International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides information about a study on treating wastewater from a personal care products industry using the Fenton process. It begins with background on industrial wastewater generation and treatment in India. It then discusses the characteristics of wastewater from personal care products industries. The objectives of the study are outlined as characterizing the raw wastewater, evaluating the existing treatment plant, attempting to modify the process with Fenton treatment, and comparing treatment efficiencies and costs. Literature on Fenton treatment of various wastewaters is reviewed. Experimental methods, results, and future work are presented.
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
This document describes research on using γ-Fe2O3 nanopowder prepared by a low temperature combustion method to remove the toxic azo dye Eriochrome Black T from aqueous solution. Characterization of the nanopowder using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed it had a hexagonal crystal structure with crystallite size of 30-40 nm and a porous, agglomerated morphology. Adsorption studies on a 10 ppm dye solution found that the maximum dye removal of 70% occurred with 40 mg of γ-Fe2O3 nanopowder over a contact time of 8 minutes.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Performance of integrated process using fungal strain corialus versicalor mtcIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the degradation of three dyes (Quinoline Yellow, Eosin B, and Rose Bengal) using an integrated process of fungal degradation and electrochemical oxidation. The fungal strain Corialus versicalor was found to efficiently decolorize the dyes. Degradation was measured by monitoring chemical oxygen demand (COD), which decreased by over 90% for the treated effluents. Spectral analysis showed reductions in dye absorption after treatment. The integrated process demonstrates potential for treating and reusing textile dye wastewater.
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
This document provides information about a study on treating wastewater from a personal care products industry using the Fenton process. It begins with background on industrial wastewater generation and treatment in India. It then discusses the characteristics of wastewater from personal care products industries. The objectives of the study are outlined as characterizing the raw wastewater, evaluating the existing treatment plant, attempting to modify the process with Fenton treatment, and comparing treatment efficiencies and costs. Literature on Fenton treatment of various wastewaters is reviewed. Experimental methods, results, and future work are presented.
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
This document describes research on using γ-Fe2O3 nanopowder prepared by a low temperature combustion method to remove the toxic azo dye Eriochrome Black T from aqueous solution. Characterization of the nanopowder using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed it had a hexagonal crystal structure with crystallite size of 30-40 nm and a porous, agglomerated morphology. Adsorption studies on a 10 ppm dye solution found that the maximum dye removal of 70% occurred with 40 mg of γ-Fe2O3 nanopowder over a contact time of 8 minutes.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Performance of integrated process using fungal strain corialus versicalor mtcIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the degradation of three dyes (Quinoline Yellow, Eosin B, and Rose Bengal) using an integrated process of fungal degradation and electrochemical oxidation. The fungal strain Corialus versicalor was found to efficiently decolorize the dyes. Degradation was measured by monitoring chemical oxygen demand (COD), which decreased by over 90% for the treated effluents. Spectral analysis showed reductions in dye absorption after treatment. The integrated process demonstrates potential for treating and reusing textile dye wastewater.
Removal of heavy metal lead (pb) from electrochemical industry waste water us...eSAT Journals
Abstract Electrochemical industries generates a wastewater that has a potential hazard for our environment as it contains various heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium, Nickel etc. If this wastewater left untreated, will pollute soil and water resources. Out of the above heavy metals, in this project work, only removal of Lead (Pb) from electrochemical industrial wastewater has been investigated by using low cost adsorbent such as charcoal along with coconut shell powder as a natural adsorbent. The project is a bench scale experimental type i.e. Batch mode technique and analyses have performed by using different amounts of adsorbent in solutions with different concentrations of Lead metal. Beside the effect of various amounts of adsorbent used in adsorption efficiency experiments has been investigated. Result indicates that the maximum removal efficiency for Lead is about 94% by using 0.25 gm/L amount of activated coconut shell carbon powder (ACSCP) and charcoal powder (ACP) mixed in equal amount for particular pH and contact time. Keywords: Adsorption, batch mode technique, battery industry waste water, Coconut shell powder, Charcoal carbon powder, Economic, Heavy Metal.
Chemo bio synthesis of silver nanoparticlesJagpreet Singh
Silver nanoparticles have a lot of ways of synthesis like physical and chemical
methods; some of these methods use a lot of chemical substances and are
very hazardous for humans and environment, so a novel, great, environmental
friendly, cheap and easy to use world of green chemistry has been used. A
number of characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier
transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study and scanning
electron microscopy revealed that silver nanoparticles have been used. Thus
the different response of the functional groups and the difference in the peaks
and UV-visible data was studied and then compared to understand and know
the way these different reducing agents react to the same starting material. The
green synthesis had a UV-visible peak at 446 nm while the one with chemical
synthesis had a peak at 395 nm. FTIR results of silver nanoparticles synthesis
by trisodium citrate (TSC) showed a peak at 1505 cm-1 which shows that the
compound has a stretching of the -C=C – bond. In another case, which was done
by using Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) a peak at 1695 cm-1 showed a –C=O- bond
indicating stretching and a weak absorption intensity. Another peak was present
which indicates a –O-H bond formation and presence which is a strong bond are
found to exist. A notable peak came for synthesis by orange peel at 1517 cm-1
which represents a –C=C- bond stretching as in aromatic compounds. Another
peak at 1732 cm-1 indicates the –C=O- bond. The XRD results on one of the
silver sample prepared by green methods showed silver nanomaterials formed
which had a average particle size of around 42 nm. FE-SEM results revealed that
silver nanomaterials were formed and had a flake like appearance in one of the
results. All the overall comparison showed that different modes of synthesis
of silver nanomaterials and different reducing agents give same materials but
with different peaks and intensities. All this data provided knowledge about the
fact that an alternative method can be used to create new nanoparticles if one
of the previously considered to tried method fails thus helping in extending the
broadways for research.
Treatment of textile wastewater using electrofenton processIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on using the electrofenton process to treat textile wastewater. The electrofenton process uses iron ions and hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radicals that can break down organic pollutants in wastewater. The researchers used a Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of pH, iron dosage, current, and electrolysis time on treating synthetic textile wastewater. Their results showed that under optimal conditions, the process could achieve up to 86% removal of chemical oxygen demand and 70% removal of dye from the wastewater.
This document summarizes a study on using electrocoagulation to remove tartrazine dye from simulated wastewater. Tartrazine dye is commonly used in foods, drugs, and textiles but is hazardous. The study investigated the effect of parameters like electrolysis time, dye concentration, pH, and potential on decolorization efficiency. Iron and steel electrodes were used in an electrolytic cell with NaCl electrolyte to treat wastewater samples. Results showed that absorbance decreased with increased time, and maximum removal capacity was achieved. pH was also affected by concentration and time. However, potential changes did not significantly impact absorbance. Overall, electrocoagulation was found to be an effective process for removing the azo dye
Treatability Study of Leachate by Fenton OxidationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using Fenton oxidation to treat fresh leachate. The researchers determined the optimal conditions for Fenton oxidation through a series of experiments varying pH, ferrous sulfate dosage, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and reaction time. The maximum removal efficiencies achieved were 99.1% for turbidity, 86.3% for hardness, 85.1% for COD, and 99.3% for color under optimal conditions of pH 2.5, 1.5 g/L ferrous sulfate dosage, 3 mL/L hydrogen peroxide dosage, and a 40 minute reaction time. The study demonstrated that Fenton oxidation is an effective and feasible method for treating leachate.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
IRJET- An Investigation Into the Efficacy of Fungal Biomass as a Low Cost...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of dead fungal biomass from Penicillium sp. as a low-cost bioadsorbent for removing lead from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of initial lead concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time on lead adsorption. The maximum adsorption of 78.03% was achieved under optimal conditions of 10 mg/L initial lead concentration, 1 g/L adsorbent dose, and 2 hours contact time. Characterization using SEM-EDX and FTIR analysis provided insights into the adsorption mechanism and surface properties of the fungal biomass that facilitated lead removal. The study demonstrated that dead Penicillium
Photochemistry Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Thyroxine Capped Si...priyanka raviraj
Thyroxine capped silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a one-step photochemical method. Characterization showed the nanoparticles were spherical, ranging from 12-16 nm in size, with a surface plasmon resonance peak at 418 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the thyroxine involved amine and hydroxyl groups in reducing silver nitrate. The nanoparticles were stable for 20 days at temperatures from 4-50°C.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
Characteristic studies of some activated carbons from agricultural wastesmaterials87
This document summarizes the characterization of activated carbons produced from various agricultural waste materials. The wastes tested include tobacco stem, bulrush stem, Leucaena shell, Ceiba shell, and Pongamia shell. The carbons were produced using different activation methods including HCl, H2SO4, ZnCl2, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, CaCO3, CaCl2, and combined H2SO4/NH4S2O8 processes. Testing showed the carbons had properties suitable for adsorption of organics and inorganics from water, with surface areas and adsorption capacities varying depending on the production method and waste material used. The carbons were found to have
SYNTHESIS OF NICKEL NANOPARTICLES AND APPLICATION IN MALACHITE GREEN DYE COLO...vinubhanu
This document summarizes the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles and their application in removing malachite green dye from water via adsorption. It discusses synthesizing nickel nanoparticles using a chemical reduction method, characterizing the nanoparticles using various techniques, and applying the nanoparticles to remove malachite green dye from water. Key findings include the nickel nanoparticles having spherical shapes ranging from 50-114 nm in size and being able to remove up to 92.8% of malachite green dye from water. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments showed the process followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model.
Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Clitoria ternatea and its ch...ESHIT BANERJEE
Extraction of aqueous extract from Clitoria ternatea and using the aqueous extract for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Statistical analysis of the aqueous extract using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. And morphological analysis using FE-SEM .And further analysis using XRD to determine the element composition of the sample
Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fernAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the kinetic modeling of copper and zinc ion sorption using lady fern leaf waste biomass. The study found that the rate of copper and zinc sorption was rapid within the initial 5-20 minutes, reaching a maximum in 30 minutes. Kinetic modeling showed the process followed a pseudo-second order model. Equilibrium sorption was examined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model revealing a monolayer sorption capacity of 0.09mg/g for both copper and zinc ions. The results indicate lady fern leaf waste could effectively remove toxic metals from industrial effluents.
IRJET- Review on Removel of Heavy Metal using Low - Cost AbsorbentsIRJET Journal
The document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It discusses how agricultural and industrial wastes can be used effectively as adsorbents due to their low cost. Several studies are summarized that prepared activated carbon from rice husk and used composites of rice husk and polyvinylpyrrolidone to adsorb heavy metals. Other research prepared adsorbents from banana peels and grafted acrylonitrile onto them for chromium removal. Agricultural wastes like African spinach stalk and papaya seeds were also effective at removing metals like manganese and lead. The review concludes that adsorbents produced from cheap, locally available materials like rice hus
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
IRJET- Study the Effect of Process Parameters during Electrochemical Treatmen...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using electrochemical treatment to study the effect of process parameters on treating wastewater. It aims to optimize the removal of pollutants like phenol, dyes, and bacteria from textile industry effluent. The researchers will analyze how factors like pH, conductivity, electrolysis concentration, current density affect treatment. The electrochemical method uses electrodes to generate metal ions that neutralize pollutant charges and facilitate removal. The document examines this process in detail, outlines the experimental setup and method, and presents results showing increased phenol removal at higher pH levels and longer treatment times.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document summarizes research on removing zinc ions from wastewater using activated carbon prepared from corn cobs. It first discusses the issues caused by heavy metals like zinc in wastewater and its toxicity. It then reviews literature that has optimized methods for making activated carbon from corn cobs and used it to adsorb zinc ions. The objectives and methodology of the study are to examine zinc ion removal efficiency of this activated carbon by studying factors like contact time and dosage, and the effect of interfering ions like sulfate and chloride.
The document investigates the efficiency of a photo-Fenton-like process (UV/H2O2/Fe0) for removing the pesticide diazinon from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Optimal parameters for diazinon removal were an H2O2 to Fe0 molar ratio of 1:1, pH of 4, reaction time of 30 minutes, and initial diazinon concentration of 10 mg/L.
2) Under these conditions, diazinon removal and COD reduction were 83.05% and 71.34% respectively.
3) The photo-Fenton-like process is suggested as an effective pretreatment for biological
Electrocoagulation Water Treatment for Marinas, Boatyards and ShipyardsOilTrapEnvironmental
OilTrap Environmental powerpoint about Electrocoagulation technology for wash water, storm water and waste water treatment. Marinas, Boatyards and Shipyards can benefit from this technology due to Electrocoagulations low operating costs and effectiveness of removing contaminants such as TSS, oil & grease, toluene and other challenging toxins. OilTrap has been producing Electrocoagulation technology for nearly 20 years and has marina EC systems in locations all over the world.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Chemo bio synthesis of silver nanoparticlesJagpreet Singh
Silver nanoparticles have a lot of ways of synthesis like physical and chemical
methods; some of these methods use a lot of chemical substances and are
very hazardous for humans and environment, so a novel, great, environmental
friendly, cheap and easy to use world of green chemistry has been used. A
number of characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier
transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study and scanning
electron microscopy revealed that silver nanoparticles have been used. Thus
the different response of the functional groups and the difference in the peaks
and UV-visible data was studied and then compared to understand and know
the way these different reducing agents react to the same starting material. The
green synthesis had a UV-visible peak at 446 nm while the one with chemical
synthesis had a peak at 395 nm. FTIR results of silver nanoparticles synthesis
by trisodium citrate (TSC) showed a peak at 1505 cm-1 which shows that the
compound has a stretching of the -C=C – bond. In another case, which was done
by using Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) a peak at 1695 cm-1 showed a –C=O- bond
indicating stretching and a weak absorption intensity. Another peak was present
which indicates a –O-H bond formation and presence which is a strong bond are
found to exist. A notable peak came for synthesis by orange peel at 1517 cm-1
which represents a –C=C- bond stretching as in aromatic compounds. Another
peak at 1732 cm-1 indicates the –C=O- bond. The XRD results on one of the
silver sample prepared by green methods showed silver nanomaterials formed
which had a average particle size of around 42 nm. FE-SEM results revealed that
silver nanomaterials were formed and had a flake like appearance in one of the
results. All the overall comparison showed that different modes of synthesis
of silver nanomaterials and different reducing agents give same materials but
with different peaks and intensities. All this data provided knowledge about the
fact that an alternative method can be used to create new nanoparticles if one
of the previously considered to tried method fails thus helping in extending the
broadways for research.
Treatment of textile wastewater using electrofenton processIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on using the electrofenton process to treat textile wastewater. The electrofenton process uses iron ions and hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radicals that can break down organic pollutants in wastewater. The researchers used a Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology to evaluate the effects of pH, iron dosage, current, and electrolysis time on treating synthetic textile wastewater. Their results showed that under optimal conditions, the process could achieve up to 86% removal of chemical oxygen demand and 70% removal of dye from the wastewater.
This document summarizes a study on using electrocoagulation to remove tartrazine dye from simulated wastewater. Tartrazine dye is commonly used in foods, drugs, and textiles but is hazardous. The study investigated the effect of parameters like electrolysis time, dye concentration, pH, and potential on decolorization efficiency. Iron and steel electrodes were used in an electrolytic cell with NaCl electrolyte to treat wastewater samples. Results showed that absorbance decreased with increased time, and maximum removal capacity was achieved. pH was also affected by concentration and time. However, potential changes did not significantly impact absorbance. Overall, electrocoagulation was found to be an effective process for removing the azo dye
Treatability Study of Leachate by Fenton OxidationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using Fenton oxidation to treat fresh leachate. The researchers determined the optimal conditions for Fenton oxidation through a series of experiments varying pH, ferrous sulfate dosage, hydrogen peroxide dosage, and reaction time. The maximum removal efficiencies achieved were 99.1% for turbidity, 86.3% for hardness, 85.1% for COD, and 99.3% for color under optimal conditions of pH 2.5, 1.5 g/L ferrous sulfate dosage, 3 mL/L hydrogen peroxide dosage, and a 40 minute reaction time. The study demonstrated that Fenton oxidation is an effective and feasible method for treating leachate.
Preparation, characterization and application of sonochemically doped fe3+ in...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present study, mechanistic investigation of ultrasound–assisted dye decolorization/degradation was investigated using sonochemically prepared Fe3+ doped ZnO. Fe3+ doped ZnO nanoparticle was prepared under ultrasound (20 kHz) irradiation using a doping concentration of 2 wt% of Fe(III). To investigate the catalytic activity of Fe3+ doped ZnO, Acid Red 14 (azo dye) was chosen for decolorization/degradation using sonolysis, photocatalysis and sono–photocatalysis processes. To study the influence of dopant onto structure, crystallinity, and optical properties, different analytical analyses were performed such as X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential, Delsa Nano Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer analysis (VSM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE–SEM) etc. For photocatalytic experiments, a blended high pressure mercury UV lamp with maximum peak emission at 365 nm was used. The decolorization/degradation of dye with modified photocatalyst showed faster reaction kinetics under sono–photocatalytic process. Ultrasound showed an additive effect for degradation/decolorization process. The maximum decolorization of AR14 was achieved (~ 82%) under sono–photocatlytic process with an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm. The sono–photocatalysis process showed 1.4 – 1.6 higher reaction rates with Fe–doped ZnO than pure ZnO. Index Terms: ZnO, Fe–ZnO, Fe-doped ZnO, Sonocatalytic, Photocatalytic, Advanced Oxidation Process, AOP
IRJET- An Investigation Into the Efficacy of Fungal Biomass as a Low Cost...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of dead fungal biomass from Penicillium sp. as a low-cost bioadsorbent for removing lead from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of initial lead concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time on lead adsorption. The maximum adsorption of 78.03% was achieved under optimal conditions of 10 mg/L initial lead concentration, 1 g/L adsorbent dose, and 2 hours contact time. Characterization using SEM-EDX and FTIR analysis provided insights into the adsorption mechanism and surface properties of the fungal biomass that facilitated lead removal. The study demonstrated that dead Penicillium
Photochemistry Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Thyroxine Capped Si...priyanka raviraj
Thyroxine capped silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a one-step photochemical method. Characterization showed the nanoparticles were spherical, ranging from 12-16 nm in size, with a surface plasmon resonance peak at 418 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the thyroxine involved amine and hydroxyl groups in reducing silver nitrate. The nanoparticles were stable for 20 days at temperatures from 4-50°C.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Removal of Lignin from aqueous solution using Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as an effec...IJERA Editor
The study was carried out to find out the adsorption efficiency of lignin from paper mill waste water by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The physico-chemical analysis of paper mill effluent results high B.O.D value. Separations of lignin from black liquor were done by acid precipitation method and removal of lignin was done with nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by co-precipitation method by mixing and stirring of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O solution at 2:1 molar ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized by using U.V-Vis spectrophotometer and X-Ray Diffraction. U.V-Vis spectra show absorbance spectra at around 585 nm while XRD revealed around 10 nm sizes of Fe3O4 MNPs. The removal efficiency of lignin by Fe3O4 MNPs was investigated at different pH and contact time. Maximum adsorption of lignin onto the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs took place at pH 2.5 and 10 mins of contact time. Desorption of lignin by nanoparticles was studies by using different organic solvents.
Characteristic studies of some activated carbons from agricultural wastesmaterials87
This document summarizes the characterization of activated carbons produced from various agricultural waste materials. The wastes tested include tobacco stem, bulrush stem, Leucaena shell, Ceiba shell, and Pongamia shell. The carbons were produced using different activation methods including HCl, H2SO4, ZnCl2, Na2SO4, Na2CO3, CaCO3, CaCl2, and combined H2SO4/NH4S2O8 processes. Testing showed the carbons had properties suitable for adsorption of organics and inorganics from water, with surface areas and adsorption capacities varying depending on the production method and waste material used. The carbons were found to have
SYNTHESIS OF NICKEL NANOPARTICLES AND APPLICATION IN MALACHITE GREEN DYE COLO...vinubhanu
This document summarizes the synthesis of nickel nanoparticles and their application in removing malachite green dye from water via adsorption. It discusses synthesizing nickel nanoparticles using a chemical reduction method, characterizing the nanoparticles using various techniques, and applying the nanoparticles to remove malachite green dye from water. Key findings include the nickel nanoparticles having spherical shapes ranging from 50-114 nm in size and being able to remove up to 92.8% of malachite green dye from water. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments showed the process followed pseudo-second order kinetics and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm model.
Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Clitoria ternatea and its ch...ESHIT BANERJEE
Extraction of aqueous extract from Clitoria ternatea and using the aqueous extract for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Statistical analysis of the aqueous extract using Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. And morphological analysis using FE-SEM .And further analysis using XRD to determine the element composition of the sample
Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fernAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the kinetic modeling of copper and zinc ion sorption using lady fern leaf waste biomass. The study found that the rate of copper and zinc sorption was rapid within the initial 5-20 minutes, reaching a maximum in 30 minutes. Kinetic modeling showed the process followed a pseudo-second order model. Equilibrium sorption was examined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model revealing a monolayer sorption capacity of 0.09mg/g for both copper and zinc ions. The results indicate lady fern leaf waste could effectively remove toxic metals from industrial effluents.
IRJET- Review on Removel of Heavy Metal using Low - Cost AbsorbentsIRJET Journal
The document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It discusses how agricultural and industrial wastes can be used effectively as adsorbents due to their low cost. Several studies are summarized that prepared activated carbon from rice husk and used composites of rice husk and polyvinylpyrrolidone to adsorb heavy metals. Other research prepared adsorbents from banana peels and grafted acrylonitrile onto them for chromium removal. Agricultural wastes like African spinach stalk and papaya seeds were also effective at removing metals like manganese and lead. The review concludes that adsorbents produced from cheap, locally available materials like rice hus
REMOVAL OF IRON FROM WATER USING HYDROGEN PEROXIDEAhmed Hasham
The presence of iron is probably the most common water problem facing by consumers. So, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to remove iron (Fe2+) from water. Water with high content of Fe2+ (20 ppm of iron II) was prepared in the laboratory using Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), then treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ppm of hydrogen peroxide as the final concentration in the solution for contact time 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60-minute. Results showed that the average of removal ratio of Fe2+ was 85%-96% at the normal pH range of drinking water. The recommended dose of hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 ppm as a final concentration for 20-minute contact time. The study proved that hydrogen peroxide successfully used for Iron II removal and consider as economic and eco-friendly solution.
IRJET- Study the Effect of Process Parameters during Electrochemical Treatmen...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using electrochemical treatment to study the effect of process parameters on treating wastewater. It aims to optimize the removal of pollutants like phenol, dyes, and bacteria from textile industry effluent. The researchers will analyze how factors like pH, conductivity, electrolysis concentration, current density affect treatment. The electrochemical method uses electrodes to generate metal ions that neutralize pollutant charges and facilitate removal. The document examines this process in detail, outlines the experimental setup and method, and presents results showing increased phenol removal at higher pH levels and longer treatment times.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document summarizes research on removing zinc ions from wastewater using activated carbon prepared from corn cobs. It first discusses the issues caused by heavy metals like zinc in wastewater and its toxicity. It then reviews literature that has optimized methods for making activated carbon from corn cobs and used it to adsorb zinc ions. The objectives and methodology of the study are to examine zinc ion removal efficiency of this activated carbon by studying factors like contact time and dosage, and the effect of interfering ions like sulfate and chloride.
The document investigates the efficiency of a photo-Fenton-like process (UV/H2O2/Fe0) for removing the pesticide diazinon from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Optimal parameters for diazinon removal were an H2O2 to Fe0 molar ratio of 1:1, pH of 4, reaction time of 30 minutes, and initial diazinon concentration of 10 mg/L.
2) Under these conditions, diazinon removal and COD reduction were 83.05% and 71.34% respectively.
3) The photo-Fenton-like process is suggested as an effective pretreatment for biological
Electrocoagulation Water Treatment for Marinas, Boatyards and ShipyardsOilTrapEnvironmental
OilTrap Environmental powerpoint about Electrocoagulation technology for wash water, storm water and waste water treatment. Marinas, Boatyards and Shipyards can benefit from this technology due to Electrocoagulations low operating costs and effectiveness of removing contaminants such as TSS, oil & grease, toluene and other challenging toxins. OilTrap has been producing Electrocoagulation technology for nearly 20 years and has marina EC systems in locations all over the world.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses electrocoagulation and electrooxidation as electrochemical wastewater treatment technologies. It provides an overview of the fundamentals and processes involved in electrocoagulation, including the electrolytic generation of coagulants through anode dissolution and oxygen/hydrogen generation. It also discusses different types of electrochemical cells used for electrocoagulation and factors like cell configuration, flow patterns and electrode polarity that influence process effectiveness. Electrooxidation processes and various electrode materials and cell designs are also briefly covered.
Electro coagulation EC Electrocoagulation for Waste Water Treatment (WWTP)crenviro
Electrocoagulation (EC), also known as short wave electrolysis, is a technique used for water treatment, wastewater treatment, industrial process water, and hospital wastewater.
Electricity-based electrocoagulation technology is used to remove contaminants that are less efficient at filtering, microbiology or processing system with chemicals, such as oil emulsion, hydrocarbons from petroleum, suspended solids, and heavy metals without the use of chemicals.
Hydrogen Gas Production from Tannery Wastewater by Electrocoagulation of a Co...IOSRJAC
The performance of a continuous electrocoagulation (EC) process was investigated for tannery wastewater treatment using aluminum and iron electrodes. The effects of the operating parameters, such as current density, pH of solution and inlet flow rate, on pollutants removal efficiency and recovery of hydrogen gas were investigated in order to optimize process performance. In the case of aluminum electrodes, The results showed that for tannery wastewater with an influent pH adjusted at about 6, the use of a current density of 14 mA/cm2 , and an EC time of 125 min, gave access to pollutants (COD, Color, Cr, and NH3-N) removal efficiency 73, 94, 100 and 51%, respectively. The energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 16% of the electrical energy demand of the electrocoagulation process. However, in the case of iron electrodes, with effluent pH adjusted at about 7, , the use of a current density of 14 mA/cm2 , and an EC time of 125 min, gave access to pollutants (COD, Color, Cr, and NH3-N) removal efficiency 67, 93, 100 and 46 %, respectively. And also, the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 15 % of the electrical energy demand of the electrocoagulation process. Thus, the operating costs for two cases were found to be 0.675 $/m3 wastewater. It could be seen that hydrogen gas production coupled with pollutants removal efficiency by EC continuous mode would be an effective approach for energy recovery and wastewater reutilization.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on removing fluoride from groundwater using an electrocoagulation (EC) process. The researchers conducted experiments with both a simulated control sample and a groundwater sample from India. They tested various operating parameters of the EC system including current density, flow rate, number of treatment stages, and residual aluminum levels. The results showed that a double stage treatment system achieved higher fluoride removal than a single stage system. Residual aluminum levels were low, indicating EC provides better water quality than other defluoridation methods. Current density and flow rate affected defluoridation efficiency, with higher current density generally improving removal up to a point.
Degradation of Paracetamol by Electro-Fenton and Photoelectro-Fenton Processe...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu *, M.L.Veciana**, M.D.G. de Luna*** * Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan **Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Phi for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Investigation on the Effect of TiO2 and H2O2 for the Treatment of Inorganic C...inventy
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is regularly used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent because of its high efficiency against many bacteria and viruses present in seawater along with its cheaper cost. Now a days, with the increase in the environmental concerns concerning the use of chlorination for the disinfection or bleaching of treated water related to the formation of potentially harmful chloro-organic by products through reactions with natural organic matter (NOM), it is preferred to implement a process with environmentally friendly chemicals for water treatment processes. About This report aim to study the possibility of reducing the inorganic carbon present in seawater by oxidization reaction of seawater with TiO2 and H2O2. Investigated and a comparison between thin film method and suspension method with a reactor system in conjunction with a light concentrating system has been done.
IRJET- Electrocoagulation Treatment of Electroplating Industrial EffluentIRJET Journal
The document discusses electrocoagulation treatment of electroplating industrial effluent. Electrocoagulation uses aluminum electrodes connected to a power source, generating aluminum ions and hydroxide ions that remove pollutants from the effluent. The study treated electroplating effluent with high levels of zinc and nickel. Treatment at 4A/m2 current density for 120 minutes reduced zinc levels by 78.9%, but did not significantly reduce nickel levels due to the effluent's low initial pH of 1.7. Increasing pH improved removal of both metals during electrocoagulation treatment.
Treatment of Hospital Wastewater by Electro-Coagulation TechniqueIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on treating hospital wastewater using an electrocoagulation technique with aluminum electrodes. The researchers analyzed the characteristics of raw hospital wastewater and found high levels of COD and iron above discharge standards. They then treated the wastewater with electrocoagulation while optimizing parameters like electrode distance, pH, and electrolysis time. The optimum values were found to be 4 cm, pH 7, and 45 minutes, resulting in 81.14% and 98.79% removal of COD and iron, respectively. In conclusion, electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes was shown to be an effective treatment method for reducing contaminants in hospital wastewater.
GREEN SOLUTIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT: THE ROLE OF AQUATIC MOSSESindexPub
n the present study, the performance of the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica for removing cadmium and lead from simulated wastewaters has been evaluated. Five kinetic models were fitted to the experimental data and compared. Previously, the effect of parameters such as the initial solution pH, contact time, and initial metal ion concentration on biosorption was investigated using a sorbent dose of 2 g l-1. The initial pH of the solution was found to have an optimum value in the range of 4.0-6.0. The equilibrium sorption capacity of cadmium and lead by Fontinalis antipyretica increased with the initial metal concentration.
This document summarizes an experiment on using electrocoagulation with iron electrodes to remove mercury from wastewater. Key findings include:
1) Maximum mercury removal of 94.5% was achieved after 40 minutes of electrocoagulation at an applied potential of 9V, agitation of 400 rpm, initial pH of 4.5, and electrolyte concentration of 1.333 g/L.
2) Higher applied potentials and agitation rates decreased mercury removal efficiency due to excessive oxygen generation and unsuitable floc formation.
3) Operating costs were calculated based on energy consumption and electrode material costs. Electrocoagulation was found to be an efficient and fast method for mercury removal compared to conventional techniques.
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto Activated Alumina ...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on removing fluoride from drinking water using adsorption onto activated alumina and activated carbon. It describes how the rate of fluoride removal was examined under different experimental parameters such as contact time, fluoride concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH. The maximum fluoride removal was achieved using activated carbon at a dosage of 2g/L, contact time of 40 minutes, and pH of 7. Optimal fluoride removal from more concentrated solutions required higher dosages. Activated alumina also effectively removed fluoride when tested under various conditions.
IRJET- Synthesis of Carbon Dots and Detection of Fluoride Ions using Spectrop...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that synthesized carbon dots and used them to detect fluoride ions in water samples through fluorescent quenching. Carbon dots were synthesized using calcium citrate as a carbon source. Different water samples with varying fluoride ion concentrations were prepared and their fluorescence measured using a spectrophotometer. The fluorescence intensity decreased with increasing fluoride ion concentration, demonstrating the potential of this technique for fluoride ion detection using a simple, low-cost optical setup.
IRJET- Comparative Studies on Copper Removal by Sawdust and Iron Oxide Na...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the comparative removal of copper using sawdust and iron oxide nanoparticles as adsorbents. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of parameters like pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on copper removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiencies achieved were 81.32% for sawdust and 98.02% for iron oxide nanoparticles at pH 6 and an equilibrium time of 100 minutes. Column studies showed maximum removal of 68.82% for sawdust and 92.06% for iron oxide nanoparticles. The iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited better adsorption capacity for copper compared to sawdust. The study provides removal efficiencies of the adsorbents under different conditions
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Treatment of Distillery Wastewater By Electro-FlotationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on treating distillery wastewater using electro-flotation. The study focused on parameters like COD, BOD, color, suspended solids and pH. Testing found that electro-flotation at a current density of 0.05 A/m2 and pH of 5.6 was most effective, removing 75.6% of COD and reducing color from dark brown to light brown. Electro-flotation involves using an electric current to generate hydrogen and oxygen bubbles that separate pollutants from water through coagulation and flotation.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IRJET- Treatment of Galvanized Waste Water in Industry OutletIRJET Journal
The document discusses the treatment of wastewater from galvanized industries using adsorption processes. Natural adsorbents like watermelon rinds, citrus lemon, and hyacinth plants are used to remove heavy metals like iron, ammonium, and chloride ions from the wastewater. Experiments show the adsorption process is effective and economical for reducing the concentration of these contaminants. The optimum parameters for removing iron, ammonium, and chloride are identified as contact time of 90 minutes, adsorbent dosage of 60mg/L, and initial concentrations of 33mg/L, 23mg/L, and 771mg/L respectively. The treated water can be reused for irrigation after the contamin
This document summarizes research on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of olive oil mill wastewater over zeolite-based catalysts. The researchers prepared a Cu/13X catalyst by ion exchange and tested its activity and stability for reducing phenolic compounds in wastewater. Characterization showed the ion exchange did not affect zeolite structure but a post-treatment calcination at 1273K decreased surface area and increased copper oxide particles. Testing showed the catalyst reduced total phenols in wastewater by over 80% and TOC by 20% with low copper leaching. The research aims to develop an effective treatment to reduce toxicity of olive oil wastewater before conventional biological processing.
Removal of lead ions by nife2 o4 nanoparticleseSAT Journals
Abstract Nickel ferrite nanoparticles have been prepared by polymeric precursor method. The nanoparticles application in the removal of lead ion was investigated. The results showed that the adsorptive properties were dependent on pH, duration and temperature. Highest percentage (99%) lead adsorption was observed under basic condition at room temperature during 1 h stirring. Analysis of lead adsorbed nickel ferrite by powder XRD, FTIR and XPS techniques revealed the adsorption took place based on hydroxide mechanism. The lead salt formed on the surface of the ferrite powder was identified to be lead carbonate and lead hydroxy carbonate at pH 7 and 9 respectively. Keywords: Nickel ferrite; Nanoparticles; Lead; Adsorption; Hydroxide
This document summarizes a study on degrading the mono-azo dye Orange II in an aqueous solution using cast iron filings. The study found that over 90% degradation of Orange II was achieved at all pH levels tested using an optimum cast iron dosage of 28.56 g/L. Over 95% degradation was achieved for a range of initial Orange II concentrations from 50-500 mg/L. Cast iron filings showed higher degradation efficiencies than pure elemental iron, achieving over 99% degradation using lower dosages and reaction times. The results suggest that cast iron filings can effectively treat textile effluent containing dyes.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of unmodified lignocellulosic fibrous layer of palm tree trunk (ULFPT) as a low-cost biosorbent for removing copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of pH, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time on biosorption. Equilibrium isotherm data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Temkin models to understand adsorption mechanisms. The Redlich-Peterson model provided the best fit for Cu2+ and Zn2+ biosorption. The Langmuir model also fitted the experimental data well.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Letter and Document Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Sol...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on automated letter generation for Bonterra Impact Management using Google Workspace or Microsoft 365.
Interested in deploying letter generation automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
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Bo4201439445
1. Sailaja kumari. B et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.439-445
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Effective Removal of Fluoride from Ground Water Using ElectroCoagulation
Sailaja Kumari Battula1, Jyostna Cheukuri*2, Raman. N. V. V. S. S1, Himabindu
.V3, Bhagawan. D3
1
Hetero research foundation, APIE, Balanagar, Hyderabad, AP, India- 500018
VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering & Technology
3
Centre for Environment, IST, JNTUH-500085
2
Abstract
Exceeding the level of fluoride (F-) in drinking water is responsible for skeletal fluorosis in human beings. The
present study was carried out to assess the ability of electro coagulation process with iron and aluminum
electrodes in order to removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions. Several working parameters, such as
concentration of fluoride, pH, applied voltage and reaction time, distance between electrodes, electrode reactive
area and effect of Co-existing ions were studied to achieve a higher removal capacity. Variable concentrations
(1, 5 and 10 mg L-1) of fluoride solutions were prepared by mixing proper amount of sodium fluoride with tap
water. The varying pH of the initial solution (5, 7 and 9) was also studied to measure their effects on the fluoride
removal efficiency. Results obtained with synthetic solution revealed that the most effective removal capacities
of fluoride could be achieved at 40V electrical potential. In addition, the increase of electrical potential, in the
range of 10-40 V, enhanced the treatment rate. The effective reactive surface area found to be 40cm2 where as
inter electrode distance was 1cm.
I. Introduction
Fluoride pollution in environment occurs
through two different channels: natural sources and
anthropogenic sources. Fluoride is frequently
encountered in minerals and in geochemical deposits.
Because of the erosion and weathering of fluoridebearing minerals, it becomes a surface species. The
discharge of industrial wastewater, such as
semiconductor industries, aluminum industries, and
glass manufacturing industries, also contributes
fluoride in water pollution, especially in
groundwater. Fluoride is recognized as an essential
constituent in the human diet. Low fluoride
concentration (<1 mg/L) could prevent dental
problem, but higher fluoride concentration (>1.5
mg/L) will cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. Many
countries, such as China, Egypt, India, Kenya, etc.,
have areas where fluorosis is endemic (1).
Many methods have been developed to
remove excessive fluoride from drinking water.
These methods can be categorized into four
categories: adsorption (2), chemical precipitation [3],
membrane separation and electrodialysis(4). A
number of these techniques suffer from
disadvantages; for example the adsorption process is
highly pH selective, has a low adsorption capacity,
poor physical integrity, and requires acidification and
pretreatment and its effectiveness for fluoride
removal reduces after each regeneration. In the case
of ion-exchange, fluoride can be removed from water
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with a strongly basic anion exchange resin containing
quaternary ammonium functional groups, but
limitations such as the cost of resin, regeneration and
waste disposal prevent the process being economical.
In the coagulation–precipitation method lime and
alum are the most commonly used coagulants;
addition of lime leads to precipitation of fluoride as
insoluble metal fluorides and raises the pH value of
water to 11–12. The limitations are very high
maintenance cost, large space requirement and high
residual aluminum in the treated water. In recent
years, membrane processes have emerged as a
preferred alternative for drinking water treatment;
however disadvantages such as the high cost of
membranes, brine disposal and post-treatment of
water tend to make the process uneconomical(6).
Recent research has demonstrated that
electrochemistry offers an attractive alternative to the
above traditional methods for treating waste-waters.
One of these techniques, electrocoagulation, based on
the electrochemical production of destabilization
agents that remove pollutants by charge
neutralization, has been used for treatment of water
or
waste-waters.
The
advantages
of
electrocoagulation include highly efficient particulate
removal, compact treatment facility and the
possibilityof complete automation of the process(712).
Electro-coagulation is a simple and efficient
method to remove the flocculating agent generated by
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2. Sailaja kumari. B et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.439-445
electro-oxidation of a sacrificial anode and generally
made of iron or aluminum. In this process, the
treatment is performed without adding any chemical
coagulant or flocculants. Thus, reducing the amount
of sludge which must be disposed (5). On the other
hand, electrocoagulation is based on the in situ
formation of the coagulant as the sacrificial anode
corrodes due to an applied current, while the
simultaneous evolution of hydrogen at the cathode
allows for pollutant removal by flotation. This
technique combines three main interdependent
processes, operating synergistically to remove
pollutants: electrochemistry, coagulation and
hydrodynamics. An examination of the chemical
reactions occurring in the electrocoagulation process
shows that the main reactions occurring at the
electrodes (aluminum and iron electrodes) are:
Al
Al3+ + 3e- (anode)
(1)
3H2O + 3e
3/2H2 + 3OH- (cathode (2)
In addition, Al3+ and OH- ions generated at
electrode surfaces react in the bulk wastewater to
form aluminum hydroxide:
Al3+ + 3OH Al(OH)3
(3)
Also the same chemical reactions occurring in the
electrocoagulation process using iron electrodes:
Fe (s)
Fe+3 + 3e- (anode)
(4)
3H2O + 3e-
3/2 H2 + 3OH- (cathode)
(5)
Fe(OH)3
(6)
Fe+3 + 3OH-
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The aluminum and iron hydroxide flocs normally act
as adsorbents. Therefore, they would eliminate
fluoride from the solution. (5) The main purpose of
this research was to investigate of the efficiency of
electrocoagulation process for fluoride removal from
aqueous environments with iron and aluminum
electrodes and determination of the effects of voltage,
pH, initial concentration of fluoride and reaction time
on the removal efficiency.
II. Material and Methods:
At present study all chemicals including
sodium fluoride (NaF), were used as analytical grade.
Variable concentrations (1-10 mg L-1) of fluoride
solutions were prepared by mixing proper amount of
sodium fluoride with tap water. The pH of initial
solution was adjusted (5, 7 and 9) by using sulfuric
acid solution (1N) and sodium hydroxide (1N).
Experiments were performed in a batch reactor
(figure 1). The internal size of the cell was 5 Cm × 10
Cm (width × length) with an effective volume of
200ml. The active area of each electrode was 4× 5
Cm. The distance between electrodes was 4 Cm.
Power supply pack having an input of 220V and
variable output of 0–40V (10, 20, 30 and 40 V for
this study). At different time intervals (10min) 25ml
of treated sample was collected and filtered before
being analyzed to determine the residual fluoride.
The residual fluoride concentration was determined
using spectrophoto metric method according to the
standard method (APHA, 21st Edition).
Figure 1 Batch Reactor
A-Amperes display, V- Voltage display, B- reaction beaker
III. Results and Discussions
The electrocoagulation process is quite
complex and may be affected by several operating
parameters, such as pollutants concentrations, initial
pH, electrical potential (voltage). In the present
study, electrocoagulation process has been evaluated
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as a treatment technology for fluoride removal from
synthetic solutions and fluoride removal efficiency at
different conditions (pH, electrical potential and
various initial concentrations) in various reaction
times was evaluated.
440 | P a g e
3. Sailaja kumari. B et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.439-445
www.ijera.com
3.1 Effect of reaction time
Fluoride % removal
100
80
87
73
87
64
62
52
60
40
with Al electrode
20
with Fe electrode
0
10 min
20 min
30 min
Reaction Time
Figure 2 Effect of reaction time on fluoride removal
The time dependence of fluoride removal by
electrocoagulation process at different electrodes was
shown in figures 1. It can be seen from the figures
that up to 50-87 %(figure 2) of the initial
concentration of fluoride decreased within 10-30 min
of electro coagulation processing for both electrodes.
The optimum time for fluoride removal was observed
to be 20min and above that contact time the fluoride
desorbing from the flocs.
F removal %
3.2 Effect of the Concentration:
100
80
60
40
20
0
64
87
84
74
80
10min
20 min
2ppm
4ppm
6ppm
8ppm
10ppm
F concentration
Figure 3 Effect of initial concentration of fluoride
A set of experiments was performed with
different initial concentrations of fluoride to
determine the concentration effectively removed
under various conditions of electrocoagulation
process. With increase in concentration the removal
rate also increased up to 8ppm of fluoride in ground
water at these particular conditions. Above 8ppm of
F- initial concentrationshown the removal 80%(figure
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3) only. This can be explained by the theory of dilute
solution.
In dilute solution, formation of the
diffusion layer at the vicinity of the electrode causes
a slower reaction rate, but in concentrated solution
the diffusion layer has no effect on the rate of
diffusion or migration of metal ions to the electrode
surface (5,7).
441 | P a g e
4. Sailaja kumari. B et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.439-445
www.ijera.com
3.3 Effect of applied voltage
87
F % Removal
100
74
69
80
60
32
40
10 min
20 min
20
0
10v
20v
30v
40v
Current Voltage
Figure 4 Effect of applied voltage on fluoride removal
It is well-known that electrical current not
only determines the coagulant dosage rate but also
the bubble production rate and size and the floc
growth, (17, 18) which can influence the treatment
efficiency of the electrocoagulation. Therefore, the
effect of current density or applied voltage (electrical
potential) on the fluoride removal was investigated.
As expected, it appears that for a given time, the
removal efficiency increased significantly with the
increase in current density. This is ascribed to the fact
that at higher voltage the amount of Al oxidized
increased, resulting in a greater amount of precipitate
for the removal of pollutants, but it not reacting
effectively with fluoride. The maximum removal
observed at 30v (figure 4) the lowest fluoride
removal efficiency occurred in the lowest electrical
potential (10V). In addition, it was demonstrated that
bubbles density increases and their size decreases
with increasing current density (19). Above than the
30v, there is no considerable increase in
defluoridation efficiency. So it is advisable not to
exceed the limit of current voltage beyond 30v. This
also avoids excess energy consumption. This effect is
possibly due to the reason that at lower current
density, coagulant (aluminium) dosage also decreases
thereby decreasing the efficiency of the treatment
process. When current density increases, ion
production on electrodes also increases. This leads to
production of Al(OH)3 flocs in the solution and hence
efficiency of the EC process is improved. But after a
certain extent increase in current density leads to
increase in pH of the solution as more OH- enter into
the solution. This increase in pH results in lowering
the efficiency of the treatment process.
3.4 Effect of initial pH
87
F % removal
100
80
68
60
60
40
10 min
20
20 min
0
F % removal at pH F % removal at pH F % removal at pH
5
7
9
Time
Figure 5 Effect of pH on fluoride removal
It has been established in previous studies
(13, 14) that initial pH has a considerable effect on
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the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process. Also,
as observed by other investigators the pH of the
442 | P a g e
5. Sailaja kumari. B et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.439-445
medium changed during the process depending on
initial pH. The results of this research showed that
fluoride removal efficiency in neutral conditions
(pH=7) is better than acidic and basic conditions.
In this study, the pH was varied in the range 5–9 in
an attempt to investigate the influence of this
parameter on the removal of fluoride. Removal
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efficiencies of fluoride as a function of initial pH are
presented in figure 3. As observed by other
investigators, (15) pH increase occurs when the
initial pH is low (< 7). Vik et al. (16) ascribed this
increase to hydrogen evolution at cathodes. The
maximum fluoride removal was observed at neutral
ph
it
is
of
87%
(figure
5).
F removal %
3.5 Effect of Co-existing ions:
78
74
71
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
62
28
62
34
10min
22
14
S 100
S 250
S 500
20min
N 100
N 250
N 500
Cl 100
Cl 250
Cl 500
Co exsting ions
Figure 6 Effect of Co-existing ions on fluoride removal
SO4 2- ions was very high(figure 6). The
concentrations of Cl- and NO3- seemed not to
influence the defluoridation process but the
concentration of SO4 2- did. It might be due to the
competition effect stated by Hao et al. the F removal
at Cl 250ppm observed to be 78 % and at 500ppm it
decrease to 62% (8, 14).
The above figure explains the effect of the
co-existing ions present in the ground water. It shows
F- removal decreased as the concentration of SO4 2increased. Some of the current flowed though the
solution, bypassing the bipolar electrodes and
decreasing EC because the kinetic over potential of
anodes in the solutions that contained both F- and
F Removal %
3.6 Effect of the reactive surface area:
100
80
60
40
20
0
87
56
44
10 min
20 min
40cm2
20cm2
10cm2
Reactive area
Figure 7 Effect of reactive surface area on fluoride removal
The fluoride removal efficiency was
decreased with decrease in electrode surface area
from 40cm2 to 10cm2. At 40cm2, 20cm2 and 10cm2
the F removal was observed to be 87, 56 and 42 %.
This can be attributed to a greater electrode
area that produced larger amounts of anions and
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cations from the anode and cathode. The greater the
electrode is increased the rate of flock’s formation,
which in turn influenced the removal efficiency (1,
17).
443 | P a g e
6. Sailaja kumari. B et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.439-445
www.ijera.com
3.7 Effect of the inter electrode distance:
F removal %
92
89
87
100
10 min
50
20 min
0
4cm
2cm
Inter electrode distance
1cm
Figure 8 Effect of inter electrode distance on fluoride removal
Inter-electrode distance was observed to be
an effective factor in the electrolytic treatment of
fluoride removal from ground water. The removal
percentage of F- increased progressively with
decrease in inter-electrode distance from 4.0 to 1cm.
At 4cm, 2cm and 1cm were observed to be 87, 89 and
92 % of F from ground water. That removal
increased might be due to speeds up the anion
discharge on the anode and improves the oxidation. It
also reduces resistance, the electricity consumption
and the cost of the water treatment (18, 19, 14).
[4]
[5]
IV. Conclusions
The Al electrode material was observed to be
suitable for fluoride removal.
The optimum fluoride dosage was observed to be
8ppm.
At 30V the maximum fluoride removal was
observed.
Neutral pH is the suitable for fluoride removal.
Increasing the reactive surface the F removal
increased.
F removals increased with decrease in inter
electrode distance.
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World Health Organization, Fluoride in
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