International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA TRANSLATION PPS, PART 1 OF 2, 110109
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA WITH MEANING:
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA HAS BEEN COMPOSED BY ACHARYA SHRI MANTUNG SURI IN PRAISE OF THE FIRST TIRTHANKAR ,RISHABHADEV BHAGWAN.
JAIN SCRIPTURE ,JAIN POETRY,
cittaantarettinam Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University
Coimbatore-46
India
Sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
9715769995
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA TRANSLATION PPS, PART 2 OF 2, 110109
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA WITH MEANING:
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA HAS BEEN COMPOSED BY ACHARYA SHRI MANTUNG SURI IN PRAISE OF THE FIRST TIRTHANKAR ,RISHABHADEV BHAGWAN.
JAIN SCRIPTURE ,JAIN POETRY,
Management of Change is being relevant with the time and space. This presentation elaborates existence of information professionals beyond their territories as survival of the fittest lies only on more information diffusion and information dissemination for the collective wisdom of the stakeholders in a society
This document analyzes the influence of Wolof rhythmic traditions from Senegal on the development of rap music. It discusses the Wolof culture, focusing on their prominent use of sabar drums and oral traditions carried by griots. Griots, who told stories and songs to rhythmic accompaniment, are compared to modern rappers. Two specific sabar rhythms, Kaolack and Ceebu Jën, are examined in detail. The rhythms of three rap songs - "Push It Along" by A Tribe Called Quest, "Changes" by Tupac Shakur, and "In Da Club" by 50 Cent - are then analyzed and compared to the sabar rhythms. The research concludes
Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University,Coimbatore-46
Visiting Professor ,ICCR’s Tamil Chair
Institute of Oriental Studies, Dept. of Indology
Jagiellonian University, Krakow-Poland
sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA TRANSLATION PPS, PART 1 OF 2, 110109
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA WITH MEANING:
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA HAS BEEN COMPOSED BY ACHARYA SHRI MANTUNG SURI IN PRAISE OF THE FIRST TIRTHANKAR ,RISHABHADEV BHAGWAN.
JAIN SCRIPTURE ,JAIN POETRY,
cittaantarettinam Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University
Coimbatore-46
India
Sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
9715769995
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA TRANSLATION PPS, PART 2 OF 2, 110109
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA WITH MEANING:
BHAKTAMAR STOTRA HAS BEEN COMPOSED BY ACHARYA SHRI MANTUNG SURI IN PRAISE OF THE FIRST TIRTHANKAR ,RISHABHADEV BHAGWAN.
JAIN SCRIPTURE ,JAIN POETRY,
Management of Change is being relevant with the time and space. This presentation elaborates existence of information professionals beyond their territories as survival of the fittest lies only on more information diffusion and information dissemination for the collective wisdom of the stakeholders in a society
This document analyzes the influence of Wolof rhythmic traditions from Senegal on the development of rap music. It discusses the Wolof culture, focusing on their prominent use of sabar drums and oral traditions carried by griots. Griots, who told stories and songs to rhythmic accompaniment, are compared to modern rappers. Two specific sabar rhythms, Kaolack and Ceebu Jën, are examined in detail. The rhythms of three rap songs - "Push It Along" by A Tribe Called Quest, "Changes" by Tupac Shakur, and "In Da Club" by 50 Cent - are then analyzed and compared to the sabar rhythms. The research concludes
Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University,Coimbatore-46
Visiting Professor ,ICCR’s Tamil Chair
Institute of Oriental Studies, Dept. of Indology
Jagiellonian University, Krakow-Poland
sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
cittaantarettinam Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University
Coimbatore-46
India
Sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
9715769995
1. Shayari is a form of Urdu poetry that allows people to express their deepest feelings through rhythmic words on topics like love, happiness, sadness, and friendship.
2. Shayari is composed of verses called sher that are combined into longer poems called ghazals. Each sher conveys a complete thought or feeling.
3. Shayari utilizes various poetic forms and terms to explore different emotions. Common forms include ghazals for expressing love and marsiyas for mourning important figures in history.
cittaantarettinam Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University
Coimbatore-46
India
sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
9715769995
This presentation is based on E -book "Shruti DarpaN and deals with ancient Indian music with special reference to establishment of 22 notes on flutes as mentioned in ancient text Natyashatra
Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University,Coimbatore-46
Visiting Professor ,ICCR’s Tamil Chair
Institute of Oriental Studies, Dept. of Indology
Jagiellonian University, Krakow-Poland
sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
Dr. S. Sundarabalu
Visiting Professor ,ICCR’s Tamil Chair
Institute of Oriental Studies, Dept. of Indology
Jagiellonian University, Krakow-Poland
sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
India-9715769995
Influence of John Donne on Tagore’s Poetry A Critical Analysisijtsrd
This paper attempts to critically understand the relation and influence of English metaphysical poet John Donne 1572 1631 on Rabindranath Tagore’s 1861 1941 poems. The research will try to understand the features and philosophy of metaphysical poetry in the seventeenth century in England and how it was reflected in the writing of Tagore between the late 19 and early twenty century. The article aims to access the role of British Metaphysical poetry in the Bengali writers by the example of Rabindranath Tagore. The study concerns it with the impact of rapidly accelerating change in form, theme, and philosophy of poetry. The empirical study analyses changing the facts of the literary terms, approach, and subject matter of his poetry in Bengali poetry. The paper focuses on significant features of British Metaphysical poetry and Tagore’s poetry. Abdul Awal "Influence of John Donne on Tagore’s Poetry: A Critical Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43624.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/literature/43624/influence-of-john-donne-on-tagore’s-poetry-a-critical-analysis/abdul-awal
The Effect of Nima Yushij’s “Afsaneh (Myth)” Verse Collection on Modern Lyric...IJERA Editor
Ali Esfandyari whose penname is Nima Yushij has created a significant change in Persian poetry by composing
poetry and propounding his literary theories., in such a way that all of the contemporary poetic trends and all of
the famous poets in this area are among his followers, imitators, or the poets whom are influenced by Nima’s
poetry and theories.
Modern lyric poetry is considered as one of the important trends of the contemporary poetry the emergence and
propagation of which is indebted to Nima’s Afsaneh Verse Collection.
Afsaneh does not deny all of the components of classic poetry, but corrects or completes some of its aspects.
The poet’s change of attitude and view about being and love, employing dramatic elements and novel words, as
well as exploiting natural elements for expressing internal and mental moods of characters are among the most
important components to which the new lyric poets paid attention. In the present study, the characteristics of
Afsaneh, the effective aspects of this collection on modern lyric poetry and the components of this trend have
been studied.
Dr.S.SUNDARABALU M.A;M.A;Ph.D
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University
Coimbatore-46 TamilNadu, India
sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
Krishna dances with the Gopis (cowherd girls) in a circle, with each Gopi believing Krishna is dancing only with her. This depicts the spiritual experience of individual souls feeling a unique connection to the divine. The poem Gitagovindam by Jayadeva celebrates Krishna and his romantic relationships, but also serves as an allegory for the longing of the human soul for union with the divine. Depictions of Krishna and Radha range from the spiritual to the erotic, depending on the perspective and interpretation of the viewer.
The document provides background information on Persian literature. It discusses:
1. The origins of Persian literature dating back to the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE and the Shahnameh written by Ferdowsi between 977-1010 CE being the most influential work.
2. Some of the major poets and works in Persian literature including Rudaki, Rumi, Saadi Shirazi, and stories from the Shahnameh like "The Story of Sohrab and Rostam."
3. Characteristics of Persian poetry like it being the highest form of artistic expression and themes commonly found like fate, immortality, and power.
This document presents the design and optimization of a dual-frequency microstrip patch antenna using IE3D simulation software. A rectangular patch with two slots is used to create a second resonant TM0δ mode above the fundamental TM01 mode. IE3D's Fast EM and Powell optimizers are employed to optimize the geometric parameters and achieve maximum return losses of -36.5 dB at 7 GHz and -15 dB at 7.59 GHz with a 10 dB bandwidth. Simulation results for return loss, VSWR, and radiation patterns are provided and compared for the theoretical, Powell, and Fast EM optimized designs. The Fast EM optimization achieved the best performance and dual-band operation of the slotted microstrip patch antenna.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document investigates the printing performance of solder paste at different temperatures. Two types of lead-free solder paste were stored at 15°C, 25°C, and 35°C for varying time periods up to 72 hours. The height of the solder paste deposits was then measured using a 3D imaging system. In general, deposit height increased with both increasing temperature and storage time. However, one sample stored at 35°C for 24 hours did not follow this trend, possibly due to variability. Analysis of the results found standard deviation and percentage variation could help quantify the level of variability in deposit heights under different conditions. The study aims to better understand how temperature affects solder paste behavior and reliability during the printing process
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document lists the equipment needed to hire for a 3 day music production video, including cameras such as the Sony HVR-HD1000 for £135 for 3 days, lights like Arri 2000W Blonde floods for £45 for 3 days, monitors including the Sony BVM-20F1E for £150 for 3 days, and tripods such as the Vinten Pro 5 for £45 for 3 days. It provides the daily and 3 day rental rates for various cameras, lights, monitors, and tripods from different rental companies to complete a 3 day music production video shoot.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
cittaantarettinam Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University
Coimbatore-46
India
Sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
9715769995
1. Shayari is a form of Urdu poetry that allows people to express their deepest feelings through rhythmic words on topics like love, happiness, sadness, and friendship.
2. Shayari is composed of verses called sher that are combined into longer poems called ghazals. Each sher conveys a complete thought or feeling.
3. Shayari utilizes various poetic forms and terms to explore different emotions. Common forms include ghazals for expressing love and marsiyas for mourning important figures in history.
cittaantarettinam Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University
Coimbatore-46
India
sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
9715769995
This presentation is based on E -book "Shruti DarpaN and deals with ancient Indian music with special reference to establishment of 22 notes on flutes as mentioned in ancient text Natyashatra
Dr.S.Sundarabalu
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University,Coimbatore-46
Visiting Professor ,ICCR’s Tamil Chair
Institute of Oriental Studies, Dept. of Indology
Jagiellonian University, Krakow-Poland
sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
Dr. S. Sundarabalu
Visiting Professor ,ICCR’s Tamil Chair
Institute of Oriental Studies, Dept. of Indology
Jagiellonian University, Krakow-Poland
sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
India-9715769995
Influence of John Donne on Tagore’s Poetry A Critical Analysisijtsrd
This paper attempts to critically understand the relation and influence of English metaphysical poet John Donne 1572 1631 on Rabindranath Tagore’s 1861 1941 poems. The research will try to understand the features and philosophy of metaphysical poetry in the seventeenth century in England and how it was reflected in the writing of Tagore between the late 19 and early twenty century. The article aims to access the role of British Metaphysical poetry in the Bengali writers by the example of Rabindranath Tagore. The study concerns it with the impact of rapidly accelerating change in form, theme, and philosophy of poetry. The empirical study analyses changing the facts of the literary terms, approach, and subject matter of his poetry in Bengali poetry. The paper focuses on significant features of British Metaphysical poetry and Tagore’s poetry. Abdul Awal "Influence of John Donne on Tagore’s Poetry: A Critical Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43624.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/literature/43624/influence-of-john-donne-on-tagore’s-poetry-a-critical-analysis/abdul-awal
The Effect of Nima Yushij’s “Afsaneh (Myth)” Verse Collection on Modern Lyric...IJERA Editor
Ali Esfandyari whose penname is Nima Yushij has created a significant change in Persian poetry by composing
poetry and propounding his literary theories., in such a way that all of the contemporary poetic trends and all of
the famous poets in this area are among his followers, imitators, or the poets whom are influenced by Nima’s
poetry and theories.
Modern lyric poetry is considered as one of the important trends of the contemporary poetry the emergence and
propagation of which is indebted to Nima’s Afsaneh Verse Collection.
Afsaneh does not deny all of the components of classic poetry, but corrects or completes some of its aspects.
The poet’s change of attitude and view about being and love, employing dramatic elements and novel words, as
well as exploiting natural elements for expressing internal and mental moods of characters are among the most
important components to which the new lyric poets paid attention. In the present study, the characteristics of
Afsaneh, the effective aspects of this collection on modern lyric poetry and the components of this trend have
been studied.
Dr.S.SUNDARABALU M.A;M.A;Ph.D
Assistant Professor
Department of Linguistics
Bharathiar University
Coimbatore-46 TamilNadu, India
sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in
Krishna dances with the Gopis (cowherd girls) in a circle, with each Gopi believing Krishna is dancing only with her. This depicts the spiritual experience of individual souls feeling a unique connection to the divine. The poem Gitagovindam by Jayadeva celebrates Krishna and his romantic relationships, but also serves as an allegory for the longing of the human soul for union with the divine. Depictions of Krishna and Radha range from the spiritual to the erotic, depending on the perspective and interpretation of the viewer.
The document provides background information on Persian literature. It discusses:
1. The origins of Persian literature dating back to the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE and the Shahnameh written by Ferdowsi between 977-1010 CE being the most influential work.
2. Some of the major poets and works in Persian literature including Rudaki, Rumi, Saadi Shirazi, and stories from the Shahnameh like "The Story of Sohrab and Rostam."
3. Characteristics of Persian poetry like it being the highest form of artistic expression and themes commonly found like fate, immortality, and power.
This document presents the design and optimization of a dual-frequency microstrip patch antenna using IE3D simulation software. A rectangular patch with two slots is used to create a second resonant TM0δ mode above the fundamental TM01 mode. IE3D's Fast EM and Powell optimizers are employed to optimize the geometric parameters and achieve maximum return losses of -36.5 dB at 7 GHz and -15 dB at 7.59 GHz with a 10 dB bandwidth. Simulation results for return loss, VSWR, and radiation patterns are provided and compared for the theoretical, Powell, and Fast EM optimized designs. The Fast EM optimization achieved the best performance and dual-band operation of the slotted microstrip patch antenna.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document investigates the printing performance of solder paste at different temperatures. Two types of lead-free solder paste were stored at 15°C, 25°C, and 35°C for varying time periods up to 72 hours. The height of the solder paste deposits was then measured using a 3D imaging system. In general, deposit height increased with both increasing temperature and storage time. However, one sample stored at 35°C for 24 hours did not follow this trend, possibly due to variability. Analysis of the results found standard deviation and percentage variation could help quantify the level of variability in deposit heights under different conditions. The study aims to better understand how temperature affects solder paste behavior and reliability during the printing process
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document lists the equipment needed to hire for a 3 day music production video, including cameras such as the Sony HVR-HD1000 for £135 for 3 days, lights like Arri 2000W Blonde floods for £45 for 3 days, monitors including the Sony BVM-20F1E for £150 for 3 days, and tripods such as the Vinten Pro 5 for £45 for 3 days. It provides the daily and 3 day rental rates for various cameras, lights, monitors, and tripods from different rental companies to complete a 3 day music production video shoot.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This paper proposes a hybrid series capacitive compensation scheme using a thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) to damp power system oscillations. The scheme uses a single-phase TCSC in one transmission line phase along with fixed capacitors in the other two phases. This creates a phase imbalance that can dampen both power swings and sub-synchronous resonance oscillations. MATLAB simulations show the scheme effectively dampens generator load angle oscillations compared to a fixed compensation scheme following a fault. The hybrid scheme has potential for industrial application as it provides damping benefits while reducing costs versus a full three-phase TCSC installation.
This document presents a design for an approximate multiplier that is intended for error-tolerant applications. The proposed multiplier divides the input operands into an accurate part and approximate part. The accurate part uses a standard parallel multiplier for the most significant bits, while the approximate part generates the least significant bits using approximate product generators that can produce small errors but reduce area and power consumption compared to a standard design. Experimental results on 8-bit and 16-bit versions of the proposed multiplier show reductions in area, power, and delay of around 50% compared to standard parallel multipliers, at the cost of small losses in accuracy that are acceptable for many applications. The proposed approximate multiplier is well-suited for error-tolerant domains like multimedia and
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the stability of a horizontal porous layer saturated with a viscoelastic nanofluid when the boundaries are subjected to periodic temperature modulation. The analysis uses the Darcy-Brinkman-Oldroyd-B fluid model and considers infinitesimal disturbances. Three cases of oscillatory temperature fields are examined: symmetric modulation, asymmetric modulation, and modulation of only the bottom wall. A perturbation solution is obtained and the effect of modulation frequency on stability is shown. The stability is characterized by a correction Rayleigh number calculated as a function of various parameters representing viscoelasticity, concentration, porosity, heat capacity, and modulation frequency. Modulation is found to generally have a destabilizing
This document discusses the inimitability of the Quran. It argues that the Quran's unique literary form combining metrical and non-metrical speech cannot be replicated by humans. The document provides examples of how the Quran differs from poetry and prose in its use of rhyme, rhythm, and stylistic features. It also notes that Arabic linguists have failed to produce a work matching the Quran's eloquence and that the Quran's rhetorical elements are inseparable from its meaning. In summary, the document analyzes the literary elements that make the Quran's style one that cannot be duplicated by humans.
Birth in the United States Research Paper (90 points)Lea.docxrichardnorman90310
Birth in the United States Research Paper (90 points)
Learning Objective:
Explain the ethical, cultural, economic, and social issues impacting the care women receive before, during, and after pregnancy. Understand how these issues can affect the health of women of childbearing age and their fetus in the United States.
Overview of Assignment:
Write a paper exploring the ethical, economic, cultural, and social issues that women of childbearing age face today in the United States. You can pick a topic that affects women in the childbearing stage of their lives and how it impacts the care received, their lives, their health, or the health of their fetus. Or you can explain each topic individually based on different topics. Overall, research how the ethical, economic, cultural, and social issues can impact women living in the United States.
You may use your text and the Herzing library, however, you MUST USE at least 4 scholarly sources to support your ideas, at least one for each consideration you are discussing.
Paper Requirements:
Length and Elements: The length of this essay should only be 3-4 written pages and should include:
1) Introduction with specific thesis statement (i.e. The purpose of this paper is to…Make sure to introduce the four issues you will be discussing in your paper)
2) Body of Paper: discuss each of the following considerations in separate sections with the following headings:
a. Ethical Issues—explore the ethical issues that surround and confront the childbearing women in the United States (DO NOT discuss informed consent as this is not the type of ethical issue I am looking for, look for issues related to abortion, IVF, genetic testing, ect.)
b. Economic Issues—consider the economic (money related) barriers women face, including such topics as: insurance coverage or lack thereof, WIC, money for food, Medicaid, rural access to childbearing services, etc.
c. Cultural Issues—discuss the various cultural norms that can be found among the different cultures of people in Minnesota and how these different cultural norms can impact the care received during pregnancy
d. Social Issues—consider health disparities a person experiences due to their social environment such as women of poverty, women of color, Amish women, being an immigrant (legal or illegal), being rich, teenagers experiencing pregnancy, ect in the United States. Relate these specific social considerations to childbearing women and how it affects maternal morbidity and mortality.
3) Conclusion: Summarize your findings; re-emphasize the thesis of the paper without simply repeating it; and do not introduce new ideas here
4) Use proper grammar, spelling, and APA 6th edition formatting including a title and reference page (the title and reference pages do not count toward the page total).
Short Written Assignment Prompt:
Based upon the reading for this module and the below video discuss the use of the raga in Indian Classical Music. You need to cite one speci.
The document discusses the intrinsic and extrinsic elements of poetry.
The intrinsic elements include theme, figurative language, imagery, rhyme, rhythm, meter, and message. Figurative language includes similes, metaphors, and personification. Rhyme can be perfect, slant, eye, masculine, and feminine. Rhythm and meter refer to patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables.
The extrinsic elements are factors outside the poem, such as the author's biography, values of the time period, and social context in which the poem was written.
William Wordsworth's poem "Daffodils" describes the poet wandering near a lake and coming upon a field of daffodils. The dancing flowers lifted his spirit so much that years later, merely remembering the scene still brought him joy. The analysis examines the poem at graphological, phonological, morphological and semantic levels to understand what techniques Wordsworth used to convey his appreciation of nature's ability to lift the human spirit. It also provides biographical context about Wordsworth and his love of describing natural scenes in his poetry.
Short Written Assignment PromptBased upon the reading for this .docxmanningchassidy
Short Written Assignment Prompt:
Based upon the reading for this module and the below video discuss the use of the raga in Indian Classical Music. You need to cite one specific example from the module reading and two others from the below video (include in-text citations). This assignment should be a minimum of 250 words in length and your thoughts and opinions. This assignment is submitted via VeriCite and will be checked for plagiarism using a database of previously submitted assignments. Make sure to include your references at the end of your submission in MLA, APA or Chicago formats (use what you are the most familiar with). See the linked Purdue OWL site for examples and for proper formats.Short Written Assignment Submission using MLA format:
Word Count: 425Short Written Assignment #1: The use of Raga in Indian Classical Music
Indian classical music has two major traditions: Hindustani, which is the North Indian tradition, and Carnatic, which is the South Indian tradition. Each tradition constitutes its own system of musical theory and composition but both share the fundamental element known as raga. Raga in the Indian classical musical is said to consist of a set of melodic tones. Ragas can also be considered as the formulas for the melody in the Indian classical music. Our textbook on Music of India explains raga to be a set of melodic patterns which are characterized in part by specific ascent and descent (2). The Textbook also states that certain other characteristics such as King (Vadi) , Queen (Samvadi) notes and a unique note phrase (pakad) which helps to differentiate one raga from other (3). Other important and interesting information retrieved from the text is that each raga has its natural register (Ambit) and glissando (Meend) rules; the raga structure of each raga has different styles and compositions (3).
Ravi Shankar explains in the video that the raga is based on one of the 72 different octave scales and each note within the rage can be improvised by the musician. Because of this, there exist many different ragas in classical Indian music (5:14). The importance of a note can make one raga completely different from other. He showed this by an example of two ragas – Raga Bhupali and Raga Deshkar (12:32). They both had similar and almost same notes but they differ in certain
rd
th
importance of notes, for example. Raga Bhupali had its 3 ascent or descent would be on the two notes. In Raga Deshkar the importance was given on the 6 note thus changing the whole raga. Shankar discusses how important the notes and pakad are to tell the actual raga. He explained how difficult it is to guess the raga without disclosing the name or pakad of raga.
and 5
note importance and usually an
th
I think that Indian classical music is very complex and interesting. Indian music is so distinct from Western music and because of its scale, it is easy to recognize. I think that Indian classical music is very unique sounding and it seems a lot more ...
The document analyzes the poem "O Where Are You Going" by W.H. Auden at various linguistic levels. It explores the poem's pragmatics by discussing its themes of war and the Holocaust. It then analyzes the poem's imagery, tone, voice, and use of language devices like alliteration and rhyme scheme. Finally, it examines the poem's phonology, morphology, parts of speech, word formation, and derivational processes. The document provides a comprehensive linguistic breakdown of the poem across multiple levels of analysis.
William Wordsworth, Raghunath Choudhry, and Rabindranath Tagore were all worshippers of nature who believed nature was man's guiding principle and best teacher. Though from different eras and cultures, their poems extraordinarily depicted nature's beauty and its impact on human feelings. They praised nature's creations like blooming flowers, singing birds, and scenic landscapes. Tagore's poems in particular conveyed nature's deep influence on the human condition. Overall, all three poets expressed profound love of nature through their writings.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of Matthew Arnold’s Consolation(Name)(Instituti.docxjack60216
Analysis of Matthew Arnold’s Consolation
(Name)
(Institutional Affiliation)
(Date)
The use of elements of poetry in poems is essential to both the writer and the reader. Elements help the writer bring out their emotions and create imagery for the intended audience. The use of various styles in poetry provides the writers with various dimensions of delivering the message and also ensures that the reader’s emotions are inclined towards the underlying message. The poem “Consolation” by Matthew Arnold is among the poems that engage the readers deeply and also needs the reader to have a more profound comprehension of stylistic devices and elements to decode the message. Through a thematic approach, Matthew brings about the context in which the poem is set (Sneyd, 2018). Additionally, since poetry is also meant to be entertaining, Matthew incorporates a well-structured rhyme scheme. The poem brings out the theme of love and time; it also incorporates stylistic devices such as personification and rhyme scheme.
The theme of love and time is depicted in the poem, whereby Matthew describes the passage of time and two lovers enchanted with each other. The two lovers make pleas with the Goddess of Destiny that she may stop time for the two lovers to have an unending trance with each other in the present moment (Arnold, 2019). This aspect is in the 9th and 10th stanzas;
Stanza 9
: Matthew Arnold “Consolation”
Two young, fair lovers,
Where the warm June-wind,
Fresh from the summer fields
Plays fondly round them,
Stand, tranced in joy.
Stanza 10
:
With sweet, join'd voices,
And with eyes brimming:
"Ah," they cry, "Destiny,
Prolong the present!
Time, stand still here!"
The two lovers wish to be stuck at the moment forever, but the Goddess of Destiny has a better understanding of how the universe operates and lets the hour pass the two lovers. The whole context of two people in love and wishing that time was stuck so that they could forever remain endeared to one another brings out the theme of love. Subsequently, the manner in which the idea of time passing is brought about shows the theme completely in an aspect of love and time. The Goddess ignores the two lover’s request and sees the indulgence with the two lovers as weak. The concept of time is shown to not only bring an everlasting joyous moment between the lovers, but it would have increased distress someplace else. This element is indicated in the last two lines of stanza 11; "She lengthen’d also Distress elsewhere.” In the poem, the theme of love and time is further illustrated in a context whereby, it is a force far greater and influences humanity (Arnold, 2019). The theme of time is presented as a physical entity that alters and contributes to the present and future states in our lives. Therefore, blinded our brief achievements and joys, we may wish for time extension but, consequently, be extending other's misery. In conclusion, the theme of time is presented with the aim of s.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
An Analysis Of Figurative Language In Taylor Swift S Song LyricsMonica Franklin
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The poem "Up-Hill" by Christina Rossetti compares life's journey to an uphill climb. It is a conversation between two speakers - one who asks questions about the difficult journey, expressing doubts and tiredness, and another who answers confidently providing reassurance at each point. The journey involves a long day of uphill climbing until an inn is reached at nightfall, offering rest and shelter. The poem uses this metaphor to represent the struggles of life but also conveys the message that perseverance will be rewarded in the end.
Hook Arabic poetry is more than 1500 years old. It existed befo.docxsalmonpybus
Hook:
Arabic poetry is more than 1500 years old. It existed before Islam which is 1444 years old.
(Margoliouth,1)
Background:
Arabs use poetry as a type of communication, expressing opinions, emotions and ideas.
(Margoliouth,1). In this paper I will be discussing the political and the social affect of Arabic poetry in the eras of Pre Islam, after Islam and after the western interaction. Each era has its own features, genres and subjects of poetry. However, they all share the same purpose and effect over the political and social situation of the region.
Thesis statement: Comment by Ju-A Hwang: What you wrote here is not a thesis statement. It's rather a hook with brief background information. What's your stance on this topic? As you learned in this class, the thesis statement should be the answer to your research question.
Write one or two sentences in a "statement", not in a question format.
On one hand, no doubt that Arabic culture has poetry as a part of its structure especially when poets need their voices to reach to the authorities and people when it comes to sharing their political opinions and conflicts as well as the social situations between them. On the other hand, this practice carries weight over time and can become into generational long-lived arguments. In this paper I will be arguing the fact that this way of communication was pretty effective and enriched the culture and the society significantly even though it went though some turning points that caused it structural changes that didn’t change its meaningful purpose.
Research question:
How did Arabic poetry influence the social and political situations in the eras of pre, after Islam and the Western imperialism?
Counter argument:
Opposing argument: Arabic literature has been transmitted verbally from mouth to mouth which makes it an unreliable source of information (Monroe,3).
Concession: It’s right that the poetries and literature in general has been delivered for us from one mouth to another which makes it a doubtful source to depend on but with then most of our humanity's history was delivered to us verbally which leads to that we don’t have any history before writing.
Refutation: Arabic poetry has a specific structure to be written in which every chosen word is structured based on its letters and number of syllabus and there is a whole science behind this called Arud. In other words, it’s hard for someone to change or update a poetry into new words or meanings because it must be weighed in a specific way that I will discuss more in the first draft. (Ziadeh ,1).
Main idea 1:
Arabic poetry started before the beginning of Islam, and it used to be written about different topics than modern poetry such as wisdom and social situations and there are some evidence for its existence during that period in which we know for sure when the very beginning of it was. (Dover, 42).
Evidence 1:
Arabs used to have the greatest poems the seven
Mu'.
Derrida's Deconstruction Imprisoned in Performance Poetryshafieyan
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This document provides an overview of the concept of 'Ijaz ul Qur'an', which refers to the inimitability and miraculous nature of the Quran's unique literary form. It discusses how the Quran cannot be classified as poetry or prose, but rather has its own unique genre that combines rhetorical and cohesive elements. The document also examines attempts by Arabs to challenge the Quran by producing a similar work, all of which failed, and reviews perspectives of the Quran's literary excellence from non-Muslim scholars. It ultimately concludes the Quran is on a level of its own as the most eminent written manifestation of the Arabic language.
This document provides a technical analysis of the poem "An Ode to Death" by Daud Kamal. It summarizes the form and themes of the poem, including that it is written as an ode expressing the author's deep feelings about the certainty of death. The tone is described as doubtful, low, and dark. Metaphors like "diamond dreams" and "carbon dust" represent the death of a man's dreams. Imagery is used to describe witnessing someone's last breaths. The style is a dramatic monologue. In conclusion, the poem creates a sense of the universality and uncertainty of death through its language and images.
Here you will find; Grace before song by Ezra Pound. Text of Poem. Background of Poem. Explanation – stanza wise. Themes in a poem. Literary Devices in the poem. Critical Analysis of the poem. Conclusion (relation of the poem with our lives/society).
Background of Poem
This poem was written in 1920 - after World War I, so it has more association with people who suffered from the war, especially people remaining war in a traumatic situation. After the war the poetry became experimental that’s why its focus is on the mental condition of humans who lost their family members, friends and other relatives. To some extent, this poetry talks about the hopes which are carried by conscious and struggling people of society.
Daud Kamal was a Pakistani poet from Peshawar who wrote in both English and Urdu. This poem, "An Ode to Death", reflects on the universal certainty of death through imagery and comparisons. It references the fleeting nature of life and how death reduces all things, whether a person, tree or match, to the same end state. The poem considers the physical dissolution of the body after death and ponders how long it takes for eyes to dissolve in the grave. It ultimately questions who was deceiver and deceived in life's uncertainties.
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Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
Er35830833
1. Fatemeh Karimi Tarki Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.830-833
RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
The Aesthetics Of Saj‘In The Quran And Its Influence On Music By
The Survey Of Saj‘And The Music In Surah Al-Takwir
Fatemeh Karimi Tarki
Theological and Arabic Language Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Abstract
The Quran is a miracle and it is proved in different aspects. If you consider the philosophy of it appearance in
Jahiliyyah times –the Arabs were really grate in composing poems - you will understand the most important aspect
of its miracle is the eloquence. A lot of expert fishermen have tried to achieve eloquence pearls in the Quran ocean
and search for eloquence aspects in the book. They have found Maani, Bayan and Badii` pearls in this ocean full of
different pearls. This essay tries to image a little of this ocean beauties for the readers. Aesthetics of Saj‘ in the
Quran and its influence on the special music of its verses is the subject of this essay by considering the saj‘ and
music in surah al-Takwir.
Key words: saj‘, the Quran, music, surah al-Takwir
I.
Introduction
Before starting the discussion, it is better to
introduce some terms like saj‘, music and Aesthetics.
you feel great by reading or hearing an artificial and
wise speech.
III.
Saj‘
The meaning of this word is pigeon's song. As
a term it means using some words that are similar in the
last letter(s) or rhythm in prose. Al-Sakkaki says the
saj‘ in a prose text is like the rhyme in a poem. (Daei
javad 1956: 115)
The Rhetoric scientists believe that there are 3 kinds of
saj‘: Motawazi, Morassa` and Motarraf. We will talk
about their definitions.
In the Motawazi saj‘ the words are accordance in
rhythm or rhyme letter(Homaei 1984: 42) like the
words of " "موضوعةand "."مرفوعة
The Motarraf saj‘ is a kind of saj‘ which rhyme letter in
both of them is the same (Kazzazi 2002: 43) like ""وقار
and "."أطوار
The words are the same just in rhythm in the
Motawazen saj‘ like " "مصفوفةand "."مبثوثة
II.
Aesthetics
"Aesthetics is a knowledge talks about beauty
and art and the arts". (Shales: 1950: 3). Aesthetics
relates to the perception -not wisdom-. (Gherrib, 1993:
13)
Based on the Aesthetics, what is related to this paper is
Aesthetics psychologically. "Psychology is a
knowledge talks about spiritual modality and inward
life". (Gherrib, 1993: 7)
If you hear a beautiful rhymed prose you will
have a great feeling because of that. As
www.ijera.com
Music
Abū Naṣr Al-Farabi in his book kitāb iṣṣāṣ alṣulūm (On the Introduction of Knowledge) says that
music is a knowledge of songs, and it includes two
parts: one of them is practical music and the other is
theoretical music. Today this division is acceptable in
music. (www.aftabir.com)
IV.
The relation between music and poem
or musical speech
The Saj‘ is used in prose not in poem, so
probably somebody asks this question: what is the
relation between music and prose? The answer is "prose
was existed before poem and it was talking about
thought, but it is considered as the second type of an art
with aesthetic qualities. The latest kind was saj‘ and it
was following poem. It was using some seeming
qualities of poem". (Gherrib, 1993: 133) so a prose
related to music is a rhymed prose.
The first factor caused Arabs confessed the Quran
miracle was the beautiful music of Quran and its order.
V.
Music of poem
It is mentioned some aspects of poem music in
literary books, like:
1. External Music: The external music is phonetic
aspect and the poem rhythm. It could be matched with
all the poems in one rhythm. 2. Lateral Music: The
Lateral music has a lot of sights. The most obvious
kinds of that are rhyme and identical rhyme. The others
830 | P a g e
2. Fatemeh Karimi Tarki Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.830-833
are repetitions and Tarji`s. (Shafiei Kadkani 1989: 391,
Mohseni 2003: 11)
3. Internal Music: It is a collection of accordance
between consonants and vowels in the poem words.
This accordance could be equality or similarity or
contradiction. Different kinds of Jenas are some
samples of this music. (Shafiei Kadkani 1989: 393,
Mohseni 2003: 12)
4. Semantic Music: It includes the equalities,
similarities and contradictions in the semantic and
intellectual context. The contrast, amphibology and
symmetry are mentioned as the most important kinds of
this music. (Shafiei Kadkani 1989: 393, Mohseni 2003:
13)
VI.
The aesthetics of saj‘ and Faselah in the
Quran
The Quran saj‘ is called Faselah. The aesthetic
survey of saj‘ in the Quran shows this kind of saj‘
doesn’t follow the words unlike rhymed prose of
mankind. The use of saj‘ in the Quran is not just for
aesthetic goals, but it is used as a means to transfer the
meaning to the reader in different ways. The surveys of
Quran show a big difference between the Quran and the
mankind rhymed prose. Bint al-Shati a contemporary
writer believes that the Quran Faselah is not just a
verbal work, but it is accordance with the style and
semantic implication of text. They are changed based
on the meaning. (Bint al-Shati 1997: 258)
We consider the Quran music in 3 parts: words, verses
and suras. The most important part is words. It forms
the other parts: verses and suras, so we do the survey of
this part.
The Quran includes two music kinds: one of them is
outward music that is called external music too. It is
related to rhymed prose words and also the phrases with
the same rhythm. The other is internal music. It is
related to the meaning and the accordance between the
words and the meaning.
In comparing between the poem and the Quran music, it
could be said the beauty of a poem is for its rhythm,
choosing words and the beauty of writer`s style, but in
the Quran there is an accordance between the verbal
part and the meaning. The musical words have the same
influence semantically. (Jorjani 2003: 313)
VII.
Surah al-Takwir
Sura al-Takwir is the 81st surah of Quran. It is
a Meccan surah, and it has 29 verses. Takwir means
wrapping and enfolding something. In this surah means
wrapping the sun and the darkness after that.
The verses of this surah is divided to two parts: The
first is about the signs of the coming of the Day of
Judgment, and the second part tells about the Quran
grandeur and the truth talks of Prophet Mohammad.
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VIII.
The appearance of saj‘ in surah alTakwir
ِس ِ الّه َّح َن َّحیم
ب م ل الر م الر
ِ َا َّم ُ ك ِّ َتْ * وِ َا ُّ ُو ُ ان َ َ َتْ* َِ َا الْ ِ َا ُ س ِّرتْ * وِ َا
َإذ
َ وإذ جب ل ُي
َإذ النج م كدر
إذ الش ْس ُور
الْع َا ُ ُطلتْ * وِ َا الْ ُ ُو ُ ح ِرتْ * وِ َا الْ ِ َا ُ س ِّرتْ * وِ َا
َإذ
َ َإذ بح ر ُج
َ َإذ وح ش ُش
َِّ ِش ر ع
ْ( ُّ ُو ُ ز ِّجتْ * وِ َا الْمَوْ ُو َ ُ ُئَتْ * ِأ ِّ َن ٍ ُ َِتthe Quran
بَي ذ ب قتل
ؤ دة س ِل
َإذ
َ النف س ُو
81: 9-10)
These are the first verses of surah al-Takwir.
As you see all verses begins with " "إذا" ."إذاis one of the
condition means, and it needs a condition verb and the
result clause. It is specifically used for Fe`liyyah
sentence. It is used with past verb in most cases, and it
shows a certain occurrence. The result clause will occur
in the future. In another words, if " "إذاcomes with past
verbs you can be sure the verb and its result clause will
occur without any doubt. So all the occurrences
mentioned in surah al-Takwir will occur surely.
The other point should be mentioned is that all verbs
are passive unless for the verb of the second verse. This
has a lot of reasons. Aesthetically the subject is
unknown to observe saj‘. The use of saj‘ makes a
special music, and it is accordance with resurrection
state and its description completely. If the verbs were
active for example it was mentioned ""إذا ک ّر اهلل الشمس
و
the beautiful music has been destroyed, and the
sentences have been without echo and resonance. So
there is a syntactic balance between these Faselahs too.
It has been mentioned that in the verses of sura alHagha and all suras ended to " "هyou have worry and
anxiety feeling by readin them because of the special
music of this letter, and the sura images resurrection.
(al-Saleh 1965: 335) the first verses of this sura ends to
" ,"تand you feel hearing the sound of man`s heart a
man who feels fear and excitement because of the
resurrection panic.
The word of "" ," ُطَتْ" ," س ِّرتْ" ," ک ِّ َت
ُور
َ ُي
ع ِّل
" ُئَتْ" ," ز ِّ َتْ" ," س ِّرتْ" ," ح ِ َتand "ْ " ُ َِتare
ُشر
َ ُج
ُوج
س ِل
قتل
faselahs in the first verses of this sura. There is
Motawazi saj‘ between the words of " " سِّ َتْ" ," ک ِّ َت
ُور
ُير
and " ." س ِّ َتThree verbs are like each other in rhythm
ُجر
and rhyme. The verbs of " "سئلتand " "قتلتhave
Motawazi saj‘.
There is a Motarraf saj‘ between " "کورتand "," انکدرت
and the difference between these words is in rhythm ,
and the similarity is in their rhyme letters.
As you see all the words of these verses end to saken
(without any vowel). It doesn't need to put them with
saken. So the main goal was achieved and the verses
have the music, song, beauty and influence on a reader.
In this verse "ْ "وِ َا الْ ُ ُو ُ ُ ِرتthe repetition of two
َ َإذ وح ش حش
letters " "حand " "شmakes the beauty of this verse
twice. It had influenced on the external and internal
music, because the " "حletter has the state of congestion
and the " "شletter shows the state of scattering. So we
can result in the resurrection time people are worried
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and sad, and they will be scattered in the earth because
of their panic and fear.
There is a sample of Mowazanah between two
verses: " " َ ِ َا ال ِ َا ُ ُ ِّ َتand " ." َ ِ َا الع َا ُ ُطَتThe
و إذ جب ل سیر
و إذ ِش ر ع ِّل
words of " " ِ َالand " ,"ع َارand " "س ِّ َتand " " ُطَتare
جب
ِش
ُیر
ع ِّل
the same in rhythm.
Sometimes some words will be delayed in a
statement for Saj‘ like: "ُ ُ ُ ( "ولَ َد َا َ آ َ ِرعَو َ الthe
َ ق ج ء ل ف ن نذر
Quran 54: 41) in this verse the object "َ "آ َ ِرعَوcomes
لف ن
before the subject ُ ُ ُ "" الand the reason is saj‘.
نذر
We can see this subject in these verses of surah alTakwir::
"وِ َا ُّ ُ ُ ن ِ َتْ* وِ َا َّ َاء ك ِ َتْ* وِ َا الْ َ ِي ُ س ِّ َتْ* وِ َا
َإذ
َإذ جح م ُعر
َإذ السم ُشط
َإذ الصحف ُشر
"ْ(. الْ َن ُ ُزِفتْ * عِمتْ نَف ٌ َّا َح َرتthe Quran 81: 10-14)
َ َل َ ْس م أ ْض
َ جَّة أ ْل
The words of "ْ "س ِّرتْ" "ُزلِ َتْ""ك ِطتْ" "ن ِرتand
َ ُش
َ ُش
أ ْف
َ ُع
"ْ "َح َرتare the words of faselah. There is a
َ أ ْض
Motawazen saj‘ between the words of: " ْ " ن ِ َتand "
ُشر
ْ, " ُ ِ َتbecause they have the same rhythm but the
كشط
rhyme letter is different. The accordances between
"ْ "س ِّرتand the previous words is better and it has the
َ ُع
Motawazi saj‘ with the words of " "س ِّ َت" ,"ک ِّ َتand
ُور
ُیر
"."س ِّ َت
ُجر
The notable point in this verse: " ُ ُ ُّ "وِ َا
َإذ الصحف
ْ ن ِ َتis using the word of "ْ ."ن ِرتIf the meaning of
ُشر
َ ُش
opening the letter of human actions is intended, the
words of "َ َ َ ", "َ َ َ " ُ ِ َ" ,"انand … should be used.
فتح
فتح
قر ئ
What is the reason for not using words like these? The
letter of " "شshows the scattering, so we can say this
word "ْ "ن ِ َتhas been used to image opening the letter
ُشر
of human actions in front of all people.
The other point is repetition of the letter " "رin
the verses of surah al-Takwir. By looking at the verbs
of "" ," س ِّ َت" ," ح ِ َت" ," س ِّ َت" ,"ان َ َ َت" ," ک ِّ َت
ُور
کدر
ُیر
ُشر
ُجر
ْ "ن ِ َتand the other verbs, we realize the verbs have
ُشر
been chosen that are ended to the letter of " ."رThe
letter of " "رhas been used in the other words beside the
verbs like " "البحار" ,"العشارand " ."الجوارThe letter of ""ر
has some special characteristics. One of them is the
repetition quality. Content of these verses is it's
shuddering and vibration. We can say the shock and
fear of resurrection made mankind terrified. Using the
letter of " "رshows this subject. All these verses ended
to " " َتand the letter of " "رhas Fathah vowel. The
ر
Fathah shows ascendancy, so we realize the magnitude
of resurrection and the heart`s pulsation. faselahs
The word of " "کشطmeans peeling the skin of
animal. (mas`ud 1386: 1444). The other meaning for
this word is watching beyond the curtains of something.
This verse shows an image that some curtains don’t let
the other people see the facts.
The other aesthetic point in these verses: " َِ َا
وإذ
"ْ الْ َ ِي ُ س ِّ َتْ* وِ َا الْ َن ُ ُزِفتThe Faselahs have been
َ َإذ جَّة أ ْل
جح م ُعر
observed and the verb is passive and the object –that is
now the subject- comes at the beginning of the
statement. This makes the statement beautiful, subtle
and respectable. It doesn't say good people will be
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taken to the heaven, but it says the heaven comes to
good people. There is another goal besides the saj‘ and
it is the meaning intended.
فَا أقس ُ ِالْ ُن ِ * الْجَ َا ِ الْ ُن ِ * و َّيْ ِ ِ َا عسْع َ * و ُّبْ ِ ِ َا
َالص ح إذ
َالل ل إذ َ َس
و ر ك َّس
َل ُ ْ ِم ب خَّس
"َ ( " َنَفthe Quran 81: 15-18)
ت َّس
From here the sura talks about the second part
the Quran grandeur, its rightfulness and the truth talks
of Prophet Mohammad.
The main word for " "الجوارis " "الجواريand is a plural
word for " ."الجاریةIt means a ship or everything that
moves fast.
One of the other ways of observing Faselah is
elimination of a word. For example we see this in sura
al Fajr in the verse of "ِ ْ ."و َّيْ ِ ِ َا يسIn fact the word of
َالل ل إذ َ ر
" "یسرis " ,"یسريbut " "یhas been eliminated to
observe the Faselah, and the Kasrah vowel has been
remained instead of that. In the 16st verse of surah alTakwir by eliminating " "يof " "الجواريFaselah has
been observed. Without this elimination there was not
any order and song for these verses.
The words of " ," َس َس" ,"الک َّس" ,"الخ َّسand
ُن
ُن
ع ع
" " َن َّسare the words of Faselah for these verses. These
ت َف
have Motarraf saj‘, because their rhyme letter is the
same but their rhythm is different. There is a Motawazi
saj‘, because both of them are similar in rhythm and
rhyme.
The verb of " "عسعسseems strange. It should
be mentioned that sometimes some strange words are
used in the Quran to observe the Faselah. If the word
" "أدبرhad been used instead of " "عسعسin the 17st verse
of this sura there wasn’t any Faselah, and the music and
song have been disordered. Now the phonemes of
words image the meaning sensibly and perceptibly.
The phonemes of this verse " َ "و ُّبْ ِ ِ َا َنَفmake us
َالص ح إذ ت َّس
hear the sound of morning breathe." "سhas been
repeated in this sura a lot of times. This phoneme with
its resonating and soft music makes us relaxed. As you
see the saj‘ is the reason of this music and song.
The other point should be mentioned is that in
the Quran every subject appears with special rhyme
letters in the saj‘ words. By ending a subject, another
rhyme letters in new words will be appeared. The first
verses of surah al-Takwir show the state of world
exactly before the resurrection and all these verses have
special Faselahs and similar rhyme letter. The subject
has been changed from the verse of 15. This subject is
the Quran grandeur and the truth talks of Prophet
Mohammad, so it has been used the new Faselahs and
rhyme letters. Here the rhyme letter is ". َس
"
Sometimes the letters of Faselah is not
Motamasel letters; they are some of Motaghareb letters
like " "مand " ."نFor instance in sura al-Hamd we have
theses verses: " * َ بسمِ الل ِ َّحْ َ ِ َّ ِي ِ * الْ َمْ ُ لّ ِ ر ِّ الْ َاَ ِي
ِ ْ َّه الر من الرح م ح د له َب ع لم ن
"ِ ( َّحْم ِ َّ ِيthe Quran 1: 1-3). The letters of " "مand
الر ن الرح م
" "نare near in the position phonetically .This kind of
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saj‘ is called Motamasel
or
Motaghareb.
http://uqu.edu.sa/page/ar/18757
There is an example of this kind of saj‘ in the
verses of 19 and 20. There is a Motaghareb saj‘
between " "کریمand " ."مکینWe see the Motawazi saj‘
between " "ضنین" ,"أمین" ,"مکینand " ,"مبینbecause
they are similar in rhythm and rhyme letter. There is a
Motaghareb saj‘ between " "ضنینand " "رجیمand also
between " "عالمینand "."یستقیم
There is a saj‘ between " "تذهبونand " ,"العالمینbecause
both of them ends to " "نthat is a Maddi letter before
that. The saj‘ between " "مجنونand " "أمینis like the
previous one.
It should be mentioned that these cases, which
saj‘ is " "نor " "مwith a Maddi letter before them like
" , "یستقیمare complete images of features with the end
of music beauty. There is solidarity between the verses,
phoneme and music amazingly. (Rafeii: 217)
You see the brevity in "َ ." ََيْ َ َذْ َ ُوThe reason
فأ ن ت هب ن
could be the meaning of reprimand. In fact the
statement was like this: " ِ َا َب َّ َ أ َّ ال ُرآ َ ُن َ ٌ ِ َ ا ِ علَی
َ إذ ت ّین َن ق ن م زل من هلل
فأ ن ت ه ن
َ ."ر ُول ِ ُح َّد(ص) ََی َ َذ َبوIf the verse was appeared
َس ِه م َم
like this the Faselah have not been observed and the
song and music have been disordered, so the brevity is
used here to observe the Faselah.
IX.
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
Shafiei Kadkani, M., (1989) Poem Music,
Tehran, Aghah Press
Al-Saleh, S., (1965) Mabahes fi a`lum alQuran, Beirut, Dar al-E`lm leal-Malaien
Gherrib, R., (1999) Criticism based on
Aesthetics and its influence on Arabic
Criticism, Rajaei, N., Mashhad, Ferdowsi
University Press.
Kazzazi, M., (2002) Aesthetics in Persian
Language (3) Badii`, Markaz Press
Mas`ud, J., (2007) Raed al-Tollab, Anzabi
Nejad, R., Astan Ghods Press
Mohseni, A., (2003) Radif and Poem Music,
Mashhad, Ferdowsi University Press
Homaei, J., (1984) Rhetoric and Literary
Beauties, Tehran, Toos Press.
http://www.aftabir.com/art/music/definition
http://uqu.edu.sa/page/ar/18757
Result
We can't deny Saj‘ in the Quran as some people do.
It made the verses of the Quran musical and harmonic
for the influence of its order and format. The use of Saj‘
in the Quran, the meaning follows the word and it is
just used for Badii` beauties. Saj‘ of the Quran for its
qualities and the position of letters phonetically has a
great impact on the music of verses and also their
meaning. By thinking about the Quran letters, words,
and the beauty of the tone influences your spirit and
makes you relaxed, you will realize the greatness and
magnanimity, authority and punctuality of the speaker
of the Quran who is God. It seems that there is a reason
for all vowels of its words. By realizing a little of its
beauty, the mankind will be eager to follow the sea
beauty of Quran and will realize his inability and the
miracle of Quran.
[1]
The Quran
[2]
Bint al-Shati, A. (1997), al-E`jaz al- Bayani,
Saberi, H., Tehran, Cultural and Scientific
Press.
[3]
Jorjani, A., (2007) Raed al-tollab, Anzabi
nejad, Reza, Mashhad, Astan Ghods Press.
[4]
Daei javad, M.,(1956) The speech Beauties or
Badi`in Persian Language, Taeid Press
[5]
Al-Rafe'ie, M., E`jaz al-Quran va al-Balaghah
al-Nabaviyyah, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab
[6]
Shales, F. R., Aesthetics, Bamdad, A., Tehran,
Tabesh Press.
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