Effects of renewal pattern of recycled nutrient solution on the ion balance in nutrient solutions and root media and the growth and ion uptake of paprika capsicum in closed soilless cultures ko et al.2014
Ion imbalance in recycled nutrient solutions is caused by selective ion uptake of plants, which occurs at different
rates in different growth stages. The objectives of this study were to investigate the ion balances in both recycled nutrient
solutions and rockwool media using different renewal patterns for the nutrient solutions, and to analyze the subsequent effects
on uptake of water and nutrients. Over 12 weeks of paprika cultivation, two different renewal patterns (week units) of 6-4-2
and 8-2-2 weeks were compared with a constant renewal pattern of 4-4-4 weeks (control). The nutrient solution in the reservoir
tank was constantly maintained at EC 2.5 dS・m
-1
and pH 5.5-6.5. The changes in the ion balance with the 4-4-4 week pattern
were smaller than those with the other treatments. In the early growth stage, however, the ion balances similarly changed
among all treatments. Greater changes were subsequently observed for the 6-4-2 week pattern. Although fruit yield and shoot
fresh weight of paprika were the lowest with 6-4-2 renewal pattern, no significant differences were observed. Our results indicate
that renewal intervals can be extended in consideration of growth stage for more efficient and practical operations in closed
soilless cultures.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Hepatitis A virus and environmental quality indicators in aquatic ecosystems ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - Research into the occurrence of microbiological contaminants, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), in river waters intended for oyster farming is of extreme importance for public health. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of HAV in the aquatic environment for ostreiculture in northeastern Pará, Brazil, and correlate with microbiological, physico-chemical and climatological variables. The HAV research was based on the method of water concentration by filtration membrane adsorption-elution and in the organic flocculation method with skim milk, followed by Nested-PCR. Quantification of coliforms, Enterococci and heterotrophic bacteria was performed. The physico-chemical variables were measured with multiparametric probe and spectrophotometry. Positive samples were purified and submitted to sequencing. From March 2017 to December 2018, 203 samples of river water were collected and analyzed in the municipalities of Augusto Corrêa, Curuçá, Salinópolis and São Caetano de Odivelas. In 10.8% of the analyzed samples the HAV RNA was detected, in all localities the HAV was classified in genotype IB. There was no significant difference between the concentration methods of the water samples. The only physicochemical variable that most influenced HAV detection was dissolved oxygen. Regarding the bacterial indicators, the highest statistical significance occurred with thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli. The detection of HAV in the four municipalities studied shows that the virus is circulating in the aquatic environment and, therefore, in the community. In this context, more effective hygienic-sanitary measures are necessary in these communities dedicated to oyster farming.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Hepatitis A virus and environmental quality indicators in aquatic ecosystems ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - Research into the occurrence of microbiological contaminants, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), in river waters intended for oyster farming is of extreme importance for public health. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of HAV in the aquatic environment for ostreiculture in northeastern Pará, Brazil, and correlate with microbiological, physico-chemical and climatological variables. The HAV research was based on the method of water concentration by filtration membrane adsorption-elution and in the organic flocculation method with skim milk, followed by Nested-PCR. Quantification of coliforms, Enterococci and heterotrophic bacteria was performed. The physico-chemical variables were measured with multiparametric probe and spectrophotometry. Positive samples were purified and submitted to sequencing. From March 2017 to December 2018, 203 samples of river water were collected and analyzed in the municipalities of Augusto Corrêa, Curuçá, Salinópolis and São Caetano de Odivelas. In 10.8% of the analyzed samples the HAV RNA was detected, in all localities the HAV was classified in genotype IB. There was no significant difference between the concentration methods of the water samples. The only physicochemical variable that most influenced HAV detection was dissolved oxygen. Regarding the bacterial indicators, the highest statistical significance occurred with thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli. The detection of HAV in the four municipalities studied shows that the virus is circulating in the aquatic environment and, therefore, in the community. In this context, more effective hygienic-sanitary measures are necessary in these communities dedicated to oyster farming.
More information can be found on:
- www.purepulse.eu
- http://www.pinterest.com/toptechtalks/purepulse-pef-20/
- http://en.topwiki.nl/index.php/PurePulse_-_PEF_2.0
Antioxidant activity, photosynthetic rate, and Spectral mass in bean Plants (...IJEABJ
An increase in antioxidant activity is a common response in plants as a defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic stress factors, such response is also generated with the exogenous application of "defense activators", which have negative effects on plant metabolism. In this work, bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Pinto Nacional were treated with jasmonic acid (0.5 mM), salicylic acid (2 mM), Trichoderma asperellum (105 spores/ml), and Bacillus pumilus (105 CFU / mL), in order to determine the level of structural and metabolic response of the plants. On the seventh day after the application of the treatments, it was measured the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, leaf impressions were taken to measure the stomatal opening and conductance, photosynthetic rate, and the mass spectrum (mass/charge, m/z). The antioxidant activity increased in plants treated with jasmonic acid and T. asperellum, which in turn significantly increased the stomatal opening and conductance, and photosynthetic rate. The mass profile showed that the plants treated with T. asperellum have a greater quantity of masses/charge, of which some had statistically highly significant difference according to the means test Tukey (p <0.05). It is concluded that some defense activators such as jasmonic acid and T. asperellum increase the antioxidant activity, defense response that concurs with the high photosynthetic and metabolic rate in bean plants.
The aquaponics term derives from the words aquaculture and hydroponics, which by definition, has the meaning of aquatics organisms culture and plant breeding techniques without soil, respectively. This activity has how the main feature the sustainability, once the modality looks for the production with low water consumption and high exploitation of waste generated. The present study had as objective to describe the construction of the aquaponics pilot system. This way, based on the literature and acquired experience during the work, a step-by-step method was established for the assembly of the system. To verify the process efficiency, were analyzed the presence of total and thermotolerants coliforms, counting of facultative mesophiles and quantification of micro and macronutrients in leaves and roots of Xanthosoma sagittifolium. There was no presence of total and thermotolerants coliforms in leaves and roots of X. sagittifolium. In the count of facultative mesophiles the roots presented 6x104 CFU/g and the leaves 1.7x102 CFU/g. In the foliar analysis, 1430mg/kg of Fe was observed in the roots. It was concluded that the pilot project was successfully built and testing can be continued with new plants.
Evaluation of Biogas Production from the Digestion of Swine Dung, Plantain Pe...IJCMESJOURNAL
This study centered on biogas production from locally available animal and kitchen wastes: swine dung (SD), plantain peel (PP) and fluted pumpkin stem (PS) using five 32-Litres metallic prototype digesters. The anaerobic digestion was in the ratio of 3:1 of water to waste for all the samples as follows: Sample A was 100%SD, Sample B; 100% PP, Sample C; 100% PS, Sample D; 50%SD+50%PP and Sample E; 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS. The retention time was 30 days and parameters like pH, pressure, daily biogas production, ambient and slurry temperatures alongside the physico-chemical properties of wastes were monitored. The cumulative gas production yield was 11.5L, 35.1L, 39.5L, 46.9L, 59.3L for Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D and Sample E respectively. The flammable time was 15th, 5th, 25th, 26th, 2nd day for sample A, sample B, sample C, sample D and sample E respectively. The result revealed that the blend of the 3 substrates i.e. sample E: 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS gave the highest yield of biogas and flamed earlier than the other samples while sample A: 100%SD had the lowest yield of biogas. The results also showed that the sample that had the highest composition of methane in the biogas produced was Sample D: 50%SD+50%PP with 85.6989% while the lowest composition of methane was found in Sample C to be 79.0996%. The TS, TVS, BOD and VS were seen to be consistently reducing showing the level of waste treatment achieved during the digestion period of 30 days.
Evaluation of quality changes of blueberry juice during refrigerated storage after high-pressure and pulsed electric fields processing.
More information:
www.cwp-bv.nl
www.purepulse.eu
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
— The present study was conducted to evaluate the plant growth, physiological and biochemical changes of neem under different salinity levels (4, 8, 10 and 12 dS/m) which have multipurpose use in agroforestry. Growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, proline and total phenol were investigated 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after treatment imposition. The results revealed that salinity caused significant differences in all the growth parameters and the maximum reduction were observed when plants were exposed to high salinity (12 dS/m) level and minimum were in control treatments. It was found that total dry matter and relative water content were reduced 72% and 40% in 12 dS/m compared to control plants at 120 DATI, respectively. By increasing saliniy 0 to 12 dS/m, the chlorophyll (the photosynthetic pigment) and carbohydrate (the photosynthetic product) content decreased, but increased the level of proline (an amino acid) and total phenol content (an antioxidant) in different days. The highest accumulation of free proline and total phenol content was recorded in 10 dS/m treatment and it was 77% and 59% greater than control plant, respectively. These findings suggest that though growth and biochemical parameters of neem were affected by salt stress, but all the plants survived in different salinity levels. Among all different salinity levels, neem can performed better up to 10 dS/m salinity level could be due to better antioxidant system of neem to cope up with oxidative damage to stressed plants.
More information can be found on:
- www.purepulse.eu
- http://www.pinterest.com/toptechtalks/purepulse-pef-20/
- http://en.topwiki.nl/index.php/PurePulse_-_PEF_2.0
Antioxidant activity, photosynthetic rate, and Spectral mass in bean Plants (...IJEABJ
An increase in antioxidant activity is a common response in plants as a defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic stress factors, such response is also generated with the exogenous application of "defense activators", which have negative effects on plant metabolism. In this work, bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Pinto Nacional were treated with jasmonic acid (0.5 mM), salicylic acid (2 mM), Trichoderma asperellum (105 spores/ml), and Bacillus pumilus (105 CFU / mL), in order to determine the level of structural and metabolic response of the plants. On the seventh day after the application of the treatments, it was measured the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, leaf impressions were taken to measure the stomatal opening and conductance, photosynthetic rate, and the mass spectrum (mass/charge, m/z). The antioxidant activity increased in plants treated with jasmonic acid and T. asperellum, which in turn significantly increased the stomatal opening and conductance, and photosynthetic rate. The mass profile showed that the plants treated with T. asperellum have a greater quantity of masses/charge, of which some had statistically highly significant difference according to the means test Tukey (p <0.05). It is concluded that some defense activators such as jasmonic acid and T. asperellum increase the antioxidant activity, defense response that concurs with the high photosynthetic and metabolic rate in bean plants.
The aquaponics term derives from the words aquaculture and hydroponics, which by definition, has the meaning of aquatics organisms culture and plant breeding techniques without soil, respectively. This activity has how the main feature the sustainability, once the modality looks for the production with low water consumption and high exploitation of waste generated. The present study had as objective to describe the construction of the aquaponics pilot system. This way, based on the literature and acquired experience during the work, a step-by-step method was established for the assembly of the system. To verify the process efficiency, were analyzed the presence of total and thermotolerants coliforms, counting of facultative mesophiles and quantification of micro and macronutrients in leaves and roots of Xanthosoma sagittifolium. There was no presence of total and thermotolerants coliforms in leaves and roots of X. sagittifolium. In the count of facultative mesophiles the roots presented 6x104 CFU/g and the leaves 1.7x102 CFU/g. In the foliar analysis, 1430mg/kg of Fe was observed in the roots. It was concluded that the pilot project was successfully built and testing can be continued with new plants.
Evaluation of Biogas Production from the Digestion of Swine Dung, Plantain Pe...IJCMESJOURNAL
This study centered on biogas production from locally available animal and kitchen wastes: swine dung (SD), plantain peel (PP) and fluted pumpkin stem (PS) using five 32-Litres metallic prototype digesters. The anaerobic digestion was in the ratio of 3:1 of water to waste for all the samples as follows: Sample A was 100%SD, Sample B; 100% PP, Sample C; 100% PS, Sample D; 50%SD+50%PP and Sample E; 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS. The retention time was 30 days and parameters like pH, pressure, daily biogas production, ambient and slurry temperatures alongside the physico-chemical properties of wastes were monitored. The cumulative gas production yield was 11.5L, 35.1L, 39.5L, 46.9L, 59.3L for Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D and Sample E respectively. The flammable time was 15th, 5th, 25th, 26th, 2nd day for sample A, sample B, sample C, sample D and sample E respectively. The result revealed that the blend of the 3 substrates i.e. sample E: 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS gave the highest yield of biogas and flamed earlier than the other samples while sample A: 100%SD had the lowest yield of biogas. The results also showed that the sample that had the highest composition of methane in the biogas produced was Sample D: 50%SD+50%PP with 85.6989% while the lowest composition of methane was found in Sample C to be 79.0996%. The TS, TVS, BOD and VS were seen to be consistently reducing showing the level of waste treatment achieved during the digestion period of 30 days.
Evaluation of quality changes of blueberry juice during refrigerated storage after high-pressure and pulsed electric fields processing.
More information:
www.cwp-bv.nl
www.purepulse.eu
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
Similar to Effects of renewal pattern of recycled nutrient solution on the ion balance in nutrient solutions and root media and the growth and ion uptake of paprika capsicum in closed soilless cultures ko et al.2014
— The present study was conducted to evaluate the plant growth, physiological and biochemical changes of neem under different salinity levels (4, 8, 10 and 12 dS/m) which have multipurpose use in agroforestry. Growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, proline and total phenol were investigated 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after treatment imposition. The results revealed that salinity caused significant differences in all the growth parameters and the maximum reduction were observed when plants were exposed to high salinity (12 dS/m) level and minimum were in control treatments. It was found that total dry matter and relative water content were reduced 72% and 40% in 12 dS/m compared to control plants at 120 DATI, respectively. By increasing saliniy 0 to 12 dS/m, the chlorophyll (the photosynthetic pigment) and carbohydrate (the photosynthetic product) content decreased, but increased the level of proline (an amino acid) and total phenol content (an antioxidant) in different days. The highest accumulation of free proline and total phenol content was recorded in 10 dS/m treatment and it was 77% and 59% greater than control plant, respectively. These findings suggest that though growth and biochemical parameters of neem were affected by salt stress, but all the plants survived in different salinity levels. Among all different salinity levels, neem can performed better up to 10 dS/m salinity level could be due to better antioxidant system of neem to cope up with oxidative damage to stressed plants.
Experimental Study on the Use of Human Urine for Selected Philippine Vegetabl...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by R. Gensch*, A. Miso* and G..S. Itchon** * Sustainable Sanitation Center, Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Masterson Avenue, Manresa Heights, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines (E-mail: robert.gensch@web.de; annamiso@googlemail.com) ** Department of Preventive and Community Medicine, Jose P. for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of harmful impacts of xenobiotics in animals is attracting an increasing attention in recent times. The aim of the current study is to assess the preventive potential of Costus afer aqueous leaves extract (CAAE) in treating metabolic aberrations imposed by crude oil contaminated diet in Wistar albino rats. Six groups of rats were treated as follows: A = Normal diet; B= Normal diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; C =Normal diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; D= Crude oil contaminated diet; E= crude oil contaminated diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE, F = crude oil contaminated diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE. After thirty days of exposure to the diet and administration of the corresponding plant extracts, the rats were sacrificed with chloroform and the required organs were excised. The hematological indices, as well as function indicators and levels of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney, were investigated with standard protocols. The results indicated that the hematological parameters and kidney and liver function indices were altered in rats fed with crude oil contaminated diet. However, the values came close to those in control rats when Costus afer aqueous extracts were administered. Similarly, the activities of oxidase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, monoamine oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and sulphite oxidase), following their inhibition by the ingestion of crude oil contaminated diet, equally restored close to control values upon treatment with Costus afer aqueous extract. This study, therefore, was able to establish an aqueous extract of Costus afer leave as an antidote for crude oil intoxication.
Comparative Study of Zootechnical Performances and Survival Rates in Rainbow ...IJEAB
Considering its economic and halieutic interest, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, on 1792) is one of the species the most appreciated in the world, in particular for the sports fishing. To compare the effects of two food of different formulation, (the one premises(place) used by the center of salmon farming and the other one imported) on some biological parameters of the trout rainbow, an experimental study was realized between 1st Mars and June 15th, 2016 in the National Center of Hydrobiology and Fish farming of Azrou on 2000 fish fry stemming from the same prize of eggs and restarted randomly in 4 rectangular ponds fed with fresh water and fed four times by days during 107 days. The obtained results show good that the best performances of growth in length and in weight, the survival rate and feed efficiency are attributed to the imported food.
Cultivation of an Aquaponic Culture with Qualitative Estimates of Growth and ...Augustine Jaeger
ABSTRACT. An aquaponic system has the essential characteristics to become a popular trend. The research in hydroponics and aquaculture are extensive.5, 8 The combination offers niche market goods which can be highly advantageous to an agricultural setting. Water safety is a concern in the process of aquaponics and EPA standards allow 240CFU/100mL (Colony Forming Units) in an open water source such as the rearing tank of the aquaculture.9 An examination of water using methods based on EPA tests was performed for the Total Coliform. The MPN (Mean Probable Number) of CFU was determined to be lower than EPA standards for winter 2014. Growth measured in the hydroponic component gave expected seasonal results.
Assessment of nutritive values of some waterweedsAlexander Decker
Similar to Effects of renewal pattern of recycled nutrient solution on the ion balance in nutrient solutions and root media and the growth and ion uptake of paprika capsicum in closed soilless cultures ko et al.2014 (20)
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
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Effects of renewal pattern of recycled nutrient solution on the ion balance in nutrient solutions and root media and the growth and ion uptake of paprika capsicum in closed soilless cultures ko et al.2014
1. ISSN 1226-8763
Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 32(4):463-472, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.7235/hort.2014.13134
Research Report
Effects of Renewal Pattern of Recycled Nutrient Solution on the Ion
Balance in Nutrient Solutions and Root Media and the Growth and Ion
Uptake of Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) in Closed Soilless Cultures
Myat Thaint Ko
1,2†
, Tae In Ahn
1,2†
, Jong Hwa Shin
1,2
, and Jung Eek Son
1,2
1
Department of Plant Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
2
Research Institute for Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
Abstract: Ion imbalance in recycled nutrient solutions is caused by selective ion uptake of plants, which occurs at different
rates in different growth stages. The objectives of this study were to investigate the ion balances in both recycled nutrient
solutions and rockwool media using different renewal patterns for the nutrient solutions, and to analyze the subsequent effects
on uptake of water and nutrients. Over 12 weeks of paprika cultivation, two different renewal patterns (week units) of 6-4-2
and 8-2-2 weeks were compared with a constant renewal pattern of 4-4-4 weeks (control). The nutrient solution in the reservoir
tank was constantly maintained at EC 2.5 dS・m
-1
and pH 5.5-6.5. The changes in the ion balance with the 4-4-4 week pattern
were smaller than those with the other treatments. In the early growth stage, however, the ion balances similarly changed
among all treatments. Greater changes were subsequently observed for the 6-4-2 week pattern. Although fruit yield and shoot
fresh weight of paprika were the lowest with 6-4-2 renewal pattern, no significant differences were observed. Our results indicate
that renewal intervals can be extended in consideration of growth stage for more efficient and practical operations in closed
soilless cultures.
Additional key words: electrical conductivity, growing stage, mineral contents, nutrient adjustment
*Corresponding author: sjeenv@snu.ac.kr
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
※ Received 21 August 2013; Revised 14 March 2014; Accepted 2 April 2014. This research was supported by iPET (Korea Institute of Planning
and Evaluation for Technology of Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries).
Ⓒ 2014 Korean Society for Horticultural Science
Introduction
Due to limited water resource, increased fertilizer price,
and environmental pollution, the importance of closed
soilless cultures systems is steadily increasing (Holmer
et al., 2013). Nevertheless, applications of the system to
commercial soilless cultures are still scarce with technical
difficulties (Massa et al., 2011) including ion imbalance
in the recycled nutrient solution (Hao and Papadopoulos,
2002; Zekki et al., 1996). To maintain ion balances in both
recycled nutrient solutions and root media, an adequate
management of nutrient solutions is required (Ahn and
Son, 2011; Hao and Papadopoulos, 2002; Zekki et al.,
1996).
Although a real time measurement by ion sensors is
an ideal approach for accurate nutrient control, stable
operations are not still guaranteed on commercial basis
(Bratov et al., 2010). Instead, electrical conductivity (EC)-
based nutrient control is widely used in commercial closed
soilless cultures (Savvas, 2002). To minimize the change
in ion balance in the EC-based system, consumed nutrient
solution was normally replenished by tap water and stock
solutions manually or by an automated system (Savvas
and Manos, 1999). Subsequently the periodical adjustment
of recycled nutrient solutions was introduced for more
efficient management of nutrient solutions, for instance,
every two weeks. (Savvas, 2002). However frequent analysis
acts as a drawback in commercial closed soilless cultures
2. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 32(4), August 2014464
and therefore adequate intervals should be reviewed.
For the adjusting interval of recycled nutrient solutions,
Ko et al. (2013a, 2013b) investigated the growth of paprika
under different renewal periods with the constant interval.
However, for more practical operation of closed soilless
culture systems, extended adjusting intervals are more
favorable. As nutrient uptake rate increases with growth
stage (Pardossi et al., 2005; Silberbush et al., 2005), adjusting
intervals can be flexibly designed with variable renewal
patterns considering the stage. The aim of this study was
to investigate the ion balances in recycled nutrient solutions
and root media at different renewal patterns, and their
subsequent effects on uptakes of water and nutrients by
paprika for seeking possible ways to extend the adjusting
periods.
Materials and Methods
Experimental Conditions
This experiment was conducted in a Venlo-type greenhouse
at the experimental farm of Seoul National University
(Suwon, Korea, Latitude 37.3°N, Longitude 127.0°E). Paprika
(Capsicum annuum L. cv. Fiesta) seedlings were planted
on the rockwool cube (10 cm × 10 cm × 6.5 cm) at the
beginning of April, 2012. One month after planting on
rockwool cubes, plants were transplanted in rockwool
slabs (100 cm × 15 cm × 7 cm) (Grotop expert, Grodan,
The Netherlands) at a density of 3 plants/m2
. The experiment
started 30 days after transplanting (DAT) when average
plant height was 90 cm at fruit initiation. Average radiation
ranged from 2.6 to 5.5 MJ・m-2
・d-1
and average temperature
was controlled at 24.6 to 31.6°C by hot-water heating
systems inside the greenhouse. All the plants were supplied
with the nutrient solution of EC 2.5 dS・m-1
and pH 5.5
to 6.5. Nine slabs were used for the experiment. Each slab,
in which three plants were grown, was placed on each
gutter (100 cm × 20 cm × 10 cm). Additional plant
management of pruning and training was carried out every
week. Different renewal patterns of the recycled nutrient
solutions were applied: 4-4-4 weeks (constant renewal at
week 4, 8, and 12) as a control, 6-4-2 and 8-2-2 weeks
(different renewals at week 6, 10, and 12 and at week
8, 10, and 12, respectively) as treatments were compared.
Management of Nutrient Solutions
Compositions of the nutrient solution was based on the
standard of Research Station for Floriculture and Glasshouse
Vegetables (PBG, the Netherlands): 14.17 NO3
-
, 1.14 H2PO4
-
,
5.92 K
+
, 8.85 Ca
2+
, 3.17 Mg
2+
, and 3.20 SO4
2-
(in meq・L
-1
)
as macro elements; and 1.05 Fe2+
, 0.64 Zn2+
, 0.09 Cu2+
,
0.57 Mn2+
, and 0.08 MoO4
2-
(in ppm) as micro elements.
After irrigation event, the drainage was returned to the
reservoir tank (52 cm × 26 cm × 26 cm). EC and pH in
the reservoir tanks were monitored every three days by
using a multi meter (Multi 3420 SET C, WTW, Germany).
EC and water content in the root media were measured
by using a TDR sensor (Grodan, WCM-control, Denmark).
To maintain the set EC of 2.5 dS・m
-1
, fresh water (EC
0.17 dS m-1
and pH 7.11) containing 0.21 Na+
, 0.29 Cl-
,
0.04 K+
, 0.71 Ca2+
, 0.21 Mg2+
, 0.19 SO4
2-
, 0.39 NO3
-
, and
0.04 PO4
3-
(in meq・L
-1
) was added and then fresh nutrient
solution added to reach the fixed volume of nutrient
solution (20 L) in the tank. Total nine tanks were used
for the experiment. To adjust the pH, 1N nitric acid was
used.
Irrigation Based on Solar Radiation
The nutrient solution was supplied by drip irrigation
with one emitter (average flow rate of 3 L・h-1
) per plant
based on solar radiation integral (SRI). Solar radiation (W・m
-2
)
inside the greenhouse was measured every 10 s by a
pyranometer (SQ-110-L10, Apogee, USA) at a height of
2 m from the ground and recorded at was connected to
a data-logger (CR-1000, Campbell Scientific, USA). Whenever
inside greenhouse SRI reached the set value, irrigation
was started. Drainage was controlled within 30 to 50%.
SRI was set 50 J・cm-2
and the irrigation lasted 3 to 4
min per event (150-200 mL/dripper) depending on the
percentage of drainage amount. The irrigation frequency
was checked every day online and was 8 to 10 times per
day in average. During rainy day, the nutrient solution
was manually supplied.
Analyses of Plant Growth and Ion Composition in Plants
Plant height and leaf area were measured from the start
(30 DAT) and to the end (115 DAT) of the experiment.
Leaf area was calculated by using leaf length and width
according to Tai et al. (2009). Fully-matured leaves at the
4th
and 5th
nodes from the top of the stem were collected
at 115 DAT to measure the nutrient uptake by the plants.
9 leaves were sampled in each treatment. Leaves were
washed with tap water to remove dust or other contamination
and dried for 48 h at 70°C. Fruits were harvested two
times at 87 DAT (8 weeks after treatment) and 115 DAT
(at the end of experiment). At each harvest, fruit number,
fruit fresh and dry weights were measured. For the analysis
3. Myat Thaint Ko, Tae In Ahn, Jong Hwa Shin, and Jung Eek Son 465
of fruit mineral content, the matured fruit (three fruits
per treatment) at the end of experiment were dried in
a thermo-ventilated oven at 70°C until they reached a
constant weight. The dried leaf and fruit samples were
grinded by boll-mil. The 0.5 g of grinded sample was placed
into a teflon tube and 10 mL of concentrated nitric acid
was added to each tube. For rapid processing, the tubes
were placed into blacks and heated to 90°C on a hotplate.
The samples were heated at 90°C for about 1 h or until
copious fume evolution subsides. The 1 mL of concentrated
perchloric acid was added and the solution temperature
was set to maintain at 180°C. The samples were digested
until the denseness of the white fumes and continually
heated to a clear solution. After the digest, the tube was
cooled and 25 mL of deionized water was filled up. The
nutrient contents of K, Ca, Mg, P, and S were determined
by an inductively-coupled plasmaoptical emission spectrometer
(ICP-730ES, Varian Australia Pty Ltd., Australia). Total-N
was measured by Kjeldahl (Kjeltec 8400, Foss, Sweden).
Estimation of Water and Nutrient Uptake
The water uptake (L・m
-2
) by the plants was estimated
using the difference between initial and final volumes in
each reservoir tank (20 L) and the changes in the water
contents of root media every two weeks. The evaporation
or leakage from the tank was prevented and the evaporation
from the rockwool cube was not considered. Water contents
in the root media were 60%-70% when measured. Every
two weeks, 50 mL of nutrient solutions from the reservoir
tanks and root media were collected and analyzed. NO3
-
,
H2PO4
-
, Cl
-
, and SO4
2-
were measured by a spectrophotometer
(PhotoLab, 6100 [VIS], Germany) with an anion test kit
(Spectroquant, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), and K+
,
Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, and Na
+
were measured by the ICP-730ES.
Ion in recycled nutrient solution (meq・L-1
)
= (CrVr + CwVw + CfVf) / (Vr + Vw + Vf) (1)
Water uptake (L, WU) = (Vw + Vf) + (Vr1 – Vr2) (2)
Nutrient uptake concentration (meq・L-1
)
= [Cf Vf – {(Vr1Cr1 – Vr2Cr2) + Vs (Cs1 – Cs2)}] / WU (3)
where, Cr, Cw, Cf, and Cs are ion concentrations (meq・L-1
)
in the recycled nutrient solution, added water, added fresh
nutrient solution, and remained nutrient solution in the
root media, respectively. Vr, Vw, Vf, and Vs are volumes
of the recycled nutrient solution, added water, added fresh
nutrient solution, and remained nutrient solution in the
root media (L・m
-2
), respectively. 1 and 2 mean the beginning
and the end of every two weeks.
Individual cation (or anion) ratio was expressed by
dividing cation (or anion) concentration by sum of cation
(or anion) concentrations. Water uptake (L/d/plant) was
calculated as WU/14 d/3 plants.
Experimental Management and Statistical Analysis
There were three plants per slab and three slabs per
treatment. A randomized block design with three replications
was used. The levels of nutrient accumulation or depletion
in the recycled nutrient solutions and root media, and the
nutrient uptake by the plants were analyzed by using the
software Sigma-Plot 10 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Ion
ratios were analyzed by cumulative standard deviations
with time. Data were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Means and standard errors were analyzed for each nutrient.
Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant
by using Duncan’s multiple range tests.
Results and Discussion
Changes in Ion Concentrations in the Recycled Nutrient
Solution and Root Media
The deviation of ion concentrations in the recycled nutrient
solution from the initial supply was clearly observed in
all the treatments and the ion imbalance was smaller in
4-4-4 weeks (control) than 6-4-2 and 8-2-2 weeks (treatments)
(Fig. 1). Particularly, the imbalance of Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
in
the recycled nutrient solution was affected by the renewal
pattern. Ca2+
was more accumulated in 8-2-2 weeks. Savvas
and Manos (1999) and Sonneveld (2000) reported that
it is needed to estimate the accumulation or depletion
of K+
, Ca2+
, Mg2+
, and Na+
concentrations in the nutrient
solutions managed by EC value. The depletion in NO3
-
concentration in the recycled nutrient solution was observed,
while those in H2PO4
-
, SO4
2-
, and Cl-
were nearly the same
within 8 weeks regardless of the renewal pattern. Ion
concentrations in the root media changed within relatively
narrow range in 4-4-4 weeks compared to those in 6-4-2
weeks (Fig. 2). Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
were more accumulated in the
root media in 8-2-2 weeks around the middle of experiment
period (72 DAT). Rouphael and Colla (2005) indicated that
the accumulation of bivalent ion like Ca
2+
and depletion of
NO3
-
and K+
are well-known alterations occurring in the
composition of nutrient solutions when recycled. Accumulation
and depletion of ions were observed in all the treatments
during the experiment period. However the changes in
4. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 32(4), August 2014466
A
B
C
Fig. 1. Change in individual ion concentration in the recycled
nutrient solution after adjusting EC and pH every three days.
Dashed-lines represent the renewal time of the recycled
nutrient solution. A, B, and C indicate the renewals of the
nutrient solution at week 4, 8, 12; week 6, 10, 12; and week
8, 10, and 12, respectively.
A
B
C
Fig. 2. Change in individual ion concentration in the root
medium at different renewal times. Dashed-lines represent
the renewal time of the recycled nutrient solution. A, B,
and C indicate the renewals of the nutrient solution at week
4, 8, 12; week 6, 10, 12; and week 8, 10, and 12, respectively.
ion concentrations were different among all treatments.
Changes in Nutrient Uptake Concentrations
The added water, added fresh nutrient solutions, the
total uptakes of nutrient solutions every two weeks and
their accumulated values were described in Fig. 3. Although
the added amounts and the water uptake showed different
with time due to the different renewal patterns, there were
no significant differences in the accumulated values at DAT
114 among all the treatments.
Changes in individual uptake concentrations for 2 weeks
were smaller in 4-4-4 and 6-4-2 weeks than those in 8-2-2
weeks (Fig. 4). In general, the uptake of NO3
-
by the plants
5. Myat Thaint Ko, Tae In Ahn, Jong Hwa Shin, and Jung Eek Son 467
A B
C D
E F
Fig. 3. Changes in added water (A), accumulation of added water (B), added fresh nutrient solution (C), accumulation of added
fresh nutrient solution (D), water uptake (E) and accumulation of water uptake (F) during the experimental period. 4-4-4,
6-4-2, and 8-2-2 mean the renewals of the recycled nutrient solution at week 4, 8, 12; week 6, 10, 12; and week 8, 10,
and 12, respectively. Vertical bars indicate Mean ± SE of the mean (n = 3). Different letters mean significant difference by
Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05.
6. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 32(4), August 2014468
A
B
C
Fig. 4. Change in individual ion uptake concentration at
different renewal times. Dashed-lines represent the renewal
time of the recycled nutrient solution. A, B, and C indicate
the renewals of the nutrient solution at week 4, 8, 12; week
6, 10, 12; and week 8, 10, and 12, respectively.
was the highest and followed by Ca2+
, K+
, Mg2+
, SO4
2-
, and
H2PO4
-
. Marcussi et al. (2004) indicated that NO3
-
and K
+
were the most extracted macronutrients by paprika and
followed Ca2+
, Mg2+
, SO4
2-
and H2PO4
-
. In this study, it was
observed that NO3
-
> Ca
2+
> K
+
> Mg
2+
> SO4
2-
> H2PO4
-
.
It might be due to the depletion of K+
when the nutrient
solution was reused.
Changes in Ion Ratios in the Recycled Nutrient Solution and
Root Media
The changes in cation ratios were similar among all the
treatments before 100 DAT in the root media and became
relatively higher in 6-4-2 weeks than 4-4-4 weeks (Fig.
5), while the change in anion ratio was stable in 4-4-4
weeks compared to other treatments (Fig. 6). Cumulative
standard deviations in 4-4-4 and 8-2-2 weeks showed
similar tendencies. After 58 DAT, the cumulative standard
deviations reached plateau for both treatments in anions
but decreased in cations, while abruptly changed after the
second half of the experimental in 6-4-2 weeks. Stable
changes in ion ratio in 8-2-2 weeks and a peak observed
in 6-4-2 weeks mean that influence of the nutrient uptakes
became greater on closed soilless cultures, and therefore
the adjusting intervals could be extended in consideration
of growth stage.
The accumulations of Cl
-
in the root media were higher
than those in the recycled nutrient solution, however, Na+
concentration did not consistently change in the recycled
nutrient solution and root media compared to the initial
concentrations (Fig. 7). Increases in Cl-
ratio were gradual in
4-4-4 weeks but fast after 72 DAT in 6-4-2 weeks in the
root media. Unlike the essential nutrients, control of Na
+
and Cl-
concentrations are very difficult because the water
containing both ions determines the levels of accumulations
(Savvas et al., 2008).
Growth and Yield of Paprika Plants
There were no significant differences in growth and yield
of paprika among all the renewal patterns of 4-4-4, 6-4-2,
and 8-2-2 weeks (Table 1). According to Nukaya et al.
(1991), yields are not affected by the accumulation of Cl
-
and SO4
2-
in the recycled nutrient solution when the EC
in the root media is maintained within the acceptable range.
The specific ion-toxic effects of Na
+
and/or Cl
-
were not
related to the decrease in yield, while the accumulations
of Na+
and Cl-
were linearly related to the concentration of
major elements in the nutrient solution (Baas et al., 1995).
Mineral Contents in Leaf and Fruit
There were no significant differences in mineral contents
in leaf and fruit among all the renewal patterns (Table
2). K content in leaf was relatively higher in 4-4-4 and
6-4-2 weeks than that in 8-2-2 weeks, while the opposite
trend was observed in fruit. Ca contents in fruit and leaf
appeared to be higher in 4-4-4 weeks than those in 6-4-2
and 8-2-2 weeks. As shown in Fig. 4, Ca
2+
uptake con-
centrations in 4-4-4 and 6-4-2 weeks were higher than
7. Myat Thaint Ko, Tae In Ahn, Jong Hwa Shin, and Jung Eek Son 469
A B
C D
E F
Fig. 5. Changes in individual ion ratio to total cations (left) and cumulative standard deviations of the ion ratios (right). 4-4-4,
6-4-2, and 8-2-2- mean the renewals of the recycled nutrient solution at week 4, 8, 12; week 6, 10, 12; and week 8, 10,
and 12, respectively. A and D, B and E, and C and F indicate K
+
, Ca
2+
, and Mg
2+
, respectively.
8. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 32(4), August 2014470
A
C
E
B
D
F
Fig. 6. Changes in individual ion ratio to total anions (left) and cumulative standard deviations of the ion ratios (right). 4-4-4,
6-4-2, and 8-2-2- mean the renewals of the recycled nutrient solution at week 4, 8, 12; week 6, 10, 12; and week 8, 10,
and 12, respectively. A and D, B and E, and C and F indicate NO3
-
, H2PO4
-
, and SO4
2-
, respectively.
9. Myat Thaint Ko, Tae In Ahn, Jong Hwa Shin, and Jung Eek Son 471
A B C
D E F
Fig. 7. Change in Na
+
ratio to total cations (upper) and Cl- ratio to total anions (bottom) in the recycled nutrient solution
(RNS), root medium, and ion uptake. Dotted lines represent the renewal time of the nutrient solution. The renewals of the
nutrient solution were conducted at week 4, 8, 12 in A and D; at week 6, 10, 12 in B and E; and at week 8, 10, and 12
in C and F.
Table 1. Growth and yield of paprika in closed rockwool culture
during the growing period.
Renewal timez
(week)
Yield
(g・m-2
)
Shoot fresh weight
(g/plant)
4-4-4 2,841.6 ± 220.8
y
1,601.4 ± 37.1
6-4-2 2,441.2 ± 189.0 1,522.2 ± 86.7
8-2-2 2,705.9 ± 745.2 1,608.3 ± 207.8
Significance NSx
NS
z
4-4-4, 6-4-2, and 8-2-2 mean the renewals of the recycled
nutrient solution at week 4, 8, 12; week 6, 10, 12; and week
8, 10, and 12, respectively.
y
Each value represents Mean ± SD (n = 3).
x
NS means non-significant by Duncan’s multiple range test at
p < 0.05.
8-2-2 weeks at DAT 114 (at the end of the experiment)
and reflected to its contents in leaf and fruit. Marti and
Mills (1991) reported that a decline in Ca2+
uptake occurred
when fruits approach the mature green stage.
Renewal of the recycled nutrient solution using adequate
renewal patterns can reduce the ion imbalance in the
recycled nutrient solutions and root media without any
detrimental effects on yield and plant growth. Relatively
stable control of ion ratios in the root media was obtained
in 4-4-4 weeks by adjusting the recycled nutrient solution.
And the similar results were observed in 8-2-2 weeks
compared to those in 4-4-4 weeks because the shorter
renewal interval (2 weeks) was assigned to the latter growth
stage. These results indicate that the renewal intervals
can be extended rather than using constant intervals by
considering the growth stage for more efficient and practical
operations in closed soilless cultures.
Literature Cited
Ahn, T.I. and J.E. Son. 2011. Changes in ion balance and individual
ionic contributions to EC reading at different renewal intervals
10. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 32(4), August 2014472
Table 2. Leaf and fruit mineral contents at the end of experiment as influenced by renewal time of the recycled nutrient solution.
Renewal time
(week)
T-N P K Ca Mg S
Leaf 4-4-4
z
4.13 ± 0.19
y
0.18 ± 0.02 4.14 ± 0.17 2.26 ± 0.24 0.56 ± 0.16 0.43 ± 0.02
6-4-2 4.37 ± 0.35 0.23 ± 0.03 3.95 ± 0.73 1.86 ± 0.45 0.54 ± 0.06 0.44 ± 0.03
8-2-2 4.07 ± 0.12 0.16 ± 0.03 3.25 ± 0.78 1.93 ± 0.07 0.50 ± 0.01 0.43 ± 0.02
Significance NSx
NS NS NS NS NS
Fruit 4-4-4 2.67 ± 0.25 0.38 ± 0.03 1.86 ± 0.52 0.06 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.22 ± 0.03
6-4-2 2.24 ± 0.35 0.33 ± 0.06 2.41 ± 0.40 0.07 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.04
8-2-2 2.57 ± 0.16 0.39 ± 0.09 2.56 ± 0.74 0.05 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.05
Significance NS NS NS NS NS NS
z
4-4-4, 6-4-2, and 8-2-2 mean the renewals of the recycled nutrient solution at week 4, 8, 12; week 6, 10, 12; and week 8,
10, and 12, respectively.
y
Each value represents Mean ± SD (n = 3).
x
NS means non-significant by Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05.
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