness%20testing
(Accessed: 23/03/2011)
Sport and exercise physiology testing guidelines: the British Association of Sport and Exercise
Sciences Guide. By Edward M. Winter, British Association of Sport and Exercise. Available at:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UXJuiiPIFfIC&pg=PA212&dq=sport+Physiological+assessments
&hl=en&ei=yxVITbDKJoWAhAfRyPzYBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CGMQ6
AEwCA#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiological%20assessments&f=false (Accessed: 31/01/2011)
Physiological assessment of human fitness By Peter J. Maud, Carl Foster. Available at:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rtTokQPt9rIC&dq=sport+Physiological+assessments&printsec=f
rontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=zBRITeqDOce3hQeWrqmiBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&res
num=11&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiological%20assessments&f=false
(Accessed: 1/02/2011)
The physiology of training By Gregory Whyte. Available at:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lx1yTLwzU6QC&pg=PA35&dq=sport+Physiological+assessment
s&hl=en&ei=yxVITbDKJoWAhAfRyPzYBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEgQ6
AEwAw#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiological%20assessments&f=false (Accessed: 1/02/2011)
Physiological tests for elite athletes By Christopher John Gore, Australian Sports Commission.
Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q7x_mYkkv-
EC&printsec=frontcover&dq=sport+Physiological+assessments&hl=en&ei=yxVITbDKJoWAhAfRyPzYB
A&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiol
ogical%20assessments&f=false (Accessed: 1/02/2011)
Principles of exercise testing and interpretation including pathophysiology and clinical applications
4th edition. By Karlman Wasserman, James E. Hansen, Darryl Y. Sue. Page 31 Available at:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y_pfyYtYKmwC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=VO2+is+determined+
by&source=bl&ots=R1DZkn3ygG&sig=Pp_lvMlQhaEorlqiK9jrRhRHqXw&hl=en&ei=AkqTTZjpEITDhAfh
-
_iSDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=VO2%20is
%20determined%20by&f=false (Accessed: 30/03/2011)
13 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
14. Christopher B. Cooper, Thomas W. Storer (2001) Exercise testing and interpretation: a practical
approach. Chapter 3 Testing Methods, Page 96, Cambridge University Press.
Heyward, V.H. (2010) Advanced Fitness Assessments and Exercise Prescription. 6th Edition. Chapter
4 Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Pages 65–85. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
Leger, L.A. & Lambert, J. (1982) A maximal multistage 20m shuttle run test to predict VO2max.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 49, Pages 1–5.
Maud, P & Foster, C. (2004) Physiological assessment of human fitness. 2nd edn. Chapter 3
Measurement of V02max 9 Criteria… & Chapter 4 Determination of V02max From Spe... Champaign,
Illinois: Human Kinetics.
McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I. & Katch, V. L. (2005) Essentials of exercise physiology. 3rd edn. , Volume
1. Chapter 12 The Cardiovascular System and Ex, Pages 353–360 London: Lippincott, Williams &
Wilkins.
McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., Pechar, G.S., Jacobsen, L. & Ruck, S. (1972) Reliability and
interrelationships between maximal oxygen intake, physical working capacity and step-test scores in
college women. Medicine and Science in Sports 4: Pages 182–186.
Wilmore, J. & Costill, D. (2004) Physiology of sport and exercise. 4th edn.
Chapter 15 Physical Activity for Health and Fitness, Pages 459–465 Champaign, Illinois: Human
Kinetics.
Journals
Prediction of VO2 max before, during, and after 16 weeks of endurance training. (Maximal oxygen
uptake). Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 69.n3 (Sept 1998): p.p297 (7). Pat Vehrs, James
D. George and Gilbert W. Fellingham. Available at:
http://find.galegroup.com/gps/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-Documents&
resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28KE%2
CNone%2C7%29VO2+MAX%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&searchType
=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=IPS&searchId=R3¤tPosition=6&userGroupName=tre
sham&docId=A21187789&docType=IAC&contentSet=IAC-Documents
Sport Science Students Fitness Level at University Malaysia Sabah. European Journal of Social
Sciences Volume 12, Number 4 (2010) Available at:
http://upm.academia.edu/omarfauzeeMS/Papers/271926/Sport_Science_Students_Fitness_Level_a
t_University_Malaysia_Sabah
VO2max, protocol duration, and the VO2 plateau. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Jul; 39(7):1186-92.
14 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
15. Yoon BK, Kravitz L, Robergs R.Exercise Physiology Laboratories, Exercise Science Program, The
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1251, USA.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596788
Secular Trends in the Performance of Children and Adolescents (1980–2000): An Analysis of 55
Studies of the 20m Shuttle Run Test in 11 Countries. Tomkinson G.R.1; Léger L.A.2; Olds T.S.1;
Cazorla G.3, Source: Sports Medicine, Volume 33, Number 4, 2003, pp. 285-300(16), Adis
International. Available at:
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/adis/smd/2003/00000033/00000004/art00003
Oxygen-Uptake Efficiency Slope as a Determinant of Fitness in Overweight Adolescents. Med Sci
Sports Exerc. 2007 October; 39(10): 1811–1816. Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2266873/
O2, max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know? Benjamin D Levine, Institute for
Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, and the University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA. J Physiol. 2008 January 1; 586(Pt 1): 25–34.
Published online 2007 November 15. Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375567/
Effects of preferred and nonpreferred music on continuous cycling exercise performance. (Author
abstract)(Report). Perceptual and Motor Skills 110.1 (Feb 2010): p.257 (8). Priscila M. Nakamura,
Gleber Pereira, Camila B. Papini, Fabio Y. Nakamura and Eduardo Kokubun. Available at:
http://find.galegroup.com/gps/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-Documents&
resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28ke%2
CNone%2C18%29music+and+exercise%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&s
earchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=IPS&searchId=R1¤tPosition=6&userGroup
Name=tresham&docId=A221655092&docType=IAC&contentSet=IAC-Documents
Music and light during indoor cycling. (Author abstract)(Report).Perceptual and Motor Skills 108.2
(April 2009): p.597 (11). Naama Shaulov and Dubi Lufi. Available at:
http://find.galegroup.com/gps/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-Documents&
resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28ke%2
CNone%2C18%29music+and+exercise%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&s
earchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=IPS&searchId=R7¤tPosition=9&userGroup
Name=tresham&docId=A200979597&docType=IAC&contentSet=IAC-Documents
15 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
16. Articles
A new way to test your fitness, Sam Murphy, 23 October 2009. Available at:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/oct/23/fitness-test-new?INTCMP=SRCH
So you think you're fit? Joanna Moorhead, 20 January 2004.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2004/jan/20/healthandwellbeing.health2?INTCMP=SRCH
What is Lance Armstrong's secret? Matt Seaton, 28 July 2005. Available at:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2005/jul/28/thisweekssciencequestions3?INTCMP=SRCH
How can I test my fitness? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4286804.stm
How fit are you? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4742961.stm
What happens in a VO2 max test? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4291516.stm
What makes a great Tour rider? Health / 06 Jul 2007 By Jane Elliott.
BBC News, health reporter. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6273202.stm
The three (st)ages of the triathlon Magazine / 17 Nov 2006 A POINT OF VIEW By Tim Egan. Available
at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6159674.stm
16 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching