Tutorial for beginning graduate students. Hypothesis or research question serves as the compass that gives direction to the project. Posing it poorly guarantees poor results, so here is some guidance.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. FINER criteria of a good research question are: Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant.
2. A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that predicts that no relationship exists between two variables.
3. The types of relationships that may exist between two variables are: positive, negative, or no relationship.
4. Read around comes first before read into. Read around gives a broad overview of the topic area, while read into involves an in-depth review.
5. The literature review is often called the "mother of the research" as it helps identify gaps and formulate the research question.
6. If we
1. The document discusses the attributes and qualities of an effective researcher. It notes that researchers must have intellectual curiosity, be honest, and think critically.
2. Key qualities of a good researcher include being research-oriented, efficient, scientific, effective, analytic, responsive, creative, and honest. Researchers must also have an analytical mind, strong communication skills, and be able to stay calm under pressure.
3. The document emphasizes that good researchers are curious, quick thinkers who are committed to their work and pay close attention to detail. They understand basic statistics and can work well in a team environment.
The document discusses the importance and purpose of developing a conceptual framework for research. It notes that a conceptual framework is an integral part of understanding and analyzing a research problem. The conceptual framework involves using relevant theories and concepts to develop testable hypotheses related to the research problem. Developing a strong conceptual framework requires abstract reasoning skills as well as understanding the research problem and existing literature. A good conceptual framework can help avoid errors in research design and lead research in a logical manner. The document provides suggestions for developing a conceptual framework, such as starting with a simple model and building complexity, as well as identifying applicable theories and developing testable hypotheses.
The scientific method is a set of steps used by scientists, including psychologists, to conduct research in a standardized way. The steps include: 1) formulating a question that can be tested, 2) conducting background research and forming a hypothesis, 3) designing a study to collect data, 4) analyzing the data, and 5) reporting the results. This process allows research to be replicated and findings to build upon each other to increase understanding.
The document discusses how to write strong hypotheses for scientific research. A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It should be based on existing knowledge and theories. When writing a hypothesis, researchers ask a focused question, do preliminary research, formulate a hypothesis statement predicting the relationship between an independent and dependent variable, refine the hypothesis to be specific and testable, and write an accompanying null hypothesis stating no relationship between the variables. Examples of hypotheses for different research questions are provided.
The document outlines the scientific research method and provides guidance on developing mathematical models and completing a thesis. It describes the four main steps of the scientific method as observation, hypothesis, experimental testing, and predictions. Observation involves recognizing facts or occurrences, which are then used to form a hypothesis. The hypothesis is then tested experimentally, and if proven true, predictions can be made. Mathematical models, such as using equations to fit experimental data, can help test hypotheses and predictions. Following the scientific method and reporting iterations that include publishable results are keys to completing a successful thesis.
This document provides guidance for students on employing the scientific method and explaining a science project. It outlines the key steps of the scientific method including formulating a question, conducting research to form a hypothesis, experimentation through repeated trials, analyzing results, and drawing a conclusion. The document also notes that projects should be evaluated based on a research paper, oral presentation, and display poster. It emphasizes that both successful and failed experiments can provide valuable scientific insights.
Characteristics of a good researcher - am i a researcher?Dr. Mazlan Abbas
Presentation to IIUM - Industry Talk
March 15, 2013 @ 3.00pm
Auditorium B, E2-Level 2,
Kulliyyah of Engineering
International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM),
Gombak, Malaysia
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. FINER criteria of a good research question are: Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant.
2. A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that predicts that no relationship exists between two variables.
3. The types of relationships that may exist between two variables are: positive, negative, or no relationship.
4. Read around comes first before read into. Read around gives a broad overview of the topic area, while read into involves an in-depth review.
5. The literature review is often called the "mother of the research" as it helps identify gaps and formulate the research question.
6. If we
1. The document discusses the attributes and qualities of an effective researcher. It notes that researchers must have intellectual curiosity, be honest, and think critically.
2. Key qualities of a good researcher include being research-oriented, efficient, scientific, effective, analytic, responsive, creative, and honest. Researchers must also have an analytical mind, strong communication skills, and be able to stay calm under pressure.
3. The document emphasizes that good researchers are curious, quick thinkers who are committed to their work and pay close attention to detail. They understand basic statistics and can work well in a team environment.
The document discusses the importance and purpose of developing a conceptual framework for research. It notes that a conceptual framework is an integral part of understanding and analyzing a research problem. The conceptual framework involves using relevant theories and concepts to develop testable hypotheses related to the research problem. Developing a strong conceptual framework requires abstract reasoning skills as well as understanding the research problem and existing literature. A good conceptual framework can help avoid errors in research design and lead research in a logical manner. The document provides suggestions for developing a conceptual framework, such as starting with a simple model and building complexity, as well as identifying applicable theories and developing testable hypotheses.
The scientific method is a set of steps used by scientists, including psychologists, to conduct research in a standardized way. The steps include: 1) formulating a question that can be tested, 2) conducting background research and forming a hypothesis, 3) designing a study to collect data, 4) analyzing the data, and 5) reporting the results. This process allows research to be replicated and findings to build upon each other to increase understanding.
The document discusses how to write strong hypotheses for scientific research. A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It should be based on existing knowledge and theories. When writing a hypothesis, researchers ask a focused question, do preliminary research, formulate a hypothesis statement predicting the relationship between an independent and dependent variable, refine the hypothesis to be specific and testable, and write an accompanying null hypothesis stating no relationship between the variables. Examples of hypotheses for different research questions are provided.
The document outlines the scientific research method and provides guidance on developing mathematical models and completing a thesis. It describes the four main steps of the scientific method as observation, hypothesis, experimental testing, and predictions. Observation involves recognizing facts or occurrences, which are then used to form a hypothesis. The hypothesis is then tested experimentally, and if proven true, predictions can be made. Mathematical models, such as using equations to fit experimental data, can help test hypotheses and predictions. Following the scientific method and reporting iterations that include publishable results are keys to completing a successful thesis.
This document provides guidance for students on employing the scientific method and explaining a science project. It outlines the key steps of the scientific method including formulating a question, conducting research to form a hypothesis, experimentation through repeated trials, analyzing results, and drawing a conclusion. The document also notes that projects should be evaluated based on a research paper, oral presentation, and display poster. It emphasizes that both successful and failed experiments can provide valuable scientific insights.
Characteristics of a good researcher - am i a researcher?Dr. Mazlan Abbas
Presentation to IIUM - Industry Talk
March 15, 2013 @ 3.00pm
Auditorium B, E2-Level 2,
Kulliyyah of Engineering
International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM),
Gombak, Malaysia
This document discusses key concepts related to scientific research. It defines research as a systematic, objective process of collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding of a topic. Research aims to be unbiased, valid, reliable and contribute new knowledge. The document contrasts inductive and deductive approaches, and explains various hallmarks of scientific research like rigor, testability, replicability, precision and objectivity. It emphasizes that research must follow established scientific methodologies to yield reliable and valid results.
This document provides guidance on writing the research design and methods section of a grant proposal. It discusses including an overview, describing each specific aim with rationale, design, analysis, and limitations. It emphasizes writing clearly for reviewers, using tables/flowcharts, calculating appropriate sample sizes, including timelines, and addressing difficulties. The goal is to convince reviewers that the proposed studies are feasible and will accomplish the specific aims of the project within the requested timeframe.
The document discusses the scientific method and provides an overview of its key steps:
1. Formulate a research question or problem.
2. Conduct a background literature review and make observations.
3. Form a hypothesis to bring focus and clarity.
4. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis with measurable variables.
5. Collect and analyze data from experiments to interpret results and either confirm or refute the hypothesis.
This document discusses identifying and formulating a research problem. It explains that a research problem is a question a researcher wants to answer or a problem they want to solve. Selecting a good research problem depends on factors like the researcher's knowledge and interests. The identification of a research problem is the first step in the research process. Common sources for research problems include personal and practical experience, literature reviews, previous research, theories, and discussions with experts. Formulating a clear research problem with relevant components is an important but challenging part of the research process.
The document discusses various approaches to social research, including alternatives to traditional authority-based explanations. It provides examples of prompts that could initiate social research, such as complaints about youth behavior, and emphasizes the importance of questioning assumptions and reviewing existing literature before designing and implementing a research study. The basic research process involves refining the research question based on a literature review before selecting a methodology and collecting and analyzing data.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and lists its purposes, which include testing existing knowledge, understanding issues from different perspectives, establishing reliable guides, expanding knowledge, and providing solutions to problems. The document also outlines the classification of research by purpose (basic, applied, action, evaluation) and method (historical, correlational, experimental, descriptive). Key aspects of the research process are described, including identifying a problem, developing research questions and hypotheses, designing and conducting the study, analyzing and interpreting data, and drawing conclusions. Operational definitions of terms, scope of study, and conceptual frameworks are also discussed.
This document discusses elements of research design, including:
1. The purpose of a study can be exploratory, descriptive, or for hypothesis testing. Exploratory studies investigate unknown phenomena, descriptive studies characterize variables, and hypothesis testing examines relationships.
2. Types of investigation include causal studies that establish cause-and-effect and correlational studies that identify associated factors.
3. The extent of researcher interference ranges from minimal in correlational studies to manipulation and control in causal studies.
This document outlines evaluation criteria for thesis examinations. It discusses what examiners look for in four main areas: the literature review, methodology, presentation of results, and discussion/conclusions. Examiners want the thesis to demonstrate a thorough review of relevant literature, an appropriate methodology, clear presentation of results that answer the research questions, and a discussion that links the results to the literature. The document also provides tips for thesis defenses, including preparing presentation slides and handling questions from examiners. Possible examination verdicts include passing with no corrections, passing with minor or major revisions, resubmission, or failure.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It discusses defining research and identifying key characteristics of scientific research such as objectivity, precision, and empiricism. It also outlines important guiding principles for scientific inquiry like posing significant questions, linking research to theory, using appropriate methods, and providing coherent reasoning. The document then reviews the main processes involved in research like selecting a problem, reviewing literature, determining methodology, collecting and analyzing data. Finally, it identifies the main components that should be included in a postgraduate research proposal such as the title, introduction, statement of problem, objectives, methodology, and references.
This document discusses data analysis and summarizing key aspects in 3 sentences or less:
The document discusses different types of data, qualitative vs quantitative data, and the process of data analysis which involves noticing patterns in the data, collecting and categorizing important pieces of information, and thinking critically about the meaning and implications. It also notes that negative results are often not published but can still provide valuable scientific insights, and sufficient statistics are important for others to evaluate and build upon the analysis. The document provides examples and outlines the various steps in the data analysis process.
The document provides an overview of the research methodology process. It defines what research is, discusses key aspects like developing research topics and problems, conducting literature reviews, formulating hypotheses or research questions, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and identifying limitations. The full research process is described as cyclic in nature, with later stages sometimes requiring revisiting earlier work. Common issues in research like defining terms and assumptions are also outlined.
A research problem is an area that a researcher wants to investigate or solve. Selecting a good research problem depends on factors like the researcher's knowledge and interests. Identifying a research problem is the first step of the research process. Some sources for research problems include personal experiences, literature reviews, theories, current issues, and brainstorming sessions. A good research problem should be significant, original, feasible, solvable, current, and interesting to the researcher. Formulating a research problem involves selecting a broad research area, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic, and evaluating the problem before stating it clearly.
The research problem statement is one of the first steps in developing a Doctoral Thesis proposal. It is the starting point of the research process. Identifiable aspects of a research problem include something is broken, it has a cause and effect relationship, and there are initial observations and evidence mentioned. Developing a research problem statement from an identified problem isn’t easy but is an essential step in the thesis proposal process. To assist in the what and how, the Doctorate Hub team has been putting together this slideshow.
Scientific method (ways of acquiring knowledge and solving problems)John Robin Amoguis
The scientific method involves a series of steps to investigate natural occurrences. These steps include: 1) developing a question or problem, 2) making observations and researching the topic, 3) formulating a hypothesis to predict an answer, 4) developing and conducting an experiment with a procedure and measurable results, 5) collecting and analyzing the results to confirm or modify the hypothesis, and 6) communicating the conclusions.
This chapter provides an introduction to research methods in health sciences. It defines key concepts like scientific method, research, and health research. It outlines the objectives of the chapter as describing the scientific method, discussing perspectives on it, and how it applies to health research. Various types of research are described including descriptive, analytical, predictive, and problem-solving/action research. The chapter discusses the research process as cyclical and criteria for good research. It also covers topics like research planning versus methodology, the development of theories and models, and variables.
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposed explanation or relationship between variables that can be tested. It outlines the key elements of formulating a hypothesis, including stating null and alternative hypotheses, determining sample size and significance level, choosing appropriate test statistics, and making conclusions. Examples of properly formulated hypotheses are provided. The document emphasizes that hypotheses should be written before a study and not altered based on results. It also discusses the purpose and advantages of hypotheses in guiding research design and interpretation.
The document discusses identifying and selecting a good research problem. It notes that identifying a research problem is the first and most challenging step of the research process. A good research problem should be significant, original, feasible, solvable, current, and interesting. The document provides examples and criteria for selecting a research problem, as well as common sources that researchers draw from in identifying problems, such as personal experiences, literature reviews, previous research, and social issues.
Research Challenges - Characteristics of a Good Researcher Dr. Mazlan Abbas
This document discusses characteristics of good researchers and challenges in research. It provides definitions of basic and applied research, explaining that basic research expands knowledge while applied research solves practical problems. It also distinguishes between degrees (Bachelor's), Masters, and PhDs, illustrating how each level deepens knowledge in a specialty area. The document notes that choosing a good research problem takes time and is subjective. It also outlines common research approaches like mathematical modeling, simulation, and experimentation, and discusses managing researchers and their expectations around creativity and knowledge generation.
This document provides an overview of how to read clinical papers and summarizes their typical structure and components. It explains that clinical papers are used by medical representatives to present evidence for product claims and understand what is being discussed. The key parts of clinical papers are typically the title, authors, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. The document provides details on each of these sections and advises the reader to critically analyze the research questions, study design, results and conclusions. It emphasizes comparing the reported data to the authors' analysis and relating the findings to prior research.
BAEB601 Chapter 5: Research Design, Theoretical Framework and Measurement ScaleDr Nur Suhaili Ramli
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research design, theoretical frameworks, and measurement scales. It discusses that a research design specifies the procedures to obtain needed information to solve a business problem. A theoretical framework establishes the relationships between relevant variables. Measurement scales include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Common scaling techniques in research are also outlined, such as Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and rating scales. Guidelines are provided for students to design their own research methodology chapter, including developing a theoretical framework, designing questionnaires, and stating their data collection method.
This document outlines the steps of the scientific research method and experimental design process. It discusses:
1. Defining the research question and formulating a hypothesis.
2. Designing an experiment to test the hypothesis, including identifying variables, controls, and repeated trials.
3. Collecting and analyzing data from experiments to interpret results and determine if they prove or disprove the original hypothesis.
4. Publishing findings so other scientists can review and potentially replicate the research.
The key steps are formulating a research problem and hypothesis, designing a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis through measurable data collection and analysis, and communicating results. The overall goal is to advance scientific understanding through this systematic process.
This document discusses key concepts related to scientific research. It defines research as a systematic, objective process of collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding of a topic. Research aims to be unbiased, valid, reliable and contribute new knowledge. The document contrasts inductive and deductive approaches, and explains various hallmarks of scientific research like rigor, testability, replicability, precision and objectivity. It emphasizes that research must follow established scientific methodologies to yield reliable and valid results.
This document provides guidance on writing the research design and methods section of a grant proposal. It discusses including an overview, describing each specific aim with rationale, design, analysis, and limitations. It emphasizes writing clearly for reviewers, using tables/flowcharts, calculating appropriate sample sizes, including timelines, and addressing difficulties. The goal is to convince reviewers that the proposed studies are feasible and will accomplish the specific aims of the project within the requested timeframe.
The document discusses the scientific method and provides an overview of its key steps:
1. Formulate a research question or problem.
2. Conduct a background literature review and make observations.
3. Form a hypothesis to bring focus and clarity.
4. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis with measurable variables.
5. Collect and analyze data from experiments to interpret results and either confirm or refute the hypothesis.
This document discusses identifying and formulating a research problem. It explains that a research problem is a question a researcher wants to answer or a problem they want to solve. Selecting a good research problem depends on factors like the researcher's knowledge and interests. The identification of a research problem is the first step in the research process. Common sources for research problems include personal and practical experience, literature reviews, previous research, theories, and discussions with experts. Formulating a clear research problem with relevant components is an important but challenging part of the research process.
The document discusses various approaches to social research, including alternatives to traditional authority-based explanations. It provides examples of prompts that could initiate social research, such as complaints about youth behavior, and emphasizes the importance of questioning assumptions and reviewing existing literature before designing and implementing a research study. The basic research process involves refining the research question based on a literature review before selecting a methodology and collecting and analyzing data.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and lists its purposes, which include testing existing knowledge, understanding issues from different perspectives, establishing reliable guides, expanding knowledge, and providing solutions to problems. The document also outlines the classification of research by purpose (basic, applied, action, evaluation) and method (historical, correlational, experimental, descriptive). Key aspects of the research process are described, including identifying a problem, developing research questions and hypotheses, designing and conducting the study, analyzing and interpreting data, and drawing conclusions. Operational definitions of terms, scope of study, and conceptual frameworks are also discussed.
This document discusses elements of research design, including:
1. The purpose of a study can be exploratory, descriptive, or for hypothesis testing. Exploratory studies investigate unknown phenomena, descriptive studies characterize variables, and hypothesis testing examines relationships.
2. Types of investigation include causal studies that establish cause-and-effect and correlational studies that identify associated factors.
3. The extent of researcher interference ranges from minimal in correlational studies to manipulation and control in causal studies.
This document outlines evaluation criteria for thesis examinations. It discusses what examiners look for in four main areas: the literature review, methodology, presentation of results, and discussion/conclusions. Examiners want the thesis to demonstrate a thorough review of relevant literature, an appropriate methodology, clear presentation of results that answer the research questions, and a discussion that links the results to the literature. The document also provides tips for thesis defenses, including preparing presentation slides and handling questions from examiners. Possible examination verdicts include passing with no corrections, passing with minor or major revisions, resubmission, or failure.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It discusses defining research and identifying key characteristics of scientific research such as objectivity, precision, and empiricism. It also outlines important guiding principles for scientific inquiry like posing significant questions, linking research to theory, using appropriate methods, and providing coherent reasoning. The document then reviews the main processes involved in research like selecting a problem, reviewing literature, determining methodology, collecting and analyzing data. Finally, it identifies the main components that should be included in a postgraduate research proposal such as the title, introduction, statement of problem, objectives, methodology, and references.
This document discusses data analysis and summarizing key aspects in 3 sentences or less:
The document discusses different types of data, qualitative vs quantitative data, and the process of data analysis which involves noticing patterns in the data, collecting and categorizing important pieces of information, and thinking critically about the meaning and implications. It also notes that negative results are often not published but can still provide valuable scientific insights, and sufficient statistics are important for others to evaluate and build upon the analysis. The document provides examples and outlines the various steps in the data analysis process.
The document provides an overview of the research methodology process. It defines what research is, discusses key aspects like developing research topics and problems, conducting literature reviews, formulating hypotheses or research questions, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and identifying limitations. The full research process is described as cyclic in nature, with later stages sometimes requiring revisiting earlier work. Common issues in research like defining terms and assumptions are also outlined.
A research problem is an area that a researcher wants to investigate or solve. Selecting a good research problem depends on factors like the researcher's knowledge and interests. Identifying a research problem is the first step of the research process. Some sources for research problems include personal experiences, literature reviews, theories, current issues, and brainstorming sessions. A good research problem should be significant, original, feasible, solvable, current, and interesting to the researcher. Formulating a research problem involves selecting a broad research area, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic, and evaluating the problem before stating it clearly.
The research problem statement is one of the first steps in developing a Doctoral Thesis proposal. It is the starting point of the research process. Identifiable aspects of a research problem include something is broken, it has a cause and effect relationship, and there are initial observations and evidence mentioned. Developing a research problem statement from an identified problem isn’t easy but is an essential step in the thesis proposal process. To assist in the what and how, the Doctorate Hub team has been putting together this slideshow.
Scientific method (ways of acquiring knowledge and solving problems)John Robin Amoguis
The scientific method involves a series of steps to investigate natural occurrences. These steps include: 1) developing a question or problem, 2) making observations and researching the topic, 3) formulating a hypothesis to predict an answer, 4) developing and conducting an experiment with a procedure and measurable results, 5) collecting and analyzing the results to confirm or modify the hypothesis, and 6) communicating the conclusions.
This chapter provides an introduction to research methods in health sciences. It defines key concepts like scientific method, research, and health research. It outlines the objectives of the chapter as describing the scientific method, discussing perspectives on it, and how it applies to health research. Various types of research are described including descriptive, analytical, predictive, and problem-solving/action research. The chapter discusses the research process as cyclical and criteria for good research. It also covers topics like research planning versus methodology, the development of theories and models, and variables.
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a proposed explanation or relationship between variables that can be tested. It outlines the key elements of formulating a hypothesis, including stating null and alternative hypotheses, determining sample size and significance level, choosing appropriate test statistics, and making conclusions. Examples of properly formulated hypotheses are provided. The document emphasizes that hypotheses should be written before a study and not altered based on results. It also discusses the purpose and advantages of hypotheses in guiding research design and interpretation.
The document discusses identifying and selecting a good research problem. It notes that identifying a research problem is the first and most challenging step of the research process. A good research problem should be significant, original, feasible, solvable, current, and interesting. The document provides examples and criteria for selecting a research problem, as well as common sources that researchers draw from in identifying problems, such as personal experiences, literature reviews, previous research, and social issues.
Research Challenges - Characteristics of a Good Researcher Dr. Mazlan Abbas
This document discusses characteristics of good researchers and challenges in research. It provides definitions of basic and applied research, explaining that basic research expands knowledge while applied research solves practical problems. It also distinguishes between degrees (Bachelor's), Masters, and PhDs, illustrating how each level deepens knowledge in a specialty area. The document notes that choosing a good research problem takes time and is subjective. It also outlines common research approaches like mathematical modeling, simulation, and experimentation, and discusses managing researchers and their expectations around creativity and knowledge generation.
This document provides an overview of how to read clinical papers and summarizes their typical structure and components. It explains that clinical papers are used by medical representatives to present evidence for product claims and understand what is being discussed. The key parts of clinical papers are typically the title, authors, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. The document provides details on each of these sections and advises the reader to critically analyze the research questions, study design, results and conclusions. It emphasizes comparing the reported data to the authors' analysis and relating the findings to prior research.
BAEB601 Chapter 5: Research Design, Theoretical Framework and Measurement ScaleDr Nur Suhaili Ramli
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research design, theoretical frameworks, and measurement scales. It discusses that a research design specifies the procedures to obtain needed information to solve a business problem. A theoretical framework establishes the relationships between relevant variables. Measurement scales include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Common scaling techniques in research are also outlined, such as Likert scales, semantic differential scales, and rating scales. Guidelines are provided for students to design their own research methodology chapter, including developing a theoretical framework, designing questionnaires, and stating their data collection method.
This document outlines the steps of the scientific research method and experimental design process. It discusses:
1. Defining the research question and formulating a hypothesis.
2. Designing an experiment to test the hypothesis, including identifying variables, controls, and repeated trials.
3. Collecting and analyzing data from experiments to interpret results and determine if they prove or disprove the original hypothesis.
4. Publishing findings so other scientists can review and potentially replicate the research.
The key steps are formulating a research problem and hypothesis, designing a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis through measurable data collection and analysis, and communicating results. The overall goal is to advance scientific understanding through this systematic process.
Tutorial for beginning graduate students. Some guidelines for composing the research proposal for an MS project. Also presents the perspective of advisor and committee.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methods course. The course aims to teach students key concepts in research including constructs, relationships, indicators, and research models. It will explain quantitative, qualitative, and design science approaches. Students will learn skills like formulating research questions, designing instruments, collecting and analyzing data, writing proposals, and reviewing research articles. The course will be taught through lectures, discussions, assignments, projects and presentations. Students will be assessed through quizzes, assignments, exams, and a project proposal.
This document discusses different research approaches that can be used for a dissertation, including positivist, interpretivist, and critical narrative approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as how positivist research relies on quantifiable data and statistical analysis to test hypotheses, while interpretivist research focuses on interpreting qualitative data to derive meanings. It also discusses various research techniques like interviews, questionnaires, databases, case studies, and how to properly employ them to answer research questions and issues.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It begins with definitions of research and discusses the objectives and characteristics of good business research. It then explains the scientific method and key aspects of the research process such as identifying a problem, developing a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. Finally, it outlines the typical structure of a research proposal, including sections on the problem statement, objectives, literature review, research design, and data analysis. The overall purpose is to guide the reader through the steps of conducting systematic research.
The document discusses various aspects of research design including:
1. Research design involves decisions about what, where, when, how much, and by what means to study a research problem.
2. Key parts of research design include sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design.
3. Experimental designs aim to establish cause-and-effect relationships through control and manipulation of variables while quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation.
Research/thesis for post graduate students in dentistry.Shivangi Shreya
This document provides an overview of key aspects of research, including:
- Definitions of research as finding answers to unanswered questions or a scientific search for information on a topic.
- Types of research such as descriptive, analytical, applied, basic, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
- Research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research.
- Key parts of the research process including developing a research methodology, designing the study, formulating research questions and hypotheses, developing a research protocol, and interpreting results.
- Principles of research design for different types of studies.
The document outlines considerations for all stages of the research process from selecting a topic to analyzing
This document discusses research methods and the scientific method. It defines research as systematic work undertaken to increase knowledge. The scientific method involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, analyzing results, and presenting findings. The key steps of the scientific method are asking a question, conducting background research, establishing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis with an experiment, making observations, analyzing results, and presenting conclusions. Research methods and the scientific method provide structured and objective ways to gather and evaluate information.
This Presentation was given in Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo (2013) at the inaugural ceremony of Ph.D. program. Bibliography is added for sake of References.
Research methodology involves systematically studying topics to establish facts or principles. There are two main types of research: basic research aims to advance knowledge without immediate practical goals, while applied research has a practical outcome in mind. The research process involves choosing a problem, reviewing literature, collecting and interpreting data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of research include formulating hypotheses or questions, identifying dependent and independent variables, and using methods like experiments, surveys, and statistical analysis to test hypotheses. Sensitivity analysis evaluates how uncertainty in inputs affects model outputs to identify important factors.
There are three main types of research design: exploratory, descriptive, and causal. Exploratory research is used to gain background information, define terms, and clarify problems and hypotheses. Descriptive research describes and measures phenomena at a point in time using cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. Causal research determines causality using experiments that manipulate independent variables to see their effect on dependent variables while controlling for extraneous variables. The choice of design depends on research objectives and what is known about the problem.
This document discusses various methods of data collection in research. It describes six main methods: tests, questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observation, and existing data. It provides details on questionnaires and interviews, including strengths and weaknesses of each. For questionnaires, it outlines 15 principles of construction such as matching items to objectives and using clear, concise language. For interviews it distinguishes between quantitative, standardized interviews and qualitative, open-ended interviews. The document emphasizes the importance of mixing methods to leverage their complementary strengths.
Quantitative research involves objective measurements and the statistical analysis of numerical data. It seeks to gather large data sets from random samples to make generalizations across groups. Key characteristics include being objective, clearly defined, structured using questionnaires and surveys, and replicable. Common types include experimental, descriptive, and exploratory research. Strengths of quantitative research include its objectivity, use of statistical techniques, and ease of numerical data analysis.
Solving research problem_3539ce35db1215c11a780b1712d47e46Kæsy Chaudhari
1. The document discusses research design, which is a plan for conducting research to answer questions or solve problems. It outlines the steps, methods, and strategies used to collect and analyze data.
2. Research design provides answers to questions like what is being studied, why it's being studied, where and when data will be collected, what techniques and sources will be used, and how results will be analyzed and reported.
3. Different types of research designs are explored, including those for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Key concepts discussed include variables, hypotheses, experimental setup, and treatments.
Business Research Method - Unit II, AKTU, Lucknow SyllabusKartikeya Singh
Business Research Methods, Unit II, AKTU, Lucknow Syllabus.
Research Methodology, Topics Covered - Research design: Concept, Features of a good research design, Use of a good research design; Qualitative and Quantitative research approaches, Comparison – Pros and Cons of both approaches.
Exploratory Research Design: Concept, Types: Qualitative techniques – Projective Techniques, Depth Interview, Experience Survey, Focus Groups, Observation.
Descriptive Research Designs: Concept, types and uses. Concept of Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Research
Experimental Design: Concept of Cause, Causal relationships, Concept of Independent & Dependent variables, concomitant variable, extraneous variable, Treatment, Control group.
This document discusses key concepts related to variables in scientific research including:
- Independent, dependent, intervening/mediating, and moderating variables. It provides examples of how these variables relate in studies of how stress impacts employee mental state and how promotions impact employee motivation.
- It also discusses controlled variables, extraneous variables, hypotheses, conceptual frameworks, and the overall research process.
- The roles of the hypothesis in guiding research and what constitutes a good hypothesis are explained. Descriptive and relational hypotheses are defined.
- The four levels of scale measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio - are outlined and examples are provided. Data analysis approaches for each level are also summarized.
- Key aspects
Blueprinting and drafting questions Liz Norman ANZCVS 2015Liz Norman
The document discusses various concepts related to blueprinting and drafting exam questions, including:
- What a blueprint is and its purpose in documenting content sampling and representativeness.
- Factors to consider when blueprinting like breadth across topics, levels of knowledge/skills assessed, and species representation.
- Classifying question difficulty based on familiarity, complexity, abstraction level, and task/response strategies.
- The importance of structuring exams according to subject guidelines and balancing question types and lengths.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Executive summary
• The Scientific Method starts with a
hypothesis, but in applied science it is often
easier to take the research direction as a
question
– Hypothesis tends to be yes/no or on/off type, but
the question can be “yes, but how much…”
• There are good and poor choices for that
direction, we summarize some guidance for
successful thesis project
3. Types of research
• Exploratory
– Mapping something on which there is little prior literature,
unpredictable results
• Testing-out
– Test prior knowledge outside its original scope (can use prior studies
as templates, just change some parameter or choice of material)
• Problem solving
– High risk, because if it is straightforward, then it is not a problem at
all… It is a problem if nobody knows what needs to be done.
– This can be an ultimate goal, but a thesis project must be doable – you
can’t promise to solve a problem, you can test a candidate solution
• Theory only
– Normal in math, theoretical physics, theory of fluids, thermodynamics,
etc. MS level usually is about explaining existing theories,
demonstrating learning and understanding. PhD expects new
contributions.
4. Suitable as “safe” projects
• Exploration of an inventive idea
– Combining existing tools in a novel way, seeing what happens
• Testing-out
– Use the prior publication as template for plan and analysis,
instead of materials A & B (published) you use C & D.
• Trouble with safe projects
– If they are too safe and predictable, then any student will
perform about similarly. No room for an exceptional student to
show abilities.
– Need to add a component where the student has some
challenge… or provide opportunities to expand from initial plan.
5. Extension and replication
• Testing-out is an example
– Replicate prior work with slight changes, that
extend outside earlier results (this is also called
approximate replication)
• Conceptual replication
– Test if earlier findings can be corroborated by a
different approach (change methods used)
– Particularly fit with novel measurement devices or
techniques – compare new estimates to “old”
measurements
6. Elastic questions are good
• The idea is that the project can be shrunk or
expanded, as necessary – must have several
points where it could stop (because of time limit)
• This again gives safety, but allows a fast student
to go far, and a slower student to finish in time
• It is common that answering one question leads
to another question
– To have that planned ahead of time can be difficult
7. Hypothesis vs. question
• In fundamentals of science, hypotheses could be
used to test the “axioms” needed for theory
– We can leave that to the next Einstein
– Hypothesis tends to have on/off or yes/no character
– Often you already know “yes, this affects”, and the
question is “how much, is this knowledge useful?”
• So, for planned research it is typical to pose a
question (or a few of them)
– How much can we improve extraction yield by
sonicating? Should it be used before or during
extraction?
8. A good question is
• Up-to-date
• Has originality or novelty
• Is important or at least interesting
• Is small and precise
• Is practically testable
9. Recall the approach to planning of
experiments
• List all factors that can affect your results
• To get a short list, remove some by selecting
– This gives the scope of your study
• Choose the main manipulated variables
– This means your hypothesis is that these are the most useful or
most influential ones
– If you have many variables, test with Plackett-Burman to
determine the most important ones. Perhaps continue to
optimize these, with another set of designed experiments.
• What are the measurements?
– Targeted output of course
– Also disturbances that you can’t control, i.e. factors not
eliminated by scope and not manipulated. Include in statistical
analysis…
10. Why only main factors are
manipulated?
• Usually you want to have
– Two levels per factor, to select which factors are
unimportant and can be ignored
– Then three levels per factor, to see curved responses (two
points only define a line)
• Two manipulated factors would give 3*3 = 9
experiments (without replicates)
• Three would give 3*3*3 = 27, four would give 81, etc.
– You have limits on time and cost, so at most 3 manipulated
factors in practice
– With clever statistical designs the number of experiments
comes down from full factorial design
11. The experimental design is coupled
with statistical analysis
• Statistics can show
– Significant differences between alternatives, and
effect size of the choice
– Regression models for continuously manipulated
variables (not only alternative levels, but you can
choose a value from, say, 1.0 to 4.5), or for
measured disturbances
– Models that help find an optimum (maximum or
minimum), so-called “response surface models”
12. In a research proposal
• If you propose specific experiments, you should
also explain the analysis and what you expect out
of it
– You have a goal to answer some question, the
combination of experiments and analysis is how you
reach that goal
• You will need to estimate time and cost of the
experiments also: somebody must have the
money or budget you need
• Next presentation is about the research proposal
13. Reference
• Parts of the discussion were influenced by
Chapter 2 in Lowe: A first textbook of research
methodology… , 2016
Available online at
www.scientificlanguage.com