THESIS

Running head: EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON METABOLIC INDICES
EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON METABOLIC INDICES IN FEMALE
SOFTBALL PLAYERS
By
Courtney J. Saunders
An Honors thesis Submitted to the Department of Food & Nutrition and Exercise & Sports
Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Science
Meredith College
Raleigh, North Carolina
April 27, 2016
Honors Student ______________________________ Date ____________________
Thesis Director ______________________________ Date ____________________
Thesis Director ______________________________ Date ____________________
Honors Director ______________________________ Date ____________________

EFFECTS OF CAFFEINESUPPLEMENTATION ON METABOLIC INDICES
ii
Publication Agreement
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purposes only.
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Meredith College may keep more than one copy of this submission for purposes of security,
backup and preservation.
Courtney Saunders
04/27/2016
Copyright 2016 by Courtney Saunders

iii
ABSTRACT
Courtney Saunders: Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Metabolic Indices in Female
Softball Players
(Under the direction of Dr. Edward Robinson and Dr. William Landis)
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of caffeine supplementation on
female softball players though observing metabolic indices in the novel form of exercise which
athletes are not accustomed to. Methods: Eight healthy women (age: 19.75 ± 0.78 y, weight:
63.84 ± 6.79 kg and height: 163.04± 6.86 cm ) volunteered to participate in this single-blind,
placebo-controlled design study. All participants completed a health history form and PAR-Q
before testing protocol. The participants were asked to check in one hour prior to testing time in
order to consume the caffeine supplementation or placebo. The height, weight, and age of each
individual were taken prior to testing as well. Participants performed a 𝑉̇ O2max test on the
treadmill. The performance was measured by metabolic indices such as 𝑉̇ O2max, ventilatory
threshold (VT), and time to exhaustion (TTE) with caffeine and placebo trials. Results: There
was a significant statistical difference in the scores for 𝑉̇ O2max with caffeine (M=48.734,
SD=4.31) and without caffeine (M= 45.536, SD= 5.783); t(7)= -2.503, p= 0.041. There was not a
significant statistical difference in the scores of VT with caffeine (M=426.500, SD=102.891) and
without caffeine (M=439.375, SD=145.123); t(7)= 12.875, p=0.709. Also, there was not a
significant statistical difference in the scores of TTE with caffeine (M=686.250, SD=143.235)
and without caffeine (M=701.625, SD=135.841); t(7)= 0.853, p=0.422.Discussion: These results
suggests that caffeine does not affect total time to exhaustion (TTE) nor does it alter the
ventilatory threshold suggesting that caffeine supplementation did not affect this metabolic
threshold during a continual, incremental exercise event. However, caffeine supplementation had
a significant effect on 𝑉̇ O2max as a greater amount of oxygen was able to be used during the

iv
V ̇O2max test.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapters
I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………1
Statement of purpose……………………………………………………1-2
Dependent Variables………………………………………………………2
Independent Variables…………………………………………………….2
Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………2
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………..2-3
Operational Definitions……………………………………………………3
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE..……………………………………………………4
V̇ O2max and Metabolic Thresholds……………………………………….4
Metabolic Thresholds…………………………………………………….6
Mode of Training and Performance……………………………………….7
Effects of Caffeine on Performance……………………………………….8
III. METHODOLOGY..……………………………………………………………..19
Experimental Design…………………………………………………….19
Participants………………………………………………………………19
Procedures……………………………………………………………19-20
Protocol………………………………………………………………….20
Supplementation Protocol……………………………………20-21
Determination of V̇ O2max and Ventilatory Threshold…………..21
Time to Exhaustion………………………………………………22

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Statistical Analysis………………………………………………………22
IV. RESULTS………………………………………………………………………..23
V̇ O2max…………………………………………………………………..23
Ventilatory Threshold……………………………………………………23
Time to Exhaustion………………………………………………………23
V. DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………24
APPENDIX-IRB Materials………………………………………………27
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………..41

1
Chapter I
Introduction
The consumption of caffeine before exercise performance has been a common topic of
research in order to determine performance variables. According to research, caffeine
supplementation has indicated positive effects on performance variables (Denadai, B.S., &
Denadai, M.L.D.R. 1998, Cox et al. 2002, Bell and McLellan 2003, Goldstein et al. 2012,
Graham, Hibbert, Sathasivam 1998, Jordan, Farley, Caputo 2012, Graham, T.E., & Spriet, L.L.
1996). Caffeine supplementation enhances power production, which is controlled by the CNS
and neuromuscular systems (Goldstein et al. 2010). Studies have also demonstrated a delay in
fatigue during continuous endurance training after caffeine ingestion (McCormack and Hoffman,
2012). Research suggests that about 6 mg/kg of caffeine supplementation approximately an hour
before activity has the greatest potential for positive effects on exercise performance (Denadai,
B.S., & Denadai, M.L.D.R. 1998, Cox et al. 2002, Bell and McLellan 2003, Goldstein et al.
2012, Graham, Hibbert, Sathasivam 1998, Jordan, Farley, Caputo 2012, Graham, T.E., & Spriet,
L.L. 1996.). The mechanism of action of caffeine is important to understand as the supplement
goes through the body and effects neural and muscular functions (Goldstein et al. 2010).
To date, no one has examined the effects of caffeine supplementation on metabolic
indices in college aged female softball players while performing a continuous, incremental
treadmill test.
Statement of Purpose

2
Research suggests that caffeine supplementation has a positive effect on performance
variables. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the effects of caffeine
supplementation on the measures of aerobic ability in athletic individuals during the performance
of a novel exercise.
Dependent Variables
1. Measure of aerobic performance
a. 𝑉̇ O2max
b. TTE
c. Ventilatory Threshold
Independent Variables
1. Supplementation-Caffeine vs Placebo
Hypothesis
Caffeine supplementation will improve participant’s 𝑉̇ O2max, increase ventilatory
threshold, and prolong the TTE during the 𝑉̇ O2max test because caffeine affects neural and
muscular functions.
Definition of Terms
1. 𝑉̇ O2max Test: The Bruce Protocol is a common maximal exercise test where the athlete
works to complete exhaustion during a continuous, incremental test on the treadmill.
The length of time on the treadmill is the test score and can be used to estimate the

3
𝑉̇ O2max value. During the test, heart rate, RER, ventilatory threshold and ratings of
perceived exertion can also be collected. (Quinn 2016)
2. 𝑉̇ O2max: The volume of oxygen utilized by the body during a maximal aerobic effort.
“[P]rovides important, reproducible information about the power capacity of the long-
term energy system, including the functional capacity of the physiologic support
systems” (McArdle, Katch, F. & Katch, V., 2015, p. 247).
3. Ventilatory Threshold: Point during exercise at which pulmonary ventilation becomes
disproportionately high with respect to oxygen consumption (Beaver, Wasserman &
Whipp, 1986).
Operational definitions
1. Anaerobically Trained Individual: Anaerobic training illustrates that “capacity to perform
all-out exertion for up to 60 s largely depends on ATP generated by the immediate and
short-term anaerobic systems for energy transfer” (McArdle, Katch, F. & Katch, V.,
2015, p. 487). Softball is an example of anaerobic activity as bursts of energy are
displayed during base running or sprinting to catch a ball, but directly after is a rest
period in between each play.

4
Chapter II
Review of Literature
𝑽̇ O2maxand Metabolic Thresholds
Bentley and McNaughton (2015)
Comparison of Wpeak 𝑽̇ O2 peak and the ventilation threshold from two different
incremental exercise tests: Relationship to endurance performance
The primary purpose of this report is to present data comparing the peak rate of
oxygen consumption (𝑉̇ O2peak), peak power output (W peak) and the ventilation threshold
(VT) obtained from two different incremental cycle exercise tests performed by nine well
trained triathletes (Mean ± SD age: 32±3 yrs; body mass: 77.4±4.9 kg and height: 185±3
cm). Furthermore, the relationship between these variables and the average sustained power
output (W) during a 90 min cycle time trial (TT) was also determined. The two incremental
exercise tests involved a ‘short’ test, which commenced at 150 W with 30 W increments
every 60 s until exhaustion. The second (‘long’) incremental test commenced at a power
output representing 50% of the W peak obtained in the short test. The subjects were then
required to increase the power output by 5% every 3 min until exhaustion. The results
showed the W peak (W) in the short test was significantly (p<0.01) higher than in the long test.
However, there was no significant difference in the 𝑉̇ O2 peak (l•min-1) between the two tests.
There was a weak but significant correlation between W peak (W) and 𝑉̇ O2 peak (l•min-1)
(r=0.72; p<0.05) in the short (60 s stage) test but not the long (3 min stage) test (r=0.52). There
were no significant differences and good agreement between for the heart rate (HR)
(b•min-1) and oxygen consumption (𝑉̇ O2) corresponding to the VT. In contrast, the power

5
output (W) corresponding to the VT was significantly different and not comparable between the
long and short incremental tests. The cycle TT performance was most correlated to the W
peak(W) (r=0.94; p<0.01) and the VT (W) (r=0.75; p<0.05) from the long test as well as the
𝑉̇ O2 peak (l•min-1) obtained from the short incremental test (r=0.75; p<0.01). These data
suggest that the length of stages during incremental cycle exercise may influence the
Wpeak and in turn the relationship of this variable to 𝑉̇ O2 peak. Furthermore, the W peak
obtained from a test incorporating 3 min stage increments represents the best indicator of 90min
cycle performance in well-trained triathletes.
Denadai, B.S., and Denadai, M.L.D.R. (1998)
Effects of caffeine on time to exhaustion in exercise performed below and above the
anaerobic threshold
Controversy still exists concerning the potential ergogenic benefit of caffeine (CAF) for
exercise performance. The primary goal of this study was to compare the effects of CAF
ingestion on endurance performance during exercise on a bicycle ergometer at two different
intensities, i.e., approximately 10% below and 10% above the anaerobic threshold (AT). Eight
untrained males, non-regular consumers of CAF, participated in this study. AT, defined as the
intensity (watts) corresponding to a lactate concentration of 4 mM, was determined during an
incremental exercise test from rest to exhaustion on an electrically braked cycle ergometer. On
the basis of these measurements, the subjects were asked to cycle until exhaustion at two
different intensities, i.e., approximately 10% below and 10% above AT. Each intensity was
performed twice in a double-blind randomized order by ingesting either CAF (5 mg/kg) or a

6
placebo (PLA) 60 min prior to the test. Venous blood was analyzed for free fatty acid, glucose,
and lactate, before, during, and immediately after exercise. Rating of perceived exertion and time
to exhaustion were also measured during each trial. There were no differences in free fatty acids
or lactate levels between CAF and PLA during and immediately after exercise for either
intensity; however, immediately after exercise glucose increased in the CAF trial at both
intensities. Rating of perceived exertion was significantly lower (CAF = 14.1 +/- 2.5 vs PLA =
16.6 +/- 2.4) and time to exhaustion was significantly higher (CAF = 46.54 +/- 8.05 min vs PLA
= 32.42 +/- 14.81 min) during exercise below AT with CAF. However, there was no effect of
CAF treatment on rating of perceived exertion (CAF = 18.0 +/- 2.7 vs PL,4 = 17.6 +/- 2.3) and
time to exhaustion (CAF = 18.45 +/- 7.28 min vs PLA = 19.17 +/- 4.37 min) during exercise
above AT. We conclude that in untrained subjects caffeine can improve endurance performance
during prolonged exercise performed below AT and that the decrease of perceived exertion can
be involved in this process.
Metabolic Thresholds
Wiles, Coleman, Tegerdine Swaine (2006)
The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a
laboratory-based 1 km cycling time-trial.
There is limited data published in relation to the effects of caffeine upon cycling
performance, speed and power in trained cyclists, especially during cycling of ∼60 s duration.
To address this topic, eight trained cyclists performed a 1 km time-trial on an electronically
braked cycle ergometer under three conditions: after ingestion of 5 mg · kg−1 caffeine, after

7
ingestion of a placebo, or a control condition. The three time-trials were performed in a
randomized order and performance time, mean speed, mean power and peak power were
determined. Caffeine ingestion resulted in improved performance time (caffeine vs. placebo vs.
control: 71.1 ± 2.0 vs. 73.4 ± 2.3 vs. 73.3 ± 2.7 s; P = 0.02; mean ± s). This change represented a
3.1% (95% confidence interval: 0.7–5.6) improvement compared with the placebo condition.
Mean speed was also higher in the caffeine than placebo and control conditions (caffeine vs.
placebo vs. control: 50.7 ± 1.4 vs. 49.1 ± 1.5 vs. 49.2 ± 1.7 km · h−1; P = 0.0005). Mean power
increased after caffeine ingestion (caffeine vs. placebo vs. control: 523 ± 43 vs. 505 ± 46 vs. 504
± 38 W; P = 0.007). Peak power also increased from 864 ± 107 W (placebo) and 830 ± 87 W
(control) to 940 ± 83 W after caffeine ingestion (P = 0.027). These results provide support for
previous research that found improved performance after caffeine ingestion during short-duration
high-intensity exercise. The magnitude of the improvements observed in our study could be due
to our use of sport-specific ergometry, a tablet form and trained participants.
Mode of Training and Performance
Gibala, Litle, Essen, Wilkin, Burgomaster, Safdar, Raha, Tarnopolsky (2006)
Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: similar initial adaptations
in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance
Short yet intense bouts of exercise training may induce metabolic and performance
adaptations comparable to traditional endurance training; however, no study has directly
compared these diverse training strategies in a standardized manner. We therefore examined
changes in exercise capacity and molecular and cellular adaptations in skeletal muscle after low

8
volume sprint-interval training (SIT) and high volume endurance training (ET). Sixteen active
men (21 ± 1 years, ) were assigned to a SIT or ET group (n= 8 each) and
performed six training sessions over 14 days. Each session consisted of either four to six repeats
of 30 s ‘all out’ cycling at ∼250% with 4 min recovery (SIT) or 90–120 min continuous
cycling at ∼65% (ET). Training time commitment over 2 weeks was ∼2.5 h for SIT and
∼10.5 h for ET, and total training volume was ∼90% lower for SIT versus ET
(∼630 versus∼6500 kJ). Training decreased the time required to complete 50 and 750 kJ cycling
time trials, with no difference between groups (main effects, P≤ 0.05). Biopsy samples obtained
before and after training revealed similar increases in muscle oxidative capacity, as reflected by
the maximal activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and COX subunits II and IV protein
content (main effects, P≤ 0.05), but COX II and IV mRNAs were unchanged. Training-induced
increases in muscle buffering capacity and glycogen content were also similar between groups
(main effects, P≤ 0.05). Given the large difference in training volume, these data demonstrate
that SIT is a time-efficient strategy to induce rapid adaptations in skeletal muscle and exercise
performance that are comparable to ET in young active men.
Effect of Caffeine on Performance
Armstong (2002)
Caffeine, Body Fluid-Electrolyte Balance, and Exercise Performance
Recreational and trained athletes are often advised to abstain from consuming caffeinated
beverages (CB). The dual purposes of this review are to critique controlled investigations

9
regarding the effects of caffeine on dehydration and exercise performance, and ascertain whether
abstaining from CB is scientifically and physiologically justifiable. Literature indicates that
caffeine consumption stimulates a mild diuresis similar to water, but there is no evidence of a
fluid-electrolyte imbalance that is damaging to exercise performance or health.
Bell, McLellan (2003)
Effect of repeated caffeine ingestion on repeated exhaustive exercise endurance
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of repeated doses of caffeine on
repeated exercise endurance. Nine male caffeine users performed exercise rides (ER) to
exhaustion at 80% 𝑉̇ O2max after ingesting placebo, 5 mg/kg of caffeine, or 2.5 mg/kg of caffeine
1 h before the ER. Two ER were performed weekly on the same day once in the morning (AM)
and 5 h later in the afternoon (PM). There were four treatments containing either caffeine or
placebo, i.e., trial A representing 5 mg/kg caffeine in the AM and 2.5 mg/kg caffeine in the PM;
trial B, which was placebo in both AM and PM; trial C representing 5 mg/kg caffeine in the AM
and placebo in the PM; and trial D representing a placebo in the AM and 5 mg/kg caffeine in the
PM. The order of the treatment trials was double blind and randomized. The study illustrated that
caffeine ingestion significantly increased exercise time to exhaustion in the AM trial. This effect
was maintained in the PM and greater than placebo regardless of whether redosing or placebo
followed the initial morning dose. Caffeine dosing in the PM also increased ER after placebo
trial D in the AM. This study concluded that redosing with caffeine after exhaustive exercise in
the AM was not necessary to maintain the ergogenic effort of the drug during subsequent
exercise 6 h later.

10
Cox, Desbow, Montgomery, Anderson, Bruce, Macrides, Martin, Moquin, Roberts, Hawley,
Burke (2002)
Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different protocols of caffeine
intake on metabolism and endurance performance. Competitive athletes completed two studies of
2-h steady-state (SS) cycling at 70% peak O2uptake followed by 7 kJ/kg time trial (TT) with
carbohydrate (CHO) intake before (2 g/kg) and during (6% CHO drink) exercise. In Study A, 12
subjects received either 6 mg/kg caffeine 1 h preexercise (Precaf), 6 × 1 mg/kg caffeine every 20
min throughout SS (Durcaf), 2 × 5 ml/kg Coca-Cola between 100 and 120 min SS and during TT
(Coke), or placebo. Improvements in TT were as follows: Precaf, 3.4% (0.2–6.5%, 95%
confidence interval); Durcaf, 3.1% (−0.1–6.5%); and Coke, 3.1% (−0.2–6.2%). In Study B, eight
subjects received 3 × 5 ml/kg of different cola drinks during the last 40 min of SS and TT:
decaffeinated, 6% CHO (control); caffeinated, 6% CHO; decaffeinated, 11% CHO; and
caffeinated, 11% CHO (Coke). Coke enhanced TT by 3.3% (0.8–5.9%), with all trials showing
2.2% TT enhancement (0.5–3.8%; P < 0.05) due to caffeine. Overall,1) 6 mg/kg caffeine
enhanced TT performance independent of timing of intake and 2) replacing sports drink with
Coca-Cola during the latter stages of exercise was equally effective in enhancing endurance
performance, primarily due to low intake of caffeine (∼1.5 mg/kg).
Doherty and Smith (2004)
Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise testing: a meta-analysis

11
The meta-analytic approach was used during this study to examine the effects of caffeine
ingestion on exercise testing. Forty double-blind studies with 76 effect sizes (ES) met the
inclusion criteria. The type of exercise test was classified as endurance, graded, or short-term. In
comparison with placebo, caffeine improved test outcome by 12.3% (95% CI, 9.1 to 15.4), which
was equivalent to an overall ES of 0.41 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.51). Endurance exercise significantly
improved test outcome (P < 0.05) more than either graded or short-term exercise. When exercise
protocol was examined, time-to-exhaustion (Tlim) protocols had a significantly greater (P < 0.05)
ES than either the graded or the non-Tlim protocol(s). The results from this meta-analysis confirm
the ergogenic effects of caffeine, particularly for endurance testing that use Tlim protocols.
Davis and Green (2009)
Caffeine and anaerobic performance ergogenic value and mechanism of action
The effects that caffeine elicits on endurance performance are well established; however,
comparatively less research has been conducted on the ergogenic potential of anaerobic
performance. This review illustrates that some studies showing no effect of caffeine on
performance used untrained subjects and designs often not conducive to observing an ergogenic
effect. Recent studies incorporating trained subjects and paradigms specific to intermittent sports
activity support the notion that caffeine is ergogenic to an extent with anaerobic exercise.
Caffeine seems highly ergogenic for speed endurance exercise ranging in duration from 60 to
180 seconds. However, other traditional models examining power output (i.e. 30-second Wingate
test) have shown minimal effect of caffeine on performance. Conversely, studies employing
sport-specific methodologies (i.e. hockey, rugby, soccer) with shorter duration (i.e. 4–6 seconds)

12
show caffeine to be ergogenic during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Recent studies show
caffeine affects isometric maximal force and offers introductory evidence for enhanced muscle
endurance for lower body musculature. However, isokinetic peak torque, one-repetition
maximum and muscular endurance for upper body musculature are less clear. Since relatively
few studies exist with resistance training, a definite conclusion cannot be reached on the extent
caffeine affects performance. It was previously thought that caffeine mechanisms were
associated with adrenaline (epinephrine)-induced enhanced free-fatty acid oxidation and
consequent glycogen sparing, which is the leading hypothesis for the ergogenic effect. It would
seem unlikely that the proposed theory would result in improved anaerobic performance, since
exercise is dominated by oxygen-independent metabolic pathways. Other mechanisms for
caffeine have been suggested, such as enhanced calcium mobilization and phosphodiesterase
inhibition. However, a normal physiological dose of caffeine in vivo does not indicate this
mechanism plays a large role. Additionally, enhanced Na+/K+ pump activity has been proposed
to potentially enhance excitation contraction coupling with caffeine. A more favourable
hypothesis seems to be that caffeine stimulates the CNS. Caffeine acts antagonistically on
adenosine receptors, thereby inhibiting the negative effects adenosine induces on
neurotransmission, arousal and pain perception. The hypoalgesic effects of caffeine have resulted
in dampened pain perception and blunted perceived exertion during exercise. This could
potentially have favourable effects on negating decreased firing rates of motor units and possibly
produce a more sustainable and forceful muscle contraction. The exact mechanisms behind
caffeine’s action remain to be elucidated.

13
Goldstein, Ziegenfuss, Kalman, Kreider, Campbell, Wilborn, Taylor, Willoughby, Stout, Graves,
Wildman, Ivy, Spano, Smith, Antonio (2010)
International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance
The following seven points summarize the position of The Society regarding caffeine
supplementation and sport performance: 1.) Caffeine is effective for enhancing sport
performance in trained athletes when consumed in low-to-moderate dosages (~3-6 mg/kg) and
overall does not result in further enhancement in performance when consumed in higher dosages
(≥ 9 mg/kg). 2.) Caffeine exerts a greater ergogenic effect when consumed in an anhydrous state
as compared to coffee. 3.) It has been shown that caffeine can enhance vigilance during bouts of
extended exhaustive exercise, as well as periods of sustained sleep deprivation. 4.) Caffeine is
ergogenic for sustained maximal endurance exercise, and has been shown to be highly effective
for time-trial performance. 5.) Caffeine supplementation is beneficial for high-intensity exercise,
including team sports such as soccer and rugby, both of which are categorized by intermittent
activity within a period of prolonged duration. 6.) The literature is equivocal when considering
the effects of caffeine supplementation on strength-power performance, and additional research
in this area is warranted. 7.) The scientific literature does not support caffeine-induced diuresis
during exercise, or any harmful change in fluid balance that would negatively affect
performance. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of caffeine is important to understand as the
supplement goes through the body and effects neural and muscular functions.
Graham, Hibbert, Sathasivam (1998)
Metabolic and exercise endurance effects of coffee and caffeine ingestion

14
The aim of this study observes the way metabolic and exercise endurance is effected by
coffee and caffeine ingestion. Caffeine (Caf) ingestion increases plasma epinephrine (Epi) and
exercise endurance; these results are frequently transferred to coffee (Cof) consumption. We
examined the impact of ingestion of the same dose of Caf in Cof or in water. Nine healthy, fit,
young adults performed five trials after ingesting (double blind) either a capsule (Caf or placebo)
with water or Cof (decaffeinated Cof, decaffeinated with Caf added, or regular Cof). In all three
Caf trials, the Caf dose was 4.45 mg/kg body wt and the volume of liquid was 7.15 ml/kg. After
1 h of rest, the subject ran at 85% of maximal O2 consumption until voluntary exhaustion (,32
min in the placebo and decaffeinated Cof tests). In the three Caf trials, the plasma Caf and
paraxanthine concentrations were very similar. After 1 h of rest, the plasma Epi was increased (P
, 0.05) by Caf ingestion, but the increase was greater (P , 0.05) with Caf capsules than with Cof.
During the exercise there were no differences in Epi among the three Caf trials, and the Epi
values were all greater (P , 0.05) than in the other tests. Endurance was only increased (P , 0.05)
in the Caf capsule trial; there were no differences among the other four tests. One cannot
extrapolate the effects of Caf to Cof; there must be a component (s) of Cof that moderates the
actions of Caf.
Jordan, Farley, Caputo (2012)
Caffeine and Sprint Performance in Habitual and Caffeine Naïve Participants
Many studies have illustrated that caffeine is thought to provide ergogenic benefits during
endurance performance. However, there is limited research on the effects of caffeine on
anaerobic sports performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 6 mg·kg-

15
1 of caffeine on repeated sprint performance. The sample included active college students (N =
18), classified as habitual caffeine or caffeine naïve users. Participants completed a 12 x 30-m
sprint test with 35 s rest intervals between sprints. Ratings of Perceived Exertion were collected
every 3rd sprint. Height and body mass were measured and participants accommodated to the
sprint test on Day 1. Participants were randomly assigned to the placebo or caffeine condition on
Day 2 and the treatment was reversed on Day 3. Caffeine was ingested in a sports drink 1 h prior
to performing the sprints. Caffeine produced a significantly faster best sprint time compared to
the placebo trial, F(1, 17) = 7.38, MSE = .02, H-F p = .02. However, no significant difference
was found between caffeine supplementation and placebo on time to complete the total sprint
test. Additionally, no significant difference was found in sprint times with caffeine
supplementation by sex or between caffeine-naïve and habitual caffeine users. Finally, a
significantly higher average RPE was found with caffeine supplementation as compared to the
placebo, t (1, 17) = 2.92, d = .38, p = .01. Caffeine has the potential to enhance sprint
performance; however, further research with women and habitual caffeine consumers is needed.
McCormack and Hoffman (2012)
Caffeine, Energy Drinks, and Strength-Power Performance
Caffeine and energy drinks are popular supplements that have variable uses in both
athletic and nonathletic populations. Evidence has been relatively consistent in showing the
efficacy of these “high-energy” compounds in enhancing endurance performance, but less is
understood regarding its ergogenic potential in strength/power activities. The goal of this review
is to focus on the efficacy on these products (caffeine by itself or in combination with other

16
ingredients on strength/power performance and reaction time). In addition, discussion on the
efficacy of caffeine during prolonged activity and its role during tactical performance is
addressed.
Graham, T.E. and Spriet. L,L (1996)
Caffeine and Exercise Performance
Research suggests that caffeine ingestion (3-9 mg/kg bw) prior to exercise increases
performance during prolonged endurance exercise and short-term intense exercise lasting
approx. 5 minutes in the laboratory. These results are generally reported in well-trained elite or
recreational athletes, but field studies are required to test caffeine’s ergogenic potency in the
athletic world. Caffeine does not appear to enhance performance during sprinting lasting less
than 90 seconds, although research in this area is lacking. The mechanisms for improved
endurance have not been clearly established. Muscle glycogen sparing occurs early during
endurance exercise following caffeine ingestion but it is unclear whether this is due to increased
fat mobilization and use by the muscle. The positive effect of caffeine during exercise lasting
approx. 5 minutes is not related to the sparing of muscle glycogen. The ergogenic effects of
caffeine are present with urinary caffeine levels that are well below the IOC allowable limit (12
ug/ml). This raises ethical issues regarding caffeine use in athletics. Should the practice be
condoned, as it is legal, or should it be discouraged, as it promotes the “doping mentality” and
may lead to more serious abuse? One solution would be to add caffeine to the list of banned
substances, thereby requiring athletes to abstain from caffeine ingestion 48-72 hours prior to

17
competition and discouraging its use as a doping agent to increase performance in the average
population.
Van Soeren, Sathasivam, Spriet, Graham (1993)
Caffeine metabolism and epinephrine responses during exercise in users and nonusers
The purpose of this study was to compare the caffeine (CAF) metabolism and the
catecholamine and metabolic responses of users and nonusers of caffeine after acute ingestion of
caffeine (5 mg/kg) during 1 h of steady-state exercise (50% maximal oxygen consumption).
Nonusers (n = 7) completed two exercise trials after ingesting either CAF (5 mg/kg) or placebo
(PL). Users (n = 7) underwent three trials designed to control caffeine use and abstained from
voluntary CAF intake for 18 days. After 4 days they had a PL trial and in the following 14 days
they were given random 6 days of CAF (2 x 2.5 mg.kg-1 x day-1) or PL ingestion followed in
each case on the 7th day by a CAF exercise trial identical to that of the nonusers. In nonusers
CAF increased (P < 0.05) plasma epinephrine (EPI) concentration above PL values during
exercise. Users did not exhibit any increased EPI with CAF, but the EPI response to exercise in
all three trials was twofold greater than that of the nonusers' PL trial (P < 0.05). In all trials both
groups had identical norepinephrine responses. The groups had similar plasma and urinary
caffeine concentration, but plasma dimethylxanthines varied; the users had greater (P < 0.05)
theophylline concentration, and the nonusers had a greater (P < 0.05) rise in paraxanthine (PX)
concentration. The users and nonusers' plasma free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol and respiratory
exchange ratio were similar after ingestion of CAF. Although PX may increase FFA in resting

18
subjects, in this study PX concentrations in nonusers varied from that of the users, yet FFA data
were similar.
Williams JH, Signorile JF, Barnes WS, et al.(1988)
Caffeine, Maximal Power Output and Fatigue
The aim of this research was to determine the effects of caffeine consumption on
maximal power output and fatigue during short term, high intensity exercise. Nine adult males
performed 15 s maximal exercise bouts 60 min after ingestion of caffeine (7 mg.kg-1) or
placebo. Exercise bouts were carried out on a modified cycle ergometer which allowed power
output to be computed for each one-half pedal stroke via microcomputer. Peak power output
under caffeine conditions was not significantly different from that obtained following placebo
ingestion. Similarly, time to peak power, total work, power fatigue index and power fatigue rate
did not differ significantly between caffeine and placebo conditions. These results suggest that
caffeine ingestion does not increase one's maximal ability to generate power. Further, caffeine
does not alter the rate or magnitude of fatigue during high intensity, dynamic exercise.

19
Chapter III
Methodology
Experimental Design
To investigate the effects of caffeine supplementation on metabolic indices and ratings of
perceived exertion in female softball players, a crossover design study was used to determine if
caffeine supplementation aided in the performance of a novel exercise routine.
Participants
Eight healthy women (age: 19.75 ± 0.78 y, weight: 63.84 ± 6.79 kg and height: 163.04±
6.86 cm ) female softball players to participate in this single-blind, placebo-controlled design
study. The single-blind, placebo-controlled design eliminates subject bias from the test results. A
minimum sample size of n=8 was determined using previously published data and the formula
derived by Gravettier and Wallnau (1996) to achieve a statistical power (1-β) of 0.80. Prior to
testing, participants filled out a confidential medical and an activity history questionnaire to
ensure participants were free of physical and could exercise and supplement caffeine. The
principle investigator measured each individual’s height and weight, and age was self-reported.
All persons participating in this study were provided an informed consent to sign and all
procedures were reviewed and approved by the Meredith College International Review Board.
Procedures
All participants were asked to report to the Human Performance Lab a total of 2 times.
The participants were given a minimum of at least 24 hours to change their mind. After agreeing

20
to participate, the participant was asked to report on two separate occasions at least 24 hours
apart for 𝑉̇ O2max testing using a modified Bruce protocol. During the 𝑉̇ O2max test, participants
either supplemented using a placebo or caffeine to determine the effects on power, duration,
metabolic indices, and ratings of perceived exertion. Metabolic thresholds were analyzed from
individual workouts to examine the effects of caffeine supplementation.. Data will be collected
and stored on password-protected computers and will be analyzed with statistical models to find
their significance.
Protocol
The testing protocol was measured through a modified Bruce protocol; a maximal
exercise test where the athlete works to complete exhaustion as the treadmill speed and incline is
was used. The protocol required participants to work at an incremental increase in speed and/or
incline until volitional fatigue (Quinn 2016). The incremental stages increased according to the
following representation:
Supplementation Protocol

21
One hour prior to testing, participants were given either caffeine supplementation of 6
mg/kg body weight (McCormack & Hoffman 2012) dissolved in orange juice, or a placebo
consisting of flat tonic mixed with orange juice in order to cover up the taste of caffeine for the
caffeine trial. Participants were asked to follow the same diet plan before administration of both
trials in order to eliminate variables. The participants were also asked not to eat within the hour
after consuming the supplementation.
Determination of 𝑽̇ O2max and Ventilatory Threshold
An open-circuit spirometry unit (VacuMed, Mini-CPX, Westinghouse, CA) was used to
estimate 𝑉̇ O2 max (ml∙kg-1∙min-1) by sampling and analyzing the breath-by-breath expired
gases. Prior to each graded exercise test the unit was calibrated with room air and gases of
known concentration. Respiratory gases—oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), ventilation (VE),
and respiratory exchange ratio (RER)—were monitored continuously and expressed as 30-
second averages (Day et al., 2003). 𝑉̇ O2max was determined to be the highest 30-s 𝑉̇ O2 value
during the test that coincided with at least two of the following three criteria: (a) 90% of age-
predicted maximum heart rate; (b) respiratory exchange ratio > 1.1; and/or (c) a plateau of
oxygen uptake (less than 150 mL/min increase in 𝑉̇ O2 during the last 60 s of the test).
Ventilatory threshold (VT) was estimated by commonly accepted methods (Beaver et al.
1986, Gaskill et al. 2001, Wasserman et al. 1973, Caiozzo et al. 1982) VT, was determined using
the V-Slope method by plotting and identifying the point of increase in VE/𝑉̇ O2 versus 𝑉̇ O2
curve without a concomitant rise in the VE/𝑉̇ O2 versus 𝑉̇ O2 curve (Bergstrom et al. 2013, Pires
et al., 2011, Beaver, Wasserman & Whipp, 1986). The VT was reported as the corresponding
time at which this point occurred.

22
Time to Exhaustion (TTE)
Time to exhaustion (TTE) was determined by the total test times. As participants grew
tired, they were encouraged to give their full effort. Once participants could no longer continue,
the test was ended. The total time elapsed for the test was recorded as TTE.
Statistical Analysis
A paired-sample t-test was conducted to compare 𝑉̇ O2max, time to exhaustion, and
ventilatory threshold with caffeine supplementation versus placebo. The data analysis was
performed using SPSS 23 for Windows (IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for
Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) was used to analyze all data.

23
Chapter IV
Results
There was a significant statistical difference in the scores for 𝑉̇ O2max with caffeine
(M=48.734, SD=4.31) and without caffeine (M= 45.536, SD= 5.783; t(7)= -2.503, p= 0.041).
There was not a significant statistical difference in the scores of VT with caffeine (M=426.500,
SD=102.891) and without caffeine (M=439.375, SD=145.123; t(7)= 12.875, p=0.709). Also,
there was not a significant statistical difference in the scores of TTE with caffeine (M=686.250,
SD=143.235) and without caffeine (M=701.625, SD=135.841; t(7)= 0.853, p=0.422).

24
Chapter V
Discussion/ Conclusion
Common measures of performance in softball often include measures of short sprint,
agility and reaction time. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of a known
performance enhancing supplement such as caffeine on a form of exercise outside the realm of
normal function in these athletes. The results indicate that there was no statistical significance
between caffeine supplementation and placebo for TTE and VT; however, there was a
statistically significant difference in 𝑉̇ O2max during exercise with caffeine supplementation.
The current study demonstrated a greater 𝑉̇ O2max when caffeine is supplemented; this
finding would appear to be unique to this study. Previous studies, which have analyzed the
effects of caffeine on aerobic performance, have reported enhanced exercise capacity with
caffeine supplementation which researchers attributed to increased lipolysis resulting in greater
energy availability (Fisher et al., 1986, Tarnopolsky et al., 1989). The increased 𝑉̇ O2
performance seen by the participants in the current study may be an effect of this phenomenon;
however, further investigation is needed to determine the possible mechanisms involved.
Caffeine acts as a stimulant of the central nervous system (CNS); it can increase blood
circulation, heart rate, urine output, gastric secretions, and cause a decrease in glucose
metabolism (Armstrong, 2002). Armstrong (2002) suggests that caffeine supplementation may
enhance performance at intensities of 80-85% 𝑉̇ O2max in well-trained endurance athletes and
recreational cyclists; although, he explains that many studies indicate that caffeine does not aid
in incremental exercise tests lasting 8-22 minutes or during sprints last less than 90 seconds.
Moreover, the softball power athletes performing a sprint test did not illustrate significant effects
from caffeine on performance (Armstrong, 2002). Williams et al. (1988) suggests that caffeine

25
has little effect on performance in activities requiring maximal power to fatigue. The findings of
this study support Armstrong’s study as caffeine did not provide any extra benefits in prolonging
activity.
In contrast to previous research, the results of this study did not demonstrate an
improvement with VT. The use of VT during a graded exercise test has been useful in
determining thresholds between exercise intensity domains, specifically, the thresholds between
moderate and hard exercise intensities. The anaerobically trained individuals may not have been
accustomed to performing an exercise involving a prolonged aerobic effort; therefore, as the
individual reaches around 60-70% of 𝑉̇ O2max, their breathing ventilation rates begins to rise
until oxygen delivery to the muscles becomes a limiting factor which causes the body to rely on
the anaerobic energy system (Beaver, W. L., Wasserman, K., & Whipp, B. J. 1986). The caffeine
may not have delayed the onset of a “hard” exercising zone as anaerobically trained individuals
rely heavily on their anaerobic system. Since softball is primarily an anaerobic sport, participants
were not trained to participate in prolonged aerobic activities; therefore, as ventilatory threshold
was met and oxygen delivery became a limiting factor, the body perhaps relied on the anaerobic
energy systems quicker than a participant who had greater aerobic training.
Future research would include comparing the effects of caffeine supplementation on
repeated sprint performance (RSP) similar to that seen in anaerobic sports versus low intensity
continuous endurance performance (CEP) which is more indicative of aerobic sports. This
research would be an extension of the current topic in order to see how caffeine effects aerobic
and anaerobically trained athletes in their reciprocal exercise modalities. In addition to 𝑉̇ O2max
testing to determine aerobic capacity, repeated Wingates will be employed to measure anaerobic

26
performance. To test this, individuals will participate in 4 trials which test RSP with caffeine,
RSP with placebo, CEP with caffeine, and CEP with placebo.
The results of this study indicate that caffeine, in addition to the previously reported
effects on reaction time and alertness that may aid in the activities commonly associated with a
sport like softball may increase oxygen utilization could potentially increase oxygen utilization
(McCormack & Hoffman 2012). In an athlete using a repeated sprint performance an increase in
V ̇O2max may help with the reduction of the oxygen deficit associated from the use of the
glycolytic and phosphocreatine energy systems. Caffeine therefore has the potential to help
replenish ATP through oxidation, and it can potentially help performance on repeated sprints for
longer periods of time.

27
APPENDIX
IRB MATERIALS
Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Metabolic Indices and Ratings of Perceived Exertion in
Female Softball Players
Participant Population:
Ten women between the ages of 18-35 who are softball players will be recruited for this
study. Participants will be recruited through the use of a flyer, and I will also reach out to
the Meredith College collegiate athletic teams.
Rationale
Caffeine supplementation has a positive effect on performance variables. Caffeine
supplementation enhances power production which is controlled by the CNS and
neuromuscular systems. Studies have also demonstrated a delay in fatigue during
continuous endurance training after caffeine ingestion. The crossover design study will
determine if caffeine supplementation will aid in the performance of a novel exercise
routine.
Participant safety:
The risks involved with this study are minimal, but may include minor musculoskeletal
injuries occurring during continuous endurance training (CET) protocol. Participants
may also have a negative reaction to caffeine if not accustom to caffeine consumption.
However, the 2 trials of the study are similar to movements performed during average

28
training sessions that all recreationally trained individuals have previously performed
during exercise.
Provisions to maintain the privacy of the participants and confidentiality of data:
Participant’s privacy will be protected at all times. Participants will be provided locker
room access to change into their workout clothes if needed. Participants will remain
dressed in exercise clothes (shorts, t-shirt, socks and shoes) at all times.
The results of this study will be published as a group as part of a scientific publication.
No individual results will be published or shared with any person or party. All
information attained from the medical and activity questionnaires or performance tests
will be held in strict confidence. Individual results will remain confidential and only be
relayed to the participant upon request. All medical and activity questionnaires, as well
as data collection sheets will be kept in a locked cabinet during and following the study.
All information will be destroyed five years from the end of the study and not used for
other research purposes. Participant folders will be marked with an I.D. number to
protect against a breach of confidentiality, and the ID number will be removed upon
disposal.
Risk/Benefit:
Although there is no direct benefit of the study to the participants, the use of ergogenic
aid (caffeine supplementation) may have an effect on athletic performance. Also,
individuals being recruited for this study are recreationally active and will have
performed similar types of exercise in the past, so they are at a lower risk for injury.

29
Project Description:
All subjects will be asked to report to the Human Performance Lab a total of 3 times. The
initial visit will consist of participant screening. The participants will have a minimum of
at least 24 hours to change their mind. If they agree to participate, during the next visit
the participant will report on two separate occasions at least 24 hours apart for VO2max
test using a modified Bruce protocol. During the VO2 max test, participants will either
supplement using a placebo or caffeine to determine the effects on power, duration,
metabolic indeces, and ratings of perceived exertion. The aid of a stop watch, a vacumed
miniCPX vista metabolic cart, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and a treadmill will be
used to detect the effects of caffeine supplementation during the trials. Metabolic
thresholds will be analyzed from individual workouts to examine the effects of caffeine
supplementation. RPE will be recorded at set intervals during exercise to determine if
individuals experience a higher exertion. Data will be collected and stored on password-
protected computers and will be analyzed with statistical models to find their
significance.
Protocol
Metabolic Testing
VO2max Test
Modified Bruce protocol

30
The Bruce Protocol is a maximal exercise test where the athlete works to complete
exhaustion as the treadmill speed and incline is increased every three minutes. During the
test, heart rate, blood pressure, and RPE are monitored. After a 5 minute self-selected
warm-up, individuals will begin running at a pace commiserate with their training and
comfort level-between 5.0-7.0 mph. The protocol will then require participants to work at
an incremental increase in speed and/or incline until volitional fatigue (Quinn 2016).
Continuous Endurance Training
Sustained run based on a percentage of 5% below 60-70% of VO2max based on
ventilatory threshold (VT)
RPE scale
“Responses may reflect ‘a conscious sensation of how hard, heavy, and strenuous
exercise is’ relative to the combined physiological, biomechanical, and psychological
stress/fatigue imposed on the body during exercise” (Buchheit 2013).
Caffeine/ Placebo Supplementation
Caffeine supplementation of 6 mg/kg body weight (McCormack & Hoffman 2012)
The caffeine will be dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 6 mg/ kg of body
weight. Flat tonic water will be used as a placebo. The caffeine solution of 25 ml will be
mixed with about 175 ml of sour orange juice in order to cover up the taste of caffeine for
the caffeine trial. Approximately 25 ml of tonic water will be added to about 175 ml of
orange juice for the placebo trials. (Flaten, Asali, Blumenthal 2003)

31
Dose administered 60 minutes prior to exercise, but able to leave and return between
administration and trials with the restriction of no consumption of caffeine (Carr,
Dawson, Schneiker, Goodman, Lay 2008)

32
Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Metabolic Indices and Ratings of Perceived
Exertion in Female Softball Players
Informed Consent
Principal Investigator(s): Courtney Saunders
Edward H. Robinson IV, Ph.D.
William Landis, Ph.D., R.D., L.D.N.
Investigational Site(s): Meredith College
Human Performance Lab
Introduction: Researchersat the Meredith College study many topics. To do this we need
the help of people who agree to take part in a research study. You are being invited to take
part in a research study that will include 10 women at Meredith College. You have been
asked to take part in this research study because you are an active young adult who
routinely participates in softball. You must be between 18 and 35 years of age to be
included in this research study.

33
The principle investigators conducting the research are Courtney Saunders, Dr. Edward
Robinson (Department of Nutrition, Health, and Human Performance), and Dr. William
Landis (Department Head, Nutrition, Health, and Human Performance).
What you should know about a research study:
 Someone will explain this research study to you.
 A research study is something you volunteer for.
 Whether or not you take part is up to you.
 You should take part in this study only because you want to.
 You can choose not to take part in the research study.
 You can agree to take part now and later change your mind.
 Whatever you decide it will not be held against you.
 Feel free to ask all the questions you want before you decide.
1. Purpose of the research study: Research suggests that caffeine supplementation
has a positive effect on performance variables. The purpose of this study is to
determine if caffeine supplementation will aid in the performance of a novel
exercise routine.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion criteria:
 Collegiate female softball players.

34
 Free of any physical limitations as determined by the Confidential Medical and
Activity History questionnaire and/or PAR-Q
 Between the ages of 18 and 35
Exclusion criteria:
 Inability to perform physical exercise, as determined by the Confidential Medical
and Activity History questionnaire and/or PAR-Q
 Any chronic illness that causes continuous medical care and would be affected by
stretching
Testing location and time requirements:
All testing will be conducted in the Human Performance Lab (HPL) in the
Weatherspon Annex building at Meredith College. All measures and tests are
conducted for research purposes only. The results will not be used to diagnose any
illness or disease, and will not provide any meaningful information to your
physician.
Time requirements: We expect that you will be in this research study for approximately 1
weeks and will consist of 3 visits to the HPL approximately 24 hours apart. Each visit will
last approximately 30-45 minutes.
What you will be asked to do in the study:

35
Upon being admitted to the study you will be assigned a subject number. This number will
be used on all testing forms and will be kept separate from your medical history and PAR-
Q.
Visit 1: You will be asked to read and sign this consent form before any study-related
procedures are performed. During this first visit, the following will be done:
 Complete the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q)
 Complete the self-reported medical and activity history questionnaire
 Your age, race, and gender will be collected
Visits 2 & 3: This visit will take place no sooner than 24hrs following visit 1, and there will
be at least 24hrs in between each visit. On this visit, you will be tested for metabolic
thresholds.
 VO2max Test
o Modified Bruce protocol
The Bruce Protocol is a maximal exercise test where the athlete works to
complete exhaustion as the treadmill speed and incline is increased every three
minutes. During the test, heart rate, blood pressure, and RPE are monitored.
After a 5 minute self-selected warm-up, individuals will begin running at a pace
commiserate with their training and comfort level-between 5.5-7mph. The
protocol will then require participants to work at an incremental increase in
speed and/or incline until volitional fatigue (Quinn 2016).
Individuals will perform a VO2 max test with either placebo or caffeine supplementation.

36
Risks:
The risks involved with this study are minimal, but may include minor musculoskeletal injuries
occurring during the HIIT or CET protocol. Participants may also have a negative reaction to
caffeine if not accustom to caffeine consumption such as a headache, anxiety, racing heart, mood
swings, lack of focus or fatigue. However, the 4 trials of the study are similar to movements
performed during average training sessions that all recreationally trained individuals have
previously performed during exercise.
Do you have insurance? ⎕Yes ⎕No
You should report any discomforts or injuries to the principle investigator Edward
Robinson, 919-760-2319, ehrobinson@meredith.edu.
Benefits
There are no direct benefits to participants.
Compensation or payment:
There is no compensation associated with participation in this study.
Confidentiality: Participant’s privacy will be protected at all times. Participants will be
provided locker room access to change into their workout clothes if needed. Participants will
remain dressed in exercise clothes (shorts, t-shirt, socks and shoes) at all times.
The results of this study will be published as a group as part of a scientific publication. No
individual results will be published or shared with any person or party. All information attained
from the medical and activity questionnaires or performance tests will be held in strict
confidence. Individual results will remain confidential and only be relayed to the participant

37
upon request. All medical and activity questionnaires, as well as data collection sheets will be
kept in a locked cabinet during and following the study. All information will be destroyed five
years from the end of the study and not used for other research purposes. Participant folders will
be marked with an I.D. number to protect against a breach of confidentiality, and the ID number
will be removed upon disposal.
Study contact for questions about the study or to report a problem: If you have
questions, concerns, or complaints, or think the research has hurt you, please contact Dr.
Ned Robinson 919-760-2319 or by email at ehrobinson@meredith.edu.
IRB contact about your rights in the study or to report a complaint: Research at the
Meredith College involving human participants is carried out under the oversight of the
Institutional Review Board (IRB). This research has been reviewed and approved by the
IRB. For information about the rights of people who take part in research, please contact:
Institutional Review Board, Meredith College, Office of Academic Programs, 104 Johnson
Hall, 919-760-8514. You may also talk to them for any of the following:
 Your questions, concerns, or complaints are not being answered by the research
team.
 You cannot reach the research team.
 You want to talk to someone besides the research team.
 You want to get information or provide input about this research.
Withdrawing from the study:

38
You have the right to discontinue participation without penalty, regardless of the status of
the study. Your participation in the study may also be terminated at any time by the
researchers in charge of the project. This could be based upon your refusal to follow study
instructions or follow the study protocol. Depending upon when you withdraw, you may
be able to receive compensation for the time that you did participate. Please refer back to
the “Compensation or Payment” section on the top of this page.

39
DO NOT SIGN THIS FORM AFTER THE IRB EXPIRATION DATE BELOW
Name of participant
Signature of participant Date
Signature of person obtaining consent Date
Printed name of person obtaining consent
Meredith College IRB File #
Expiration Date: 4/12/2016

40
Volunteers Needed for
Research Study
Want to learn the effects of caffeine supplementation on exercise
performance?
We need participants for a research study:
“Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Metabolic Indices and Ratings
of Perceived Exertion in Female Softball Players”
Description of Project: Research suggests that caffeine
supplementation has a positive effect on performance variables. The
purpose of this study is to determine if caffeine supplementation will
aid in the performance of softball players.
Who is Eligible? Collegiate Female Softball Players between the ages of
18-35
What will you be asked to do? Report to the Human Performance Lab
a total of 3 times for screening and VO2 max testing with caffeine
supplementation and placebo in order to determine the effects on
power, duration, metabolic indices, and ratings of perceived exertion.
cjsaunde@email.meredith.edu.
This research is conducted under the direction of Dr. Ned Robinson, Exercise and Sports Science, and has been
reviewed and approved by the Meredith College Institutional Review Board.

41
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