The document examines the effects of creatine supplementation on repeated sprint performance, maximum strength, and power. It reviews the physiological mechanisms by which creatine enhances anaerobic performance and different creatine loading strategies. Studies showed improved ATP synthesis and PCr resynthesis during high-intensity exercise with creatine. While creatine increased strength, muscle mass, and reduced fatigue, potential side effects included stomach aches and diarrhea. More research is needed comparing different supplements, in males and females separately, with larger sample sizes and strict controls.

1. The Effects Of Creatine On Repeated Sprint
Performance, Maximum Strength And Power
By Carl Page, Charlotte Cochrane, Gemma Beames, Lindsay
Cook & Natalija Cizikova (Group 15)

2. Research Question
The effects of
creatine on repeated
sprint performance,
maximum strength
and power.

3. Criteria To Prove Or
Disprove Hypothesis
Examine the
physiological/biochemical
mechanisms of how creatine
may enhance anaerobic
performance.
Research the various
creatine loading strategies.
Compare the different types
of creatine supplementation
being provided.
See if there are any potential
side-effects/risks associated
with creatine
supplementation.
Critically analysis of the
scientific literature in relation
to creatine and anaerobic
performance.
Check to see this
supports/contradicts
previous findings.

4. Mechanism(s) For Use Of
Creatine In Anaerobic
Exercise

5. Physiological/Biochemical Mechanisms Of
How Creatine May Enhance Anaerobic
Performance
• Creatine easily mixes with
phosphate to form
phosphocreatine or
creatine phosphate, this is
located in the skeletal
muscle, (Miller-Keane and
O'Toole, 2003).

6. The Scientific Literature In Relation To
Creatine And Anaerobic Performance
• Wilmore and Costill (2012)
• Holland & Barrett Retail Limited, (2012)

7. Creatine Loading Protocols

8. Different Creatine Loading Strategies
• Jonas, (2005) recognises
that creatine is important
for exercise performance,
as it can be used to aid
sport performance as a
supplement to an athlete’s
diet.

9. Different Types Of Creatine
Supplementation
• Creatine Monohydrate
• Creatine Citrate
• Creatine Phosphate
• Creatine Ethyl Ester
(Cooper et al. 2012).

10. Side Effects

11. Potential Side-effects/Risks Associated
With Creatine Supplementation
• Increase strength
• Fat free mass
• Greater training adaptations
• Muscle morphology
• Reduces fatigue
• Stomach aches
• Diarrhoea

12. The Literature In Relation To The
Risks/Side Effects Of Creatine Use
• Wilmore and Costill (2012)
• Cooper et al. (2012, pg.5)

13. Analyses Of Results

14. Analyses Of Results
2.680 ± 0.180
2.716 ± 0.198
2.664 ± 0.169
2.694 ± 0.150
2.7300
2.7200
2.7100
2.7000
2.6900
2.6800
2.6700
2.6600
2.6500
2.6400
2.6300
Pre-Sprint
(Creatine
Group)
Pre-Sprint
(Placebo
Group)
Post-Sprint
(Creatine
Group)
Post-Sprint
(Placebo
Group)
Time (s)
Group
Figure 1. Average decrease in time (s ± SD) in Pre-Sprint and Post-Sprint 15 trials in Creatine and Placebo groups.

15. Analyses Of Results
944.375 971.250
1003.000
1113.625
1206.500
1138.375
1181.875 1200.125
1400.000
1200.000
1000.000
800.000
600.000
400.000
200.000
0.000
Pre-Concentric Peak
Torque
Post-Concentric Peak
Torque
Pre-Eccentric Peak
Torque
Post-Eccentric Peak
Torque
Peak Torque (N*m)
Creatine group
Placebo group
Figure 2. Concentric and Eccentric Peak Torque (N*m) in Height Jump in Pre- and Post- trials in Creatine and Placebo groups.

16. Analyses Of Results
48.083 ± 5.093
47.038 ± 6.412
45.039 ± 9.482
45.260 ± 6.093
48.500
48.000
47.500
47.000
46.500
46.000
45.500
45.000
44.500
44.000
43.500
Creatine group Placebo group
Jump height (cm)
Pre- Jump Height,
Mean
Post- Jump Height,
Mean
Figure 3. Average Jump Height (cm) in Height Jumps in Pre- and Post- trials in Creatine and Placebo groups.

17. Our Findings Support/Contradict Previous
Findings
• Lee, et al. (2011)
• Bemben et al. (2010)
• Gutierrez-Sancho, et al (2006)

18. Future Recommendations For Studies
• Males and Females
separated
• Bigger sample groups
• Different supplements
• Existing diet
• Training regimes
• Strict controls

19. Conclusion
• It is important to regularly test nutritional supplements for
potential ergogenic value.
• Discover different types of creatine supplements and how
they respond when taken.
• The hormonal and energy production work together with
the physiological systems within the human body.
• Studies revealed there is an improved rate of ATP
synthesis and PCr resynthesis during high-intensity
exercises like sprinting and weight lifting when
consuming creatine.

20. References
• Cooper, R., Naclerio, F., Allgrove, J. and Jimenez, A. (2012) Creatine supplementation
with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update. Journal of the
International Society of Sports Nutrition. 9 (33), pp.1–11. [Online]. Available at:
http://www.jissn.com/content/9/1/33 (Accessed on: 06/01/2013).
• Jonas, WB. (2005) Mosby's dictionary of complementary and alternative medicine.
London: Elsevier Mosby.
• Wilmore J. H. and Costill D. L. (2012) Physiology of sport and exercise. 5th edn.
Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
• Holland & Barrett Retail Limited (2012) Creatine Powder. Available at:
http://www.hollandandbarrett.com/pages/product_detail.asp?pid=557&prodid=429
(Accessed on: 20/01/2013)
• Holland & Barrett Retail Limited (2012) Creatine. Available at:
http://www.hollandandbarrett.com/pages/categories.asp?cid=93 (Accessed on:
20/01/2013)
• Lee, C.L., Lin, J.C. & Cheng, C.F. (2011) ‘Effect of caffeine ingestion after creatine
supplementation’, Journal of Sport Science and Medicine, 9 pp. 262-269.
DISCOVERY [Online]. Available at: https://breo.beds.ac.uk/webapps/portal/
(Assessed: 26 February 2013).

21. • Bemben, MG., Witten, MS., Carter, JM., Eliot, KA., Knehans, AW.,
Bemben, DA. (2010) The effects of supplementation with Creatine
and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance
training program in middle aged and older men. The Journal of
Nutrition Health and Aging, 14 (2), pp.155-159.
• Gutierrez-Sancho, O., Moncada-Jimenez, J., Salazar-Rojas, W. &
Robinson, E. (2006) The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on
Biochemical, Body Conposition, and Performance Outcomes in
Humans: A Ivfeta-analysis. International Journal of Applied Sports
Sciences. 18 (2) pp. 12-38.

22. Thank you for listening.
Please feel free to ask any questions!