The document summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from the Intel 4004 in 1971 to the Intel Pentium 4 in 2000. It describes key developments such as the introduction of the first microprocessor, the 4004, advances in MOSFET technology that enabled rapid progress in size and speed through the 1970s, the introduction of important microprocessors like the Intel 8086 and Motorola 68000 in the late 1970s, the role of the IBM PC in popularizing the 8088 in 1981, and the introduction of advanced superscalar microprocessors and 64-bit addressing in the 1990s, culminating in the Pentium 4 in 2000.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers through four generations:
1) First generation computers (1937-1953) used vacuum tubes and were large, power-hungry, and unreliable. Programming involved directly writing machine code.
2) Second generation computers (1954-1962) used transistors, were smaller and more reliable. They had magnetic core memory and supported assembly languages.
3) Third generation computers (1963-1971) used integrated circuits, were smaller and faster. They had operating systems and supported high-level languages.
4) Fourth generation computers (1971-present) used microprocessors, allowing entire computers to fit on a single chip. They became personal computers and introduced graphical user interfaces.
The document discusses the Intel Core microarchitecture. It provides an agenda that covers an introduction, knowledge preparation about key concepts like architecture versus microarchitecture, performance measurements, and pipeline design. It then discusses notable features of the Core microarchitecture and concludes with a microarchitecture tour and considerations for coding.
Case study on Intel core i3 processor. Mauryasuraj98
The document discusses the Intel Core i3 processor. It provides a history of Intel processors beginning in the 1940s. Key details include that Core i3 processors are multi-core, have integrated graphics, and allow for improved multi-tasking compared to earlier Intel processors. The document outlines features and specifications of Core i3 processors such as clock speed, cache size, and graphics capabilities. It describes applications and advantages such as improved performance but also notes some disadvantages like potential overheating.
My amazing journey from mainframes to smartphones chm lecture aug 2014 finalDileep Bhandarkar
Disruptive technologies have caused dramatic changes in computing technology for decades, often in unacknowledged ways. In this talk, Dr. Dileep Bhandarkar will paint a picture that puts these changes into perspective, and which shows how this series of disruptions have set a course that has evolved from the mainframe to the current smartphone, mobile and cloud computing world.
The Yellow Brick Road of Semiconductor Technology
The talk provides a historical perspective on how the computer industry has taken advantage of Moore's Law and how we got to the era of multi-core processors. The talk will also address some of the challenges facing the industry in the future.
My Feb 2003 HPCA9 Keynote Slides - Billion Transistor Processor ChipsDileep Bhandarkar
This document summarizes Dileep Bhandarkar's 2003 lecture on billion transistor processor chips of the future. It discusses how semiconductor technology has evolved due to Moore's Law, allowing transistor counts to double every two years. This will enable billion transistor chips within the next few years. It also outlines how processors are achieving performance gains through increased parallelism at the instruction, processor, and system level. Future many-core chips may integrate multiple processor cores on a single die to take advantage of parallelism.
A processor is multipurpose, programmable device that read binary instructions from memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to that instruction, and provides results as output. It can be viewed as data processing unit of a computer. It has computing and decision-making capability
My ISCA 2013 - 40th International Symposium on Computer Architecture KeynoteDileep Bhandarkar
Keynote speech delivered in Tel Aviv on 25 June 2013.
I had the privilege of being the first speaker at the First Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture in 1973. Over the last 40 years I have worked on PDP-11, VAX, MIPS, Alpha, x86, Itanium, and ARM processors and systems.
Moore’s Law has enabled computer architects to increase the pace of innovation and the development of microprocessors with new instruction sets.
In the 1970s, minicomputers from Digital Equipment Corporation, Data General and Hewlett Packard started to challenge IBM mainframes. The introduction of the 32-bit VAX-11/780 in 1978 was a landmark event. The single chip MicroVAX was introduced in 1985.
The IBM PC was introduced on August 12, 1981, followed by many IBM PC compatible machines from Compaq and others. This led to the tremendous growth of x86 processors from Intel and AMD. Today, the x86 processor dominate the computer industry.
In 1987, the introduction of RISC processors based on Sun’s SPARC architecture spawned the now famous RISC vs CISC debates. RISC processors from MIPS, IBM (Power, Power PC), and HP (PA-RISC) started to gain market share. This forced Digital to first adopt MIPS processors, and later introduce Alpha in 1992.
The RISC supremacy continued until the introduction of the first out of order x86 Pentium Pro processor in 1995, expanding the role of x86 into workstations and servers. The x86 architecture was extended to 64 bits by AMD in the Opteron processor in 2003, forcing Intel to launch its own compatible processor.
Disruptive technologies usually come from below. We have seen users migrate from mainframes to minicomputers to RISC workstations and servers to desktop PCs and PC servers to notebooks and tablets. Volume economics has driven the industry. The next wave will be the technology used in smart phones. With over a billion chips sold annually, this technology will appear in other platforms. Several companies have announced plans for ARM based servers.
Moore’s Law has also enabled computer architects to advance the sophistication of microprocessors. We will review some of the significant milestones leading from the first Intel 4004 to today’s state of the art processors.
The document summarizes the evolution of computers through four generations:
1) First generation computers (1937-1953) used vacuum tubes and were large, power-hungry, and unreliable. Programming involved directly writing machine code.
2) Second generation computers (1954-1962) used transistors, were smaller and more reliable. They had magnetic core memory and supported assembly languages.
3) Third generation computers (1963-1971) used integrated circuits, were smaller and faster. They had operating systems and supported high-level languages.
4) Fourth generation computers (1971-present) used microprocessors, allowing entire computers to fit on a single chip. They became personal computers and introduced graphical user interfaces.
The document discusses the Intel Core microarchitecture. It provides an agenda that covers an introduction, knowledge preparation about key concepts like architecture versus microarchitecture, performance measurements, and pipeline design. It then discusses notable features of the Core microarchitecture and concludes with a microarchitecture tour and considerations for coding.
Case study on Intel core i3 processor. Mauryasuraj98
The document discusses the Intel Core i3 processor. It provides a history of Intel processors beginning in the 1940s. Key details include that Core i3 processors are multi-core, have integrated graphics, and allow for improved multi-tasking compared to earlier Intel processors. The document outlines features and specifications of Core i3 processors such as clock speed, cache size, and graphics capabilities. It describes applications and advantages such as improved performance but also notes some disadvantages like potential overheating.
My amazing journey from mainframes to smartphones chm lecture aug 2014 finalDileep Bhandarkar
Disruptive technologies have caused dramatic changes in computing technology for decades, often in unacknowledged ways. In this talk, Dr. Dileep Bhandarkar will paint a picture that puts these changes into perspective, and which shows how this series of disruptions have set a course that has evolved from the mainframe to the current smartphone, mobile and cloud computing world.
The Yellow Brick Road of Semiconductor Technology
The talk provides a historical perspective on how the computer industry has taken advantage of Moore's Law and how we got to the era of multi-core processors. The talk will also address some of the challenges facing the industry in the future.
My Feb 2003 HPCA9 Keynote Slides - Billion Transistor Processor ChipsDileep Bhandarkar
This document summarizes Dileep Bhandarkar's 2003 lecture on billion transistor processor chips of the future. It discusses how semiconductor technology has evolved due to Moore's Law, allowing transistor counts to double every two years. This will enable billion transistor chips within the next few years. It also outlines how processors are achieving performance gains through increased parallelism at the instruction, processor, and system level. Future many-core chips may integrate multiple processor cores on a single die to take advantage of parallelism.
A processor is multipurpose, programmable device that read binary instructions from memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to that instruction, and provides results as output. It can be viewed as data processing unit of a computer. It has computing and decision-making capability
My ISCA 2013 - 40th International Symposium on Computer Architecture KeynoteDileep Bhandarkar
Keynote speech delivered in Tel Aviv on 25 June 2013.
I had the privilege of being the first speaker at the First Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture in 1973. Over the last 40 years I have worked on PDP-11, VAX, MIPS, Alpha, x86, Itanium, and ARM processors and systems.
Moore’s Law has enabled computer architects to increase the pace of innovation and the development of microprocessors with new instruction sets.
In the 1970s, minicomputers from Digital Equipment Corporation, Data General and Hewlett Packard started to challenge IBM mainframes. The introduction of the 32-bit VAX-11/780 in 1978 was a landmark event. The single chip MicroVAX was introduced in 1985.
The IBM PC was introduced on August 12, 1981, followed by many IBM PC compatible machines from Compaq and others. This led to the tremendous growth of x86 processors from Intel and AMD. Today, the x86 processor dominate the computer industry.
In 1987, the introduction of RISC processors based on Sun’s SPARC architecture spawned the now famous RISC vs CISC debates. RISC processors from MIPS, IBM (Power, Power PC), and HP (PA-RISC) started to gain market share. This forced Digital to first adopt MIPS processors, and later introduce Alpha in 1992.
The RISC supremacy continued until the introduction of the first out of order x86 Pentium Pro processor in 1995, expanding the role of x86 into workstations and servers. The x86 architecture was extended to 64 bits by AMD in the Opteron processor in 2003, forcing Intel to launch its own compatible processor.
Disruptive technologies usually come from below. We have seen users migrate from mainframes to minicomputers to RISC workstations and servers to desktop PCs and PC servers to notebooks and tablets. Volume economics has driven the industry. The next wave will be the technology used in smart phones. With over a billion chips sold annually, this technology will appear in other platforms. Several companies have announced plans for ARM based servers.
Moore’s Law has also enabled computer architects to advance the sophistication of microprocessors. We will review some of the significant milestones leading from the first Intel 4004 to today’s state of the art processors.
Intel Microprocessors- a Top down ApproachEditor IJCATR
IBM is the world's largest manufacturer of computer chips. Although it has been challenged in recent years by
newcomers AMD and Cyrix, Intel still Predominate the market for PC microprocessors. Nearly all PCs are based on Intel's x86
architecture. IBM (International Business Machines)IBM (International Business Machines) is by far the world's largest information
technology company in terms of Gross ($88 billion in 2000) and by most other measures, a position it has held for about the past
50 years. IBM products include hardware and software for a line of business servers, storage products, custom-designed microchips,
and application software. Increasingly, IBM derives revenue from a range of consulting and outsourcing services. In this paper we
will compare different technologies of computer system, its processor and chips
The document summarizes the evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to 1999. It describes key microprocessors including the 4004, 8008, 8080, 8088, 286, 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Celeron. With each generation, transistors increased and features improved to enable more powerful personal computing. The Intel microprocessors established Intel as the dominant force in the PC market and fueled the growth of the personal computer industry.
This presentation provides an overview of Intel Corporation. It discusses Intel's history, founders, current CEO, strategic goals and products. Intel was founded in 1968 by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce and is now the world's largest semiconductor chip maker. Paul Otellini has served as Intel's CEO since 2005. The presentation describes Intel's core microprocessor lines including the Intel Core i5, i3 and i7 and differences between dual-core and Core 2 Duo processors. It provides details on Intel's key products such as microprocessors, flash memory and chipsets.
This document provides an overview of computer processors from first to sixth generations:
- First generation (1940s-1950s) used vacuum tubes and were large, expensive, and inefficient. Second generation (1950s-1960s) used transistors which made computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. Third generation (1960s-1970s) used integrated circuits, making computers even smaller and more efficient.
- Fourth generation (1970s-present) used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, enabling personal computers and widespread adoption. Languages advanced from machine code to languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, and C. Fifth generation (1980s-present) uses ULSI technology and focuses on artificial intelligence.
-
The document introduces Intel's new Core i7 processor. It claims the Core i7 is the fastest processor on the planet, up to 40% faster than the previous Core 2 Extreme processor. It is now available worldwide with broad support from OEMs and the industry. The Core i7 crosses a performance threshold and opens the door to new types of applications and usages.
The document discusses different types of processors made by Intel. It provides details on Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors which are designed for mainstream desktops and laptops. It also mentions Intel Celeron, Atom and Pentium processors which are more affordable and used in budget laptops and desktops. The document further discusses other Intel processors like Core 2 Duo, Xeon and Core Extreme which are used for more intensive workloads and applications.
The document discusses the Intel Core i7 processor. It provides details on:
- The Core i7 processor uses Intel's Nehalem microarchitecture and delivers four processing cores on a single chip. It has faster processing speeds and applies power efficiently.
- The Core i7 is the first processor to use the Nehalem microarchitecture. It delivers improved PC performance through features like Intel Turbo Boost and Intel Hyper-Threading technologies.
- The Core i7 has advantages like large cache size and fast processing speeds, but also has higher costs and power consumption compared to other processors.
The document summarizes AMD's mainstream desktop platform which is designed for Windows 7. It provides breakdowns of AMD Athlon II processors and 785G chipset featuring ATI Radeon HD 4200 graphics. It highlights the platform's breakthrough 45nm quad-core processors starting at $99, support for Windows 7 features like DX10.1, and energy efficiency technologies. Performance tests show the AMD platform outperforming comparable Intel configurations for digital media, 3D gaming, and multi-tasking workloads.
This document provides a historical overview of microprocessors and computer development. It discusses early mechanical calculators and how the advent of electricity led to programs being stored electronically using punched cards. It then summarizes the development of early general purpose computers like ENIAC and Colossus. The document outlines the development of early microprocessors like the Intel 4004 and the evolution of 8-bit and 16-bit processors like the Intel 8086. It discusses early programming languages and the creation of the first personal computers. Finally, it briefly mentions the development of 32-bit processors like the Intel 80386.
The document discusses the Intel Core i7 processor. It goes over the generations of Intel processors leading up to the Core i7. The Core i7 is Intel's fastest desktop processor, featuring quad-core processing, Intel Turbo Boost and Hyper-Threading technologies, and an integrated graphics processor. It provides powerful performance for multimedia tasks, gaming, and content creation. The Core i7 has advantages like a large shared cache and fast processing speeds while maintaining relatively low power consumption.
A motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that connects all the components like the CPU, memory, storage drives, and ports. It acts as the central hub and allows the components to communicate. Over time, motherboards have evolved from connecting components with wires to using printed circuit boards. Key developments in motherboards include the introduction of the microprocessor in the 1970s and major manufacturers like Intel planning to produce their own motherboards in the late 1990s.
The document is a seminar report on Intel Core i7 processors. It provides an overview of Intel's Core processor family and the evolution from earlier Pentium-based processors to the latest Core i7 microarchitecture. It discusses the key features and benefits of Core i7 processors such as their quad-core design, Intel Hyper-Threading technology, and Intel Turbo Boost. The report also compares the specifications and performance of Core i3, i5, and i7 processors.
Intel core i3, i5, i7 , core2 duo and atom processorsFadyMorris
This document provides an overview of Intel processor microarchitectures and brand families from Core to Ivy Bridge. It discusses the "tick-tock" model used by Intel to shrink process technology every other year. Key microarchitectures covered include Core, Nehalem, Sandy Bridge, and Ivy Bridge. It also summarizes Intel brand families like Core 2 Duo, Core i3/i5/i7, and Atom, comparing their features such as cores, cache sizes, and support for technologies like hyper-threading and turbo boost.
The document discusses the history and components of computer processors. It describes how processors are organized into generations based on improvements in architecture and functions. The key components of a processor that work together are the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, execution unit, branch predictor, floating point unit, cache and bus interface. Recent generations include integrated graphics capabilities, smaller manufacturing processes, and system on a chip designs.
Intel(R)Core(Tm)I7 Desktop Processor Product BriefOscar del Rio
The document provides an overview of Intel's Core i7 desktop processor. It delivers unmatched performance for demanding tasks like creating digital video and playing intense games. It features a quad-core design with Intel Hyper-Threading Technology to provide eight processing threads for massive computational throughput. The processor also features Intel Turbo Boost Technology to dynamically increase frequency for improved performance when needed.
Processors are the central processing units (CPUs) that enable computers to interact with applications and programs. A processor's clock speed determines how many instructions it can process per second. Common types include single-core, dual-core, and multi-core processors. While Intel and AMD are the leading manufacturers, their processors differ in clock speeds, socket types, and price-performance ratios.
This document discusses AMD processors and their history. It provides details about AMD's first in-house x86 processor (K5), the introduction of the Athlon processor in 1999, and AMD's development of 64-bit processors including the Opteron and Sempron. Pros of AMD processors include competitive gaming performance and integrated security features, while cons include limited memory compatibility and potential overheating issues in older models. The document recommends AMD for their competitive pricing and power efficiency.
The document discusses the history and types of microprocessors. It notes that the microprocessor was born out of reducing the word size of CPUs to fit logic circuits onto a single integrated circuit. It then discusses notable 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microprocessor designs from companies like Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments. The document also covers topics like RISC processors, multi-core processors, special-purpose microprocessors, and common microprocessor architectures.
Here are the key components of a motherboard:
- CPU - The central processing unit, usually located in a CPU socket. Processes instructions and performs calculations.
- RAM slots - Slots to insert RAM modules to provide short-term storage for programs and data being actively worked on.
- Expansion slots - Slots that accept add-on cards like graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, etc. Common types include PCI, PCIe, AGP.
- BIOS chip - Basic Input/Output System firmware that controls bootup and provides an interface to hardware.
- Chipset - Integrated circuits that connect the CPU and RAM to peripherals and expansion slots. Northbridge and southbridge
Intel Microprocessors- a Top down ApproachEditor IJCATR
IBM is the world's largest manufacturer of computer chips. Although it has been challenged in recent years by
newcomers AMD and Cyrix, Intel still Predominate the market for PC microprocessors. Nearly all PCs are based on Intel's x86
architecture. IBM (International Business Machines)IBM (International Business Machines) is by far the world's largest information
technology company in terms of Gross ($88 billion in 2000) and by most other measures, a position it has held for about the past
50 years. IBM products include hardware and software for a line of business servers, storage products, custom-designed microchips,
and application software. Increasingly, IBM derives revenue from a range of consulting and outsourcing services. In this paper we
will compare different technologies of computer system, its processor and chips
The document summarizes the evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to 1999. It describes key microprocessors including the 4004, 8008, 8080, 8088, 286, 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Celeron. With each generation, transistors increased and features improved to enable more powerful personal computing. The Intel microprocessors established Intel as the dominant force in the PC market and fueled the growth of the personal computer industry.
This presentation provides an overview of Intel Corporation. It discusses Intel's history, founders, current CEO, strategic goals and products. Intel was founded in 1968 by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce and is now the world's largest semiconductor chip maker. Paul Otellini has served as Intel's CEO since 2005. The presentation describes Intel's core microprocessor lines including the Intel Core i5, i3 and i7 and differences between dual-core and Core 2 Duo processors. It provides details on Intel's key products such as microprocessors, flash memory and chipsets.
This document provides an overview of computer processors from first to sixth generations:
- First generation (1940s-1950s) used vacuum tubes and were large, expensive, and inefficient. Second generation (1950s-1960s) used transistors which made computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. Third generation (1960s-1970s) used integrated circuits, making computers even smaller and more efficient.
- Fourth generation (1970s-present) used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, enabling personal computers and widespread adoption. Languages advanced from machine code to languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, and C. Fifth generation (1980s-present) uses ULSI technology and focuses on artificial intelligence.
-
The document introduces Intel's new Core i7 processor. It claims the Core i7 is the fastest processor on the planet, up to 40% faster than the previous Core 2 Extreme processor. It is now available worldwide with broad support from OEMs and the industry. The Core i7 crosses a performance threshold and opens the door to new types of applications and usages.
The document discusses different types of processors made by Intel. It provides details on Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors which are designed for mainstream desktops and laptops. It also mentions Intel Celeron, Atom and Pentium processors which are more affordable and used in budget laptops and desktops. The document further discusses other Intel processors like Core 2 Duo, Xeon and Core Extreme which are used for more intensive workloads and applications.
The document discusses the Intel Core i7 processor. It provides details on:
- The Core i7 processor uses Intel's Nehalem microarchitecture and delivers four processing cores on a single chip. It has faster processing speeds and applies power efficiently.
- The Core i7 is the first processor to use the Nehalem microarchitecture. It delivers improved PC performance through features like Intel Turbo Boost and Intel Hyper-Threading technologies.
- The Core i7 has advantages like large cache size and fast processing speeds, but also has higher costs and power consumption compared to other processors.
The document summarizes AMD's mainstream desktop platform which is designed for Windows 7. It provides breakdowns of AMD Athlon II processors and 785G chipset featuring ATI Radeon HD 4200 graphics. It highlights the platform's breakthrough 45nm quad-core processors starting at $99, support for Windows 7 features like DX10.1, and energy efficiency technologies. Performance tests show the AMD platform outperforming comparable Intel configurations for digital media, 3D gaming, and multi-tasking workloads.
This document provides a historical overview of microprocessors and computer development. It discusses early mechanical calculators and how the advent of electricity led to programs being stored electronically using punched cards. It then summarizes the development of early general purpose computers like ENIAC and Colossus. The document outlines the development of early microprocessors like the Intel 4004 and the evolution of 8-bit and 16-bit processors like the Intel 8086. It discusses early programming languages and the creation of the first personal computers. Finally, it briefly mentions the development of 32-bit processors like the Intel 80386.
The document discusses the Intel Core i7 processor. It goes over the generations of Intel processors leading up to the Core i7. The Core i7 is Intel's fastest desktop processor, featuring quad-core processing, Intel Turbo Boost and Hyper-Threading technologies, and an integrated graphics processor. It provides powerful performance for multimedia tasks, gaming, and content creation. The Core i7 has advantages like a large shared cache and fast processing speeds while maintaining relatively low power consumption.
A motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer that connects all the components like the CPU, memory, storage drives, and ports. It acts as the central hub and allows the components to communicate. Over time, motherboards have evolved from connecting components with wires to using printed circuit boards. Key developments in motherboards include the introduction of the microprocessor in the 1970s and major manufacturers like Intel planning to produce their own motherboards in the late 1990s.
The document is a seminar report on Intel Core i7 processors. It provides an overview of Intel's Core processor family and the evolution from earlier Pentium-based processors to the latest Core i7 microarchitecture. It discusses the key features and benefits of Core i7 processors such as their quad-core design, Intel Hyper-Threading technology, and Intel Turbo Boost. The report also compares the specifications and performance of Core i3, i5, and i7 processors.
Intel core i3, i5, i7 , core2 duo and atom processorsFadyMorris
This document provides an overview of Intel processor microarchitectures and brand families from Core to Ivy Bridge. It discusses the "tick-tock" model used by Intel to shrink process technology every other year. Key microarchitectures covered include Core, Nehalem, Sandy Bridge, and Ivy Bridge. It also summarizes Intel brand families like Core 2 Duo, Core i3/i5/i7, and Atom, comparing their features such as cores, cache sizes, and support for technologies like hyper-threading and turbo boost.
The document discusses the history and components of computer processors. It describes how processors are organized into generations based on improvements in architecture and functions. The key components of a processor that work together are the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, execution unit, branch predictor, floating point unit, cache and bus interface. Recent generations include integrated graphics capabilities, smaller manufacturing processes, and system on a chip designs.
Intel(R)Core(Tm)I7 Desktop Processor Product BriefOscar del Rio
The document provides an overview of Intel's Core i7 desktop processor. It delivers unmatched performance for demanding tasks like creating digital video and playing intense games. It features a quad-core design with Intel Hyper-Threading Technology to provide eight processing threads for massive computational throughput. The processor also features Intel Turbo Boost Technology to dynamically increase frequency for improved performance when needed.
Processors are the central processing units (CPUs) that enable computers to interact with applications and programs. A processor's clock speed determines how many instructions it can process per second. Common types include single-core, dual-core, and multi-core processors. While Intel and AMD are the leading manufacturers, their processors differ in clock speeds, socket types, and price-performance ratios.
This document discusses AMD processors and their history. It provides details about AMD's first in-house x86 processor (K5), the introduction of the Athlon processor in 1999, and AMD's development of 64-bit processors including the Opteron and Sempron. Pros of AMD processors include competitive gaming performance and integrated security features, while cons include limited memory compatibility and potential overheating issues in older models. The document recommends AMD for their competitive pricing and power efficiency.
The document discusses the history and types of microprocessors. It notes that the microprocessor was born out of reducing the word size of CPUs to fit logic circuits onto a single integrated circuit. It then discusses notable 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microprocessor designs from companies like Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments. The document also covers topics like RISC processors, multi-core processors, special-purpose microprocessors, and common microprocessor architectures.
Here are the key components of a motherboard:
- CPU - The central processing unit, usually located in a CPU socket. Processes instructions and performs calculations.
- RAM slots - Slots to insert RAM modules to provide short-term storage for programs and data being actively worked on.
- Expansion slots - Slots that accept add-on cards like graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, etc. Common types include PCI, PCIe, AGP.
- BIOS chip - Basic Input/Output System firmware that controls bootup and provides an interface to hardware.
- Chipset - Integrated circuits that connect the CPU and RAM to peripherals and expansion slots. Northbridge and southbridge
Microprocessors have evolved significantly since their invention in the 1970s. Starting with early chips like the 4004 and 8008, microprocessors powered the computer revolution and are now found in most electronic devices. Advancements led to increased processing power and capabilities over generations. Modern microprocessors use 64-bit architecture and are found not just in computers but also appliances, vehicles, phones, and other consumer products, demonstrating the wide proliferation and impact of these fundamental computing components.
The document discusses the history of microprocessors from 1971 to present. It begins with the Intel 4004, the first commercially available microprocessor with 2300 transistors. Important subsequent microprocessors discussed include the Intel 8008, 8080, 8085, Pentium, and Core 2. The document explains the basic components of a microprocessor including the ALU, register array, and control unit. It describes how a microprocessor works by fetching, decoding, and executing instructions from memory.
The document provides a history and overview of computer processors. It discusses how the first microprocessor was developed by Intel in 1971 and led to advances in personal computers. It then describes key aspects of processors like the central processing unit, specifications such as speed and memory cache. It lists major manufacturers and generations of processors from Intel and AMD. It also explains desktop processors over time from these companies and characteristics of different Intel Core processor generations.
The document discusses the history and architecture of Intel processors including the i3 processor. It describes the Nehalem architecture that the i3 is based on, which improved on earlier Core architectures by establishing direct point-to-point communication between cores and memory. The document provides a detailed timeline of Intel processors from the 4004 in 1971 to the Sandy Bridge in 2011, noting improvements in performance, transistor count, and features with each generation. It focuses on the i3 processor and describes its 64-bit architecture and three main designs including the Nehalem.
1. Intel had lost significant market share in the DRAM business by 1984 as Japanese competitors improved their process technology and reduced costs faster than Intel. Intel struggled to transition to smaller geometries like the 64K generation.
2. Intel attempted to differentiate its DRAMs by transitioning to CMOS technology and implementing redundancy techniques, but these efforts did not stop the decline in market share.
3. With NMOS DRAM prices falling rapidly in 1984, Intel was left with less than 4% of the 256K market and no presence in 64K DRAMs. Management debated whether to exit DRAMs entirely or pursue licensing and partnership options to regain leadership in the 1-megabit generation.
The document traces the history and development of microprocessors from 1971 to the present. It begins with the Intel 4004, the first commercial microprocessor released in 1971. Important subsequent microprocessors included the Intel 8080 in 1974 and 8085 in 1977. The Pentium brand was introduced in 1993 and included 64-bit x86 instruction sets. The Core 2 brand from 2006 featured single, dual, and quad-core processors. The document also provides basic explanations of how microprocessors work and their components like the ALU, registers, and control unit.
Evolution of Computing Microprocessors and SoCsazmathmoosa
The document discusses the evolution of microprocessors from the early 4004 chip in 1969 to modern multi-core processors. It highlights several generations of Intel x86 processors including the 4004, 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, and later processors using the Core microarchitecture. Each new generation brought improvements like higher clock speeds, additional instructions sets, and architectural changes like pipelining to improve performance. The Pentium 4 introduced the NetBurst microarchitecture with a 20-stage pipeline and new capabilities like hyperthreading.
The document outlines the evolution of microprocessors over 5 generations from 1971 to present. It discusses the major developments including the introduction of the first microprocessor by Intel in 1971. Subsequent generations brought improvements like 8-bit processors in the second generation, 16-bit processors in the third, and 32-bit processors in the fourth generation. The fifth generation emphasized 64-bit processors and improvements in speed and on-chip functionality.
The microprocessor is the brain of the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Microprocessor is an engine which can compute various operations fabricated on a single chip. The internal architecture of microprocessor determines what operations can be performed and how it can be performed.it will be popularly produced by 2 main brands INTEL and AMD.these are the companies now full of world.many of them are only buy a product depend upon processor.and its a fourth generation of computers.
The document discusses the history and specifications of the AMD K6 processor. It was launched in 1997 to compete with Intel's Pentium CPU. The K6 was based on NexGen's 686 core and was compatible with existing motherboard chipsets. It offered comparable or better performance than Intel CPUs at a lower price. The K6 had features like a 32KB cache, MMX technology, and clock speeds up to 300MHz.
This document discusses integrated circuits and microprocessors. It begins by defining an integrated circuit as a set of electronic circuits on a semiconductor substrate and notes they are used in virtually all electronics. It then covers the invention of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, types of integrated circuits including analog, digital and mixed signal, and the advantages of integrated circuits like lower cost and power. The document proceeds to discuss the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 in 1971 to today's multi-core processors. It also outlines Moore's Law predicting transistor counts would double every year or two and how System on Chips are now commonly used in smartphones.
This document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to present. It discusses each generation from the 4004 (4-bit) to the latest Intel i7 processors. Key details provided on each generation include the year of introduction, processing capabilities, memory capacity, and technological improvements over previous versions. The document shows how Intel microprocessors have progressed from 4-bit to 32-bit and 64-bit capabilities, with increasing speeds, memory capacity, and additional features with each new generation.
The document discusses the evolution of computers from the 1960s to the 1980s, including key innovations and models. It describes how third generation computers began using integrated circuits and semiconductor memory. Major developments included the IBM System 360 mainframe in 1964, the Intel 4004 microprocessor in 1971 which led to personal computers, and the IBM PC in 1981 which popularized the use of microcomputers. The document provides details on several important computer models from each generation.
The document compares several Intel microprocessors: the 8086, 386, 486, and Pentium II. It provides details on the architecture and features of each. The 8086 was a 16-bit processor that could address 1 Mb of memory. The 386 was Intel's first 32-bit processor and included memory management features. The 486 was also 32-bit and added an on-chip cache. The Pentium II was a higher performance processor that incorporated the Pentium Pro architecture and Intel MMX technology.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers presented by Mrs. C. Kalieswari. It begins with definitions of a microprocessor as a CPU built on a single chip that takes binary input, performs arithmetic and logical operations according to a stored program, and provides output. Block diagrams and histories of early 4-bit and 8-bit microprocessors like the Intel 4004 and 8008 are presented. The evolution of microprocessors to 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit designs is summarized. Processor architectures including Von Neumann, Harvard, and super Harvard are defined. Finally, the topics to be covered in the unit on the 8085 processor are listed.
This document provides an introduction to the course "Computer Architecture" taught at Complutense University of Madrid. It discusses the following key points in 3 paragraphs or less:
1) It outlines the various levels of computer description that are studied in the course, from the application level down to the circuit level.
2) It provides a brief historical perspective on computer generations from the first generation using vacuum tubes to modern microprocessor-based systems.
3) It discusses some of the main topics that will be covered in the course, including processor architecture, memory organization, I/O systems, multiprocessors, and interconnection networks.
this presentation is a great to deliver in classrooms, stage or also can be used to deliver lecture on "Evolution of processor".
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this ppt contains evolution not only on the basis of generations but also on the basis of their invention.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Constructing Your Course Container for Effective Communication
L15 micro evlutn
1. Microprocessor Evolution:
4004 to Pentium-4
Joel Emer
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Based on the material prepared by
Krste Asanovic and Arvind
November 2, 2005
2. 6.823 L15- 2
First Microprocessor
Emer
Intel 4004, 1971
• 4-bit
accumulator
architecture
Image removed due to copyright
restrictions. • 8µm pMOS
To view image, visit • 2,300 transistors
http://news.com.com/Images+Moores+L
• 3 x 4 mm2
aw+turns+40/2009-1041_3-5649019-
5.html • 750kHz clock
• 8-16 cycles/inst.
November 2, 2005
3. 6.823 L15- 3
Emer
Microprocessors in the Seventies
Initial target was embedded control
• First micro, 4-bit 4004 from Intel, designed for a
desktop printing calculator
Constrained by what could fit on single chip
• Single accumulator architectures
8-bit micros used in hobbyist personal computers
• Micral, Altair, TRS-80, Apple-II
Little impact on conventional computer market
until VISICALC spreadsheet for Apple-II (6502,
1MHz)
• First “killer” business application for personal
computers
November 2, 2005
4. 6.823 L15- 4
Emer
DRAM in the Seventies
Dramatic progress in MOSFET memory
technology
1970, Intel introduces first DRAM (1Kbit
1103)
1979, Fujitsu introduces 64Kbit DRAM
=> By mid-Seventies, obvious that PCs
would soon have > 64KBytes physical
memory
November 2, 2005
5. 6.823 L15- 5
Emer
Microprocessor Evolution
Rapid progress in size and speed through 70s
– Fueled by advances in MOSFET technology and expanding markets
Intel i432
– Most ambitious seventies’ micro; started in 1975 - released 1981
– 32-bit capability-based object-oriented architecture
– Instructions variable number of bits long
– Severe performance, complexity, and usability problems
Motorola 68000 (1979, 8MHz, 68,000 transistors)
– Heavily microcoded (and nanocoded)
– 32-bit general purpose register architecture (24 address pins)
– 8 address registers, 8 data registers
Intel 8086 (1978, 8MHz, 29,000 transistors)
– “Stopgap” 16-bit processor, architected in 10 weeks
– Extended accumulator architecture, assembly-compatible with 8080
– 20-bit addressing through segmented addressing scheme
November 2, 2005
6. 6.823 L15- 6
Intel 8086 Emer
Class Register Purpose
Data: AX,BX “general” purpose
CX string and loop ops only
DX mult/div and I/O only
Address: SP stack pointer
BP base pointer (can also use BX)
SI,DI index registers
Segment: CS code segment
SS stack segment
DS data segment
ES extra segment
Control: IP instruction pointer (low 16 bit of PC)
FLAGS C, Z, N, B, P, V and 3 control bits
• Typical format R <= R op M[X], many addressing modes
• Not a GPR organization!
November 2, 2005
7. IBM PC, 1981
6.823 L15- 7
Emer
Hardware
• Team from IBM building PC prototypes in 1979
• Motorola 68000 chosen initially, but 68000 was late
• IBM builds “stopgap” prototypes using 8088 boards from
Display Writer word processor
• 8088 is 8-bit bus version of 8086 => allows cheaper system
• Estimated sales of 250,000
• 100,000,000s sold
Software
• Microsoft negotiates to provide OS for IBM. Later buys and
modifies QDOS from Seattle Computer Products.
Open System
• Standard processor, Intel 8088
• Standard interfaces
• Standard OS, MS-DOS
• IBM permits cloning and third-party software
November 2, 2005
8. The Eighties:
6.823 L15- 8
Emer
Personal Computer Revolution
Personal computer market emerges
– Huge business and consumer market for spreadsheets, word
processing and games
– Based on inexpensive 8-bit and 16-bit micros: Zilog Z80, Mostek
6502, Intel 8088/86, …
Minicomputers replaced by workstations
– Distributed network computing and high-performance graphics for
scientific and engineering applications (Sun, Apollo, HP,…)
– Based on powerful 32-bit microprocessors with virtual memory,
caches, pipelined execution, hardware floating-point
– Commercial RISC processors developed for workstation market
Massively Parallel Processors (MPPs) appear
– Use many cheap micros to approach supercomputer performance
(Sequent, Intel, Parsytec)
November 2, 2005
9. 6.823 L15- 9
The Nineties Emer
Advanced superscalar microprocessors appear
• first superscalar microprocessor is IBM POWER in 1990
MPPs have limited success in supercomputing market
• Highest-end mainframes and vector supercomputers survive
“killer micro” onslaught
64-bit addressing becomes essential at high-end
• In 2004, 4GB DRAM costs <$1,000
Parallel microprocessor-based SMPs take over low-end server
and supercomputer market
Workstation and PC markets merge
• By late ‘90s (except for Apple PowerPC-based systems) RISC
vendors have tiny share of desktop market
• CISC x86 ISA thrives!
November 2, 2005
10. Intel Pentium 4 (2000)
6.823 L15- 10
Emer
Image removed due to copyright restrictions.
To view image, visit http://www-
vlsi.stanford.edu/group/chips_micropro_body.html
This lecture contains figures and data taken from: “The microarchitecture of the
Pentium 4 processor”, Intel Technology Journal, Q1, 2001
November 2, 2005
11. 6.823 L15- 11
Pentium 4 uOPs
Emer
• During L1 instruction cache refill, translates complex
x86 instructions into RISC-like micro-operations (uops)
– e.g., “R Å R op Mem” translates into
load T, Mem # Load from Mem into temp reg
R Å R op T # Operate using value in temp
• Execute uops using speculative out-of-order superscalar
engine with register renaming
• uop translation introduced in Pentium Pro family
architecture (P6 family) in 1995
– also used on Pentium-II and Pentium-III processors, and new
Pentium M (Centrino) processors
November 2, 2005
12. 6.823 L15- 12
Instruction Set Translation: Emer
Convert a target ISA into a host machine’s ISA
• Pentium Pro (P6 family)
– translation in hardware after instruction fetch
– also used in AMD x86 processors
• Pentium-4 family
– translation in hardware at level 1 instruction
cache refill
• Transmeta Crusoe
– translation in software using “Code Morphing”
(see lecture 24)
November 2, 2005
13. Pentium 4 Block Diagram
6.823 L15- 13
Emer
System Bus
Level 1 Data Cache
Bus Unit
Execution Units
Level 2 Cache
INTEGER AND FP
MEMORY SUBSYSTEM EXECUTION UNITS
Trace Cache Out-of-Order
Fetch/Decode Microcode Execution Retirement
ROM Logic
Branch History Update
BTB/Branch Prediction
FRONT END OUT-OF-ORDER ENGINE
November 2, 2005 Figure by MIT OCW.
14. 6.823 L15- 14
Pentium 4 Front End
Emer
L2 Cache
x86 instructions, Inst. Prefetch & Front End BTB
8 Bytes/cycle TLB (4K Entries)
Fetch Buffer
Single x86 instruction/cycle
x86 Decoder Translation from x86
instructions to internal uops
4 uops/cycle
only happens on trace cache
Trace Cache Fill Buffer miss, one x86 instruction per
6 uops/line cycle.
Translations are cached in
Trace Cache (12K uops) trace cache.
November 2, 2005
15. 6.823 L15- 15
Trace Cache
Emer
Key Idea: Pack multiple non-contiguous basic
blocks into one contiguous trace cache line
BR BR BR
BR BR BR
• Single fetch brings in multiple basic blocks
• Trace cache indexed by start address and next n branch
predictions
November 2, 2005
16. 6.823 L15- 16
Pentium 4 Trace Cache
Emer
• Holds decoded uops in predicted program flow order, 6
uops per line
Code in memory
cmp
br T1
...
Code packed in trace cache
T1: sub (6 uops/line)
br T2
...
cmp br T1 sub
T2: mov
br T2 mov sub
sub
br T3
br T3 add sub
...
mov br T4 T4:...
T3: add
sub
mov Trace cache fetches one 6 uop line
br T4
every 2 CPU clock cycles (runs at 1/2
...
T4:
main CPU rate)
November 2, 2005
17. 6.823 L15- 17
Trace Cache Advantages Emer
• Removes x86 decode from branch mispredict penalty
– Parallel x86 decoder took 2.5 cycles in P6, would be 5 cycles in P-4
design
• Allows higher fetch bandwidth fetch for correctly predicted
taken branches
– P6 had one cycle bubble for correctly predicted taken branches
– P-4 can fetch a branch and its target in same cycle
• Saves energy
– x86 decoder only powered up on trace cache refill
November 2, 2005
19. 6.823 L15- 19
Line Prediction
Emer
(Alpha 21[234]64)
Instr
Cache
Branch
Predictor
Line PC
Predictor Calc
Return
Stack
Indirect
Branch
Predictor
• Line Predictor predicts line to fetch each cycle
– 21464 was to predict 2 lines per cycle
• Icache fetches block, and predictors predict target
• PC Calc checks accuracy of line prediction(s)
November 2, 2005
20. P-III vs. P-4 Renaming 6.823 L15- 20
Emer
1 TC Next IP
2 (BTB)
3 ROB
RF ROB
TC Fetch Data Status
4 Data Status
Frontend RAT
5 Drive EAX
EBX
6 Alloc RAT
ECX
EDX
7 EAX ESL
Rename EBX
ECX
EDL
ESP
8 EDX EBP
ESL
9 Queue EDL
ESP
Retirement RAT
EBP EAX
10 Schedule 1 EBX
ECX
EDX
11 Schedule 2 RRF ESL
EDL
12 Schedule 3 ESP
EBP
13 Dispatch 1
14 Dispatch 2 Pentium R III NetBurstTM
15 Register File 1
Figure by MIT OCW.
16 Register File 2
17 Execute P-4 physical register file separated from ROB status.
ROB entries allocated sequentially as in P6 family.
18 Flags
One of 128 physical registers allocated from free list.
19 Branch Check
No data movement on retire, only Retirement RAT
20 Drive updated.
November 2, 2005
21. 6.823 L15- 21
P-4 mOp Queues and Schedulers Emer
1 TC Next IP
Allocated/Renamed uops
2 (BTB)
3 3 uops/cycle
TC Fetch
4
5 Drive Memory uop Arithmetic
6 Alloc Queue uop Queue
7
Rename
8
9 Queue Fast
10 Schedule 1 Memory Fast
Scheduler General Simple FP
11 Schedule 2 Scheduler Scheduler
(x2) Scheduler Scheduler
12 Schedule 3 (x2)
13 Dispatch 1
14 Dispatch 2
15 Register File 1
16 Register File 2 Ready uops compete for dispatch ports
17 Execute
18 Flags (Fast schedulers can each dispatch 2 ALU
operations per cycle)
19 Branch Check
20 Drive
November 2, 2005
22. 6.823 L15- 22
P-4 Execution Ports Emer
Exec Port 0 Exec Port 1 Load Port Store Port
ALU ALU Integer Memory Memory
(double FP Move (double FP Execute
Operation Load Store
speed) speed)
Add/Sub FP/SSE Move Add/Sub Shift/Rotate FP/SSE-Add All Loads Store Address
Logic FP/SSE Store FP/SSE-Mul LEA
Store Data FXCH FP/SSE-Div SW Prefetch
Branches MMX
Figure by MIT OCW.
• Schedulers compete for access to execution ports
• Loads and stores have dedicated ports
• ALUs can execute two operations per cycle
• Peak bandwidth of 6 uops per cycle
– load, store, plus four double-pumped ALU operations
November 2, 2005
23. 6.823 L15- 23
P-4 Fast ALUs and Bypass Path
Emer
Register
File and
Bypass
Network
L1 Data
Cache
• Fast ALUs and bypass network runs at twice global clock speed
• All “non-essential” circuit paths handled out of loop to reduce circuit
loading (shifts, mults/divs, branches, flag/ops)
• Other bypassing takes multiple clock cycles
November 2, 2005
24. 6.823 L15- 24
P-4 Staggered ALU Design
Emer
• Staggers 32-bit add and flag
compare into three 1/2 cycle
phases
– low 16 bits
– high 16 bits
– flag checks
• Bypass 16 bits around every ½
cycle
– back-to-back dependent 32-bit
adds at 3GHz in 0.18mm
(7.2GHz in 90nm)
• L1 Data Cache access starts
with bottom 16 bits as index,
top 16 bits used as tag check
later
November 2, 2005
25. 6.823 L15- 25
P-4 Load Schedule Speculation Emer
1
TC Next IP
2
3
TC Fetch
4
5 Drive
6 Alloc
7
Rename
8
9 Queue
10 Schedule 1 Long delay from
11 Schedule 2 schedulers to load
12 Schedule 3 hit/miss
13 Dispatch 1
14 Dispatch 2 • P-4 guesses that load will hit in L1 and
15 Register File 1 schedules dependent operations to use value
16 Register File 2
• If load misses, only dependent operations are
17 Load Execute 1
replayed
18 Load Execute 2
19 Branch Check
20 Drive
November 2, 2005
27. 6.823 L15- 27
Tournament Branch Predictor Emer
(Alpha 21264)
Local Global Prediction
history Local (4,096x2b)
table prediction
(1,024x10b (1,024x3b)
)
Choice Prediction
PC (4,096x2b)
Prediction Global History (12b)
• Choice predictor learns whether best to use local or global
branch history in predicting next branch
• Global history is speculatively updated but restored on
mispredict
• Claim 90-100% success on range of applications
November 2, 2005
28. 6.823 L15- 28
P-III vs. P-4 Pipelines Emer
Basic Pentium R III Processor Misprediction Pipeline
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Fetch Fetch Decode Decode Decode Rename ROB Rd Rdy/Sch Dispatch Exec
Basic Pentium R 4 Processor Misprediction Pipeline
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
TC Nxt IP TC Fetch Drive Alloc Rename Que Sch Sch Sch Disp Disp RF RF Ex Flgs Br Ck Drive
Figure by MIT OCW.
• In same process technology, ~1.5x clock frequency
• Performance Equation:
Time = Instructions * Cycles * Time
Program Program Instruction Cycle
November 2, 2005
29. 6.823 L15- 29
Deep Pipeline Design
Emer
Greater potential throughput but:
• Clock uncertainty and latch delays eat into cycle time
budget
– doubling pipeline depth gives less than twice frequency improvement
• Clock load and power increases
– more latches running at higher frequencies
• More complicated microarchitecture needed to cover long
branch mispredict penalties and cache miss penalties
– from Little’s Law, need more instructions in flight to cover longer
latencies Î larger reorder buffers
• P-4 has three major clock domains
– Double pumped ALU (3 GHz), small critical area at highest speed
– Main CPU pipeline (1.5 GHz in 0.18µm)
– Trace cache (0.75 GHz), save power
November 2, 2005
30. 6.823 L15- 30
Scaling of Wire Delay
Emer
• Over time, transistors are getting relatively faster than
long wires
– wire resistance growing dramatically with shrinking width and height
– capacitance roughly fixed for constant length wire
– RC delays of fixed length wire rising
• Chips are getting bigger
– P-4 >2x size of P-III
• Clock frequency rising faster than transistor speed
– deeper pipelines, fewer logic gates per cycle
– more advanced circuit designs (each gate goes faster)
⇒ Takes multiple cycles for signal to cross chip
November 2, 2005
32. P-4 Microarchitecture
6.823 L15- 32
Emer
Instruction TLB/ 64 bits wide
Front-End BTB
(4K Entries) Prefetcher
System Bus
Instruction Decoder Microcode
ROM
Trace Cache BTB
(512 Entries) Trace Cache (12K µops) µop Queue
Quad
Pumped
Allocator/Register Renamer 3.2 GB/s
Memory µop Queue Integer/Floating Point µop Queue
Bus
Interface
Memory Scheduler Fast Slow/General FP Scheduler Simple FP
Unit
Integer Register File/Bypass Network FP Register/Bypass
AGU AGU 2x ALU 2x ALU Slow ALU FP
MMX FP L2 Cache
Load Store Simple Simple Complex SSE Move (256K byte
Address Address Instr. Instr. Instr. SSE2 8-way)
48 GB/s
L1 Data Cache (8Kbyte 4-way)
256 bits
Figure by MIT OCW.
November 2, 2005
33. 6.823 L15- 33
Microarchitecture Comparison
Emer
In-Order Out-of-Order
Execution Execution
Fetch Br. Pred. Fetch Br. Pred.
In-Order
Decode Resolve Decode Resolve
In-Order
Out-of-Order
Execute ROB Execute
In-Order
Commit Commit
• Speculative fetch but not • Speculative execution, with
speculative execution - branches resolved after later
branch resolves before instructions complete
later instructions complete
• Completed values held in rename
• Completed values held in registers in ROB or unified physical
bypass network until register file until commit
commit
• Both styles of machine can use same branch predictors in front-end fetch
pipeline, and both can execute multiple instructions per cycle
• Common to have 10-30 pipeline stages in either style of design
November 2, 2005
34. 6.823 L15- 34
MIPS R10000 (1995) Emer
• 0.35µm CMOS, 4 metal layers
• Four instructions per cycle
• Out-of-order execution
• Register renaming
• Speculative execution past 4
branches
• On-chip 32KB/32KB split I/D
Image removed due to copyright cache, 2-way set-associative
restrictions.
• Off-chip L2 cache
To view the image, visit http://www-
vlsi.stanford.edu/group/chips_micropro_ • Non-blocking caches
body.html
Compare with simple 5-stage
pipeline (R5K series)
• ~1.6x performance SPECint95
• ~5x CPU logic area
• ~10x design effort
November 2, 2005