This document provides an overview of computer processors from first to sixth generations:
- First generation (1940s-1950s) used vacuum tubes and were large, expensive, and inefficient. Second generation (1950s-1960s) used transistors which made computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. Third generation (1960s-1970s) used integrated circuits, making computers even smaller and more efficient.
- Fourth generation (1970s-present) used microprocessors and VLSI circuits, enabling personal computers and widespread adoption. Languages advanced from machine code to languages like COBOL, FORTRAN, and C. Fifth generation (1980s-present) uses ULSI technology and focuses on artificial intelligence.
-
Case study on Intel core i3 processor. Mauryasuraj98
The document discusses the Intel Core i3 processor. It provides a history of Intel processors beginning in the 1940s. Key details include that Core i3 processors are multi-core, have integrated graphics, and allow for improved multi-tasking compared to earlier Intel processors. The document outlines features and specifications of Core i3 processors such as clock speed, cache size, and graphics capabilities. It describes applications and advantages such as improved performance but also notes some disadvantages like potential overheating.
The document discusses the specifications and technologies of the Intel Core i5-3550S processor. It uses the Ivy Bridge microarchitecture with a 22nm process. It has 4 cores with 4 threads each, supports up to 32GB of RAM, and has cache memory including a shared 8MB L3 cache. It supports many Intel technologies like Turbo Boost, Hyper-Threading, Virtualization, and AES-NI.
An i5 processor has either 2 or 4 cores, depending on the model. It provides the ability to perform multitasking by running two processor cores simultaneously. The turbo boost technology allows the i5 processor to increase its processing speed to handle intensive applications more efficiently. Compared to the i3 processor, the i5 has a higher clock speed and larger cache size, making it better suited for running more demanding tasks.
This document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 in 1971 to the Pentium 4 in 2001. It describes each processor model, highlighting their key characteristics like transistor count, clock speed, and architectural improvements. Over 30 years there was a 104x increase in transistor count and clock frequency, showing the exponential growth in computing power and scaling of Intel's microprocessor technology.
This document discusses Intel processors, including the i3, i5, and i7. It introduces each processor and provides an overview of their key features. For each processor, the document also lists examples of models that are available.
A processor is multipurpose, programmable device that read binary instructions from memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to that instruction, and provides results as output. It can be viewed as data processing unit of a computer. It has computing and decision-making capability
This presentation summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from mechanical to electrical to microprocessor ages. It discusses early mechanical calculators like the abacus. The first electronic computers included the Z3 in 1941 and ENIAC in 1946. Major early microprocessors included the Intel 4004 in 1971, the first microchip. Later microprocessors like the Intel 8085, 8086, 80386, 80486 and Pentium increased processing power and memory capacity. The presentation provides details on the specifications and impact of these processors in driving technology forward.
FPGAs were introduced in 1984 as a programmable alternative to PLDs. They fill the gap between discrete logic and smaller PLDs on the low end and more expensive ASICs on the high end. The basic elements of an FPGA are configurable logic blocks (CLBs), configurable I/O blocks (IOBs), and a programmable interconnect. FPGAs from vendors like Xilinx and Altera have a regular architecture of CLBs surrounded by IOBs and connected via a hierarchy of programmable interconnects.
Case study on Intel core i3 processor. Mauryasuraj98
The document discusses the Intel Core i3 processor. It provides a history of Intel processors beginning in the 1940s. Key details include that Core i3 processors are multi-core, have integrated graphics, and allow for improved multi-tasking compared to earlier Intel processors. The document outlines features and specifications of Core i3 processors such as clock speed, cache size, and graphics capabilities. It describes applications and advantages such as improved performance but also notes some disadvantages like potential overheating.
The document discusses the specifications and technologies of the Intel Core i5-3550S processor. It uses the Ivy Bridge microarchitecture with a 22nm process. It has 4 cores with 4 threads each, supports up to 32GB of RAM, and has cache memory including a shared 8MB L3 cache. It supports many Intel technologies like Turbo Boost, Hyper-Threading, Virtualization, and AES-NI.
An i5 processor has either 2 or 4 cores, depending on the model. It provides the ability to perform multitasking by running two processor cores simultaneously. The turbo boost technology allows the i5 processor to increase its processing speed to handle intensive applications more efficiently. Compared to the i3 processor, the i5 has a higher clock speed and larger cache size, making it better suited for running more demanding tasks.
This document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 4004 in 1971 to the Pentium 4 in 2001. It describes each processor model, highlighting their key characteristics like transistor count, clock speed, and architectural improvements. Over 30 years there was a 104x increase in transistor count and clock frequency, showing the exponential growth in computing power and scaling of Intel's microprocessor technology.
This document discusses Intel processors, including the i3, i5, and i7. It introduces each processor and provides an overview of their key features. For each processor, the document also lists examples of models that are available.
A processor is multipurpose, programmable device that read binary instructions from memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to that instruction, and provides results as output. It can be viewed as data processing unit of a computer. It has computing and decision-making capability
This presentation summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from mechanical to electrical to microprocessor ages. It discusses early mechanical calculators like the abacus. The first electronic computers included the Z3 in 1941 and ENIAC in 1946. Major early microprocessors included the Intel 4004 in 1971, the first microchip. Later microprocessors like the Intel 8085, 8086, 80386, 80486 and Pentium increased processing power and memory capacity. The presentation provides details on the specifications and impact of these processors in driving technology forward.
FPGAs were introduced in 1984 as a programmable alternative to PLDs. They fill the gap between discrete logic and smaller PLDs on the low end and more expensive ASICs on the high end. The basic elements of an FPGA are configurable logic blocks (CLBs), configurable I/O blocks (IOBs), and a programmable interconnect. FPGAs from vendors like Xilinx and Altera have a regular architecture of CLBs surrounded by IOBs and connected via a hierarchy of programmable interconnects.
The document discusses the history and specifications of Intel Pentium processors from 1993 to the present. It describes the original Pentium processor and subsequent models including the Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium IV. It also discusses dual-core and Core 2 Duo processors, and provides details on the different Intel Core i3, i5, and i7 processors.
The document provides an overview of Intel Core i3, i5, i7, and i9 processors. It discusses the key features of each processor type, including the number of cores, cache size, clock speeds, and advantages and disadvantages. The core i3 is a dual-core processor with 3-4MB of cache and speeds up to 3.5GHz. The core i5 is a dual-core or quad-core processor with cache sizes from 3-6MB and speeds up to 3.8GHz. The core i7 has 4-8 cores with larger cache sizes and speeds up to 3.7GHz. The high-end core i9 was introduced in 2018 with up to 18 cores, large
A processor receives input and provides output, handling calculations rapidly. Processors have cores that read and execute instructions, with more cores enabling more simultaneous tasks. The Core i3 is Intel's entry-level dual-core processor for desktops and laptops, while the Core i5 is the mid-range option with either dual or quad cores. Key differences are that i5 processors have higher clock speeds, support for hyper-threading, larger caches, and Intel Turbo Boost technology.
The document discusses the Intel Core i7 processor. It has the following key points:
1. The Core i7 is a quad-core desktop processor using the Intel Nehalem microarchitecture.
2. It uses the LGA1366 socket and supports DDR3 RAM via an on-die memory controller.
3. The front-side bus is replaced by the faster QuickPath Interconnect for communication with the chipset.
This document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to present. It discusses each generation from the 4004 (4-bit) to the latest Intel i7 processors. Key details provided on each generation include the year of introduction, processing capabilities, memory capacity, and technological improvements over previous versions. The document shows how Intel microprocessors have progressed from 4-bit to 32-bit and 64-bit capabilities, with increasing speeds, memory capacity, and additional features with each new generation.
The document discusses different types of processors made by Intel. It provides details on Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors which are designed for mainstream desktops and laptops. It also mentions Intel Celeron, Atom and Pentium processors which are more affordable and used in budget laptops and desktops. The document further discusses other Intel processors like Core 2 Duo, Xeon and Core Extreme which are used for more intensive workloads and applications.
The document provides information about Intel Core i5 processors. It discusses the Intel processor architecture roadmap and focuses on four microarchitectures: NetBurst, Core, Nehalem, and Sandy Bridge. It then discusses key aspects of Core i5 processors, including their quad-core structure, specifications like clock speeds and cache sizes, and features like Turbo Boost and integrated graphics. The document compares Core i5 to other Intel processors and highlights important factors to consider like core counts, cache sizes, and performance differences between processor lines.
This is our computer architecture and organization presentation. The presentation topic is Intel core-i3-processors.
Hope you enjoy it...
Intel® Core™ i3-9300T Processor (8M Cache, Up to 3.80 GHz)
8 MB Intel® Smart Cache Cache.
4 Cores.
4 Threads.
3.80 GHz Max Turbo Frequency.
T - Power-optimized lifestyle.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It discusses 6 types of instructions supported: 1) data transfer instructions, 2) arithmetic instructions, 3) logical instructions, 4) string manipulation instructions, 5) process control instructions, and 6) control transfer instructions. Details are provided on the various instructions under each type, including their mnemonics and functions.
Introduction and Comparison of Microprocessor Chip familiesNevil Dsouza
The document discusses Intel's Core i3, i5, and i7 processors. It explains that Intel introduced a new naming scheme in 2008 that divided processors into low-level (i3), mid-range (i5), and high-end (i7) based on performance rather than technical specifications. The i3 is a dual-core chip intended for basic use. The i5 provides multi-tasking capability with dual processors and increased memory speed. The i7 offers the highest performance with 4 cores, 8 threads, and larger cache for intensive applications.
The document traces the evolution of Intel processors from 4-bit to modern 64-bit processors. It discusses the key developments including the 4004 (1971), the first commercial microprocessor, the 8086 (1978) which introduced the x86 architecture, the 80386 (1985) which was the first 32-bit processor, and the Core i7 (2008) which is one of Intel's top consumer processors today. The document highlights increasing transistor counts, clock speeds, memory addressing and capabilities with each generation to show Intel's leadership in driving the advancement of microprocessor technology over the past 50 years.
The document provides information about the Intel Core i7 processor. It includes sections about the history, architecture, features, advantages, and disadvantages. Some key details are:
- The Intel Core i7 is a desktop CPU with 4 cores and 8 threads that can reach speeds up to 4.2GHz. It supports up to 64GB of RAM.
- Features include Turbo Boost, Hyper-Threading, integrated graphics, and virtualization technologies.
- Advantages are its performance capabilities due to technologies like virtualization and Turbo Boost. Disadvantages include higher price and power consumption compared to other processors.
The document discusses the history and architecture of Intel processors including the i3 processor. It describes the Nehalem architecture that the i3 is based on, which improved on earlier Core architectures by establishing direct point-to-point communication between cores and memory. The document provides a detailed timeline of Intel processors from the 4004 in 1971 to the Sandy Bridge in 2011, noting improvements in performance, transistor count, and features with each generation. It focuses on the i3 processor and describes its 64-bit architecture and three main designs including the Nehalem.
A presentation on Evaluation of MicroprocessorShah Imtiyaj
This presentation summarizes the historical background of several major microprocessor companies, including Intel, IBM, AMD, and MIPS Technology. It discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit processors like the Intel 4004 to more advanced 8-bit and 64-bit processors. For each company, it outlines some of the most notable microprocessor models released over the years, along with key details about their specifications and impact. The presentation concludes that the microprocessor has transformed computing and undergone rapid advancement from its initial conception to today's high-powered multiprocessor systems.
The document provides an introduction to programming with Arduino. It explains that Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform used to build interactive electronic projects. It consists of a microcontroller board that can be programmed and used to read and control sensors, LEDs, motors and more. The document outlines the basic steps to get started which include downloading the Arduino IDE, installing drivers, selecting the board type, and uploading a test "Blink" program to make an LED turn on and off. It also provides explanations of some core electronic components like resistors, LEDs, sensors and describes how to set up a simple temperature sensing project and store the sensor readings in a database.
this presentation is a great to deliver in classrooms, stage or also can be used to deliver lecture on "Evolution of processor".
it is also very helpful to learn about microprocessor, directly we can say its a self pack containing all about microprocessor.
this ppt contains evolution not only on the basis of generations but also on the basis of their invention.
must gothrough it
Microprocessors are electronic circuits that function as the central processing unit (CPU) of computers and other electronic devices. They incorporate arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry to perform computational tasks. Early microprocessors from the 1970s contained only a few thousand transistors, while modern microprocessors can contain over a billion transistors. Microprocessors are manufactured using complex semiconductor fabrication techniques involving deposition and etching of thin layers to build up the transistor circuits. They are key components that power all modern computers and many other electronic devices.
The document details the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 1970s to recent times. It provides information on early processors like the 4004 and 8086 from the 1970s with clock speeds up to 10MHz, and bus widths of 4 to 16 bits. Processors from the 1980s included the 80286 with up to 12.5MHz speed and 16-bit bus, and the 386 with speeds up to 33MHz and 32-bit bus. Later processors included the Pentium Pro in 1995 with speeds up to 200MHz and 64-bit bus, and more recent processors like the Core 2 Duo from 2006 with speeds up to 1.2GHz and cache sizes of 512KB.
FPGAs have several advantages over traditional DSP processors and ASICs for implementing digital signal processing applications. FPGAs provide fine-grained parallelism well-suited to DSP tasks through dedicated logic and multiplier blocks. This parallelism allows FPGAs to achieve substantially better performance than DSP processors. Additionally, FPGAs offer more flexibility than ASICs since the logic is reprogrammable, avoiding the cost and time of a full chip redesign. As a result, more designers are using FPGAs for DSP rather than DSP processors or ASICs.
The document discusses the history and components of computer processors. It describes how processors are organized into generations based on improvements in architecture and functions. The key components of a processor that work together are the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, execution unit, branch predictor, floating point unit, cache and bus interface. Recent generations include integrated graphics capabilities, smaller manufacturing processes, and system on a chip designs.
The document discusses the history and specifications of Intel Pentium processors from 1993 to the present. It describes the original Pentium processor and subsequent models including the Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium IV. It also discusses dual-core and Core 2 Duo processors, and provides details on the different Intel Core i3, i5, and i7 processors.
The document provides an overview of Intel Core i3, i5, i7, and i9 processors. It discusses the key features of each processor type, including the number of cores, cache size, clock speeds, and advantages and disadvantages. The core i3 is a dual-core processor with 3-4MB of cache and speeds up to 3.5GHz. The core i5 is a dual-core or quad-core processor with cache sizes from 3-6MB and speeds up to 3.8GHz. The core i7 has 4-8 cores with larger cache sizes and speeds up to 3.7GHz. The high-end core i9 was introduced in 2018 with up to 18 cores, large
A processor receives input and provides output, handling calculations rapidly. Processors have cores that read and execute instructions, with more cores enabling more simultaneous tasks. The Core i3 is Intel's entry-level dual-core processor for desktops and laptops, while the Core i5 is the mid-range option with either dual or quad cores. Key differences are that i5 processors have higher clock speeds, support for hyper-threading, larger caches, and Intel Turbo Boost technology.
The document discusses the Intel Core i7 processor. It has the following key points:
1. The Core i7 is a quad-core desktop processor using the Intel Nehalem microarchitecture.
2. It uses the LGA1366 socket and supports DDR3 RAM via an on-die memory controller.
3. The front-side bus is replaced by the faster QuickPath Interconnect for communication with the chipset.
This document traces the evolution of Intel microprocessors from 1971 to present. It discusses each generation from the 4004 (4-bit) to the latest Intel i7 processors. Key details provided on each generation include the year of introduction, processing capabilities, memory capacity, and technological improvements over previous versions. The document shows how Intel microprocessors have progressed from 4-bit to 32-bit and 64-bit capabilities, with increasing speeds, memory capacity, and additional features with each new generation.
The document discusses different types of processors made by Intel. It provides details on Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processors which are designed for mainstream desktops and laptops. It also mentions Intel Celeron, Atom and Pentium processors which are more affordable and used in budget laptops and desktops. The document further discusses other Intel processors like Core 2 Duo, Xeon and Core Extreme which are used for more intensive workloads and applications.
The document provides information about Intel Core i5 processors. It discusses the Intel processor architecture roadmap and focuses on four microarchitectures: NetBurst, Core, Nehalem, and Sandy Bridge. It then discusses key aspects of Core i5 processors, including their quad-core structure, specifications like clock speeds and cache sizes, and features like Turbo Boost and integrated graphics. The document compares Core i5 to other Intel processors and highlights important factors to consider like core counts, cache sizes, and performance differences between processor lines.
This is our computer architecture and organization presentation. The presentation topic is Intel core-i3-processors.
Hope you enjoy it...
Intel® Core™ i3-9300T Processor (8M Cache, Up to 3.80 GHz)
8 MB Intel® Smart Cache Cache.
4 Cores.
4 Threads.
3.80 GHz Max Turbo Frequency.
T - Power-optimized lifestyle.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8086 microprocessor. It discusses 6 types of instructions supported: 1) data transfer instructions, 2) arithmetic instructions, 3) logical instructions, 4) string manipulation instructions, 5) process control instructions, and 6) control transfer instructions. Details are provided on the various instructions under each type, including their mnemonics and functions.
Introduction and Comparison of Microprocessor Chip familiesNevil Dsouza
The document discusses Intel's Core i3, i5, and i7 processors. It explains that Intel introduced a new naming scheme in 2008 that divided processors into low-level (i3), mid-range (i5), and high-end (i7) based on performance rather than technical specifications. The i3 is a dual-core chip intended for basic use. The i5 provides multi-tasking capability with dual processors and increased memory speed. The i7 offers the highest performance with 4 cores, 8 threads, and larger cache for intensive applications.
The document traces the evolution of Intel processors from 4-bit to modern 64-bit processors. It discusses the key developments including the 4004 (1971), the first commercial microprocessor, the 8086 (1978) which introduced the x86 architecture, the 80386 (1985) which was the first 32-bit processor, and the Core i7 (2008) which is one of Intel's top consumer processors today. The document highlights increasing transistor counts, clock speeds, memory addressing and capabilities with each generation to show Intel's leadership in driving the advancement of microprocessor technology over the past 50 years.
The document provides information about the Intel Core i7 processor. It includes sections about the history, architecture, features, advantages, and disadvantages. Some key details are:
- The Intel Core i7 is a desktop CPU with 4 cores and 8 threads that can reach speeds up to 4.2GHz. It supports up to 64GB of RAM.
- Features include Turbo Boost, Hyper-Threading, integrated graphics, and virtualization technologies.
- Advantages are its performance capabilities due to technologies like virtualization and Turbo Boost. Disadvantages include higher price and power consumption compared to other processors.
The document discusses the history and architecture of Intel processors including the i3 processor. It describes the Nehalem architecture that the i3 is based on, which improved on earlier Core architectures by establishing direct point-to-point communication between cores and memory. The document provides a detailed timeline of Intel processors from the 4004 in 1971 to the Sandy Bridge in 2011, noting improvements in performance, transistor count, and features with each generation. It focuses on the i3 processor and describes its 64-bit architecture and three main designs including the Nehalem.
A presentation on Evaluation of MicroprocessorShah Imtiyaj
This presentation summarizes the historical background of several major microprocessor companies, including Intel, IBM, AMD, and MIPS Technology. It discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit processors like the Intel 4004 to more advanced 8-bit and 64-bit processors. For each company, it outlines some of the most notable microprocessor models released over the years, along with key details about their specifications and impact. The presentation concludes that the microprocessor has transformed computing and undergone rapid advancement from its initial conception to today's high-powered multiprocessor systems.
The document provides an introduction to programming with Arduino. It explains that Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform used to build interactive electronic projects. It consists of a microcontroller board that can be programmed and used to read and control sensors, LEDs, motors and more. The document outlines the basic steps to get started which include downloading the Arduino IDE, installing drivers, selecting the board type, and uploading a test "Blink" program to make an LED turn on and off. It also provides explanations of some core electronic components like resistors, LEDs, sensors and describes how to set up a simple temperature sensing project and store the sensor readings in a database.
this presentation is a great to deliver in classrooms, stage or also can be used to deliver lecture on "Evolution of processor".
it is also very helpful to learn about microprocessor, directly we can say its a self pack containing all about microprocessor.
this ppt contains evolution not only on the basis of generations but also on the basis of their invention.
must gothrough it
Microprocessors are electronic circuits that function as the central processing unit (CPU) of computers and other electronic devices. They incorporate arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry to perform computational tasks. Early microprocessors from the 1970s contained only a few thousand transistors, while modern microprocessors can contain over a billion transistors. Microprocessors are manufactured using complex semiconductor fabrication techniques involving deposition and etching of thin layers to build up the transistor circuits. They are key components that power all modern computers and many other electronic devices.
The document details the evolution of Intel microprocessors from the 1970s to recent times. It provides information on early processors like the 4004 and 8086 from the 1970s with clock speeds up to 10MHz, and bus widths of 4 to 16 bits. Processors from the 1980s included the 80286 with up to 12.5MHz speed and 16-bit bus, and the 386 with speeds up to 33MHz and 32-bit bus. Later processors included the Pentium Pro in 1995 with speeds up to 200MHz and 64-bit bus, and more recent processors like the Core 2 Duo from 2006 with speeds up to 1.2GHz and cache sizes of 512KB.
FPGAs have several advantages over traditional DSP processors and ASICs for implementing digital signal processing applications. FPGAs provide fine-grained parallelism well-suited to DSP tasks through dedicated logic and multiplier blocks. This parallelism allows FPGAs to achieve substantially better performance than DSP processors. Additionally, FPGAs offer more flexibility than ASICs since the logic is reprogrammable, avoiding the cost and time of a full chip redesign. As a result, more designers are using FPGAs for DSP rather than DSP processors or ASICs.
The document discusses the history and components of computer processors. It describes how processors are organized into generations based on improvements in architecture and functions. The key components of a processor that work together are the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, execution unit, branch predictor, floating point unit, cache and bus interface. Recent generations include integrated graphics capabilities, smaller manufacturing processes, and system on a chip designs.
Tom Garrison, Vice President of Intel, outlines Intel's business client product launch on January 19th. The launch will feature the 6th generation Intel Core processors, improved security solutions like Intel Authenticate, enhanced workplace collaboration tools, and new small business advantages. Over 200 business PC designs and 100 Intel vPro designs will be shown featuring the new processors and technologies.
Microsoft Dynamics ERP - A Smarter Way to Business integrationBhavik Doshi
The presentation provides an insight about Microsoft Dynamics ERP and provides and better understanding of how ERP can bring about changes to the organization and what results it could provide in order to easily integrate various business processes and provide a faster resolution for business expansion. Microsoft Dynamic is the one of most widely accepted ERP systems globally for business process integration
The CPU, or processor, carries out the instructions of a computer program and is the primary component responsible for a computer's functions. As microelectronic technology advanced, more transistors were placed on integrated circuits, decreasing the number of chips needed for a complete CPU. Processor registers provide the fastest way for a CPU to access data and are located at the top of the memory hierarchy. Common processor architectures include the ARM architecture which has influenced the design of many CPUs due to its low power consumption and flexibility.
This document provides an overview of Microsoft Dynamics AX. It discusses what ERP is and the benefits it provides through integration and automation. It describes Microsoft Dynamics AX's capabilities across various industries and business functions. The document highlights Microsoft Dynamics AX's vision, roadmap for functionality, and methodology for implementation through various offerings.
This document outlines an assignment for designing a computer system for Callink, a company that facilitates online conferences. It discusses different types of computer systems based on their intended use, including personal computers, meeting room computers, server computers, and an IT admin's computer. It also compares the hardware, software, and peripheral components of these systems. The tasks are to explain the roles and components of different computer systems, provide a design specification for Callink including diagrams, and evaluate the proposed design considering factors like performance, cost, and compatibility. The document provides learning outcomes, grading criteria, and a contents section to structure the response.
This document provides an overview of the Intel x86 architecture, including its registers, instructions, memory management, interrupts and exceptions, task management, and input/output capabilities. It describes the basic execution environment including memory management registers and control registers. It explains the operation modes of protected mode and real mode, and the memory models. It also summarizes the general purpose instructions, system instructions, privilege levels, basic program execution registers, and memory addressing in the x86 architecture.
This document provides information about Intel processors from i3 to i7. It describes the key features of each processor series including their clock speeds, number of cores, cache sizes, and integrated graphics capabilities. The i3 is positioned as an entry-level dual-core processor improved over Core 2 Duo. The i5 offers multi-tasking capability with dual cores and turbo boost. The i7 provides additional performance through quad-core processing and higher clock speeds. Each series has advantages over the previous, with the i7 aimed at power users demanding the most processing power.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, were enormous in size, and had low processing speeds. The second generation used transistors, were smaller and more reliable. The third generation used integrated circuits, which were faster and cheaper to produce. The fourth generation used microprocessors, allowing computers to become smaller and more personal. Current computers are considered fifth generation, pursuing artificial intelligence and new technologies like quantum computing.
The document discusses processors, including their key characteristics and technologies. It describes:
- Processors can be 32-bit or 64-bit, with 64-bit processors now commonly used in home computers.
- Key processor characteristics that impact performance include clock speed, cache size, number of cores, and technologies like hyperthreading and turbo boosting.
- Popular processor manufacturers include Intel and AMD. GPU manufacturers include AMD and Nvidia. APUs integrate both CPU and GPU functions.
- Factors like power usage, graphics capability, and overclocking potential are denoted in processor model names/numbers. Understanding these specifications helps determine the best processor.
content
1 Introduction To Computer Processor
2 Components Of A Processor
3 Machine Cycle For A Processor
4 History Of Processor
5 Microprocessor
6 Concept Of Generation
7 Concept Of 4th Generation
8 Intel I3 Processor
9 Features Of I3 Processor
10 Available I3 Processors
11 Intel I5 Processor
12 Features Of I5 Processor
13 Available I5 Processor
14 Intel I7 Processor
15 Features Of I7 Processor
16 Available I7 Processors
This document provides information about Intel processors from i3 to i7, including their features and specifications. It discusses:
- The i3 processor is a dual-core chip that is faster than the Core 2 Duo, with higher clock speeds and faster RAM. Available i3 processors range from 1.6GHz to 3.2GHz.
- The i5 processor supports multi-tasking with dual cores and threads. Features include Turbo Boost technology, integrated memory up to 1333MHz, and cache up to 8MB. Available i5 processors range from 2.8GHz to 3.1GHz.
- The i7 processor was designed for faster, more intelligent computing. It has features like
An i5 processor has either 2 or 4 cores depending on the model. It can run two programs simultaneously and utilizes multiple cores to improve efficiency for programs like games and graphics software. The i5 has features like support for integrated memory up to 1333 MHz, a maximum CPU rate of 3.6 GHz, and a turbo boost feature to increase speed. Compared to the i3, the i5 has a higher clock speed, is better at heat and energy efficiency, and has a larger cache size.
The document provides an overview of computer processors, including their history, functions, types, advantages, and applications. It discusses how processors have evolved from early 4-bit models in the 1960s to modern multi-core chips. Key developments include Intel's 4004 processor in 1971, the introduction of dual-core processors in the 2000s, and today's chips that can have dozens of cores. The document also compares Intel and AMD processors, noting that while Intel typically has higher clock speeds, AMD processors can perform better for tasks like gaming.
This document discusses various components of a computer including the processor, motherboard, hard disk, RAM, and graphics card. It provides details on what each component is and its function. Specifically, it describes the processor as the "brain" that determines tasks and priorities. It explains that RAM is used for temporary storage and needs periodic refreshing. The document also discusses classifying motherboards based on assembly, processors, and dimensions. It provides histories and examples of hard disks and their increasing storage capacities over time.
The document discusses the differences between Intel i3, i5, and i7 processors. It explains that i7 processors have the most cores (quad-core) and largest cache memory (8MB), while i3 processors have the fewest cores (dual-core) and smallest cache (3-4MB). It also describes additional i5 and i7 features like Turbo Boost and Hyper-Threading that improve performance. Overall, the document provides information on processor specifications and technologies to help understand the varying capabilities of Intel's i3, i5, and i7 lines.
The Intel Core i7 processor is a revolutionary quad-core desktop processor based on the Nehalem microarchitecture. It delivers incredible performance improvements through features like Turbo Boost technology which increases speeds automatically based on workload, 8MB of smart cache that efficiently allocates resources between cores, and improved memory bandwidth of up to 25.6GB/s from its integrated memory controller. The Core i7 also includes power efficiency technologies like power gating and a digital thermal sensor for optimized cooling.
The document provides an introduction and overview of the Intel Core i7 processor. It discusses the key features and specifications of Core i7 including that it is a quad-core processor using the Nehalem microarchitecture. The summary highlights that Core i7 features include an LGA1366 socket, integrated memory controller, QuickPath Interconnect replacing the front side bus, large cache memory hierarchy, support for hyperthreading and SSE4 instructions, and overclocking capabilities.
IT Engineer are high-level IT personnel who design, install, and maintain a company's computer systems. They are responsible for testing, configuring, and troubleshooting hardware, software, and networking systems to meet the needs of the employer.
The document discusses the key components and evolution of microprocessors. It describes how a microprocessor integrates the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit onto a single integrated circuit, known as the central processing unit (CPU). It then covers additional CPU components like registers, cache memory, and system buses. The document traces the development of processors from early 4-bit and 8-bit designs to today's multi-core 64-bit designs from Intel and AMD.
Processors are the central processing units (CPUs) that enable computers to interact with applications and programs. A processor's clock speed determines how many instructions it can process per second. Common types include single-core, dual-core, and multi-core processors. While Intel and AMD are the leading manufacturers, their processors differ in clock speeds, socket types, and price-performance ratios.
The document discusses CPUs and microprocessors. It describes the components of a CPU including the clock and instruction sets. It then discusses the evolution of Intel processors from early chips like the 4004 to modern dual-core and quad-core CPUs. It also covers microcontrollers and factors to consider when choosing a microcontroller for an embedded system.
The document discusses CPUs and microprocessors. It describes the components of a CPU including the clock which determines CPU speed. It also explains instruction sets which tell the CPU what to do with data. It then discusses the evolution of processors from early models like the 4004 and 8088 to modern dual and multicore CPUs like the Pentium, Core i3, i5, and i7. It also briefly covers AMD processors and concepts like multitasking, multithreading, and multiprocessing.
The document discusses the Intel Core i7 processor. It provides details about its microarchitecture, features, and specifications. The Core i7 is a quad-core desktop processor that uses the Intel Nehalem microarchitecture as its successor. It has an LGA1366 socket, integrated memory controller, and uses the QuickPath Interconnect instead of the front-side bus. The Core i7 also includes improved cache architecture and supports new instruction sets.
The document discusses computer processors, including their components, types (single, dual, multi-core), popular brands (Intel, AMD), and future expectations. A processor, also known as the central processing unit (CPU), analyzes data and controls data flow in a computer. It works by fetching instructions from memory, decoding and executing them, and writing results back to memory. Key components include the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers. Single, dual, and multi-core refer to the number of processing cores. Future processors are expected to have higher clock speeds and core counts, be more energy efficient and smaller in size.
The document discusses and compares several Intel processor architectures and product lines, including:
- Core 2 Duo, an older dual-core architecture that is being replaced by newer Intel processors.
- Core i3, i5, and i7, which use the newer Nehalem/Sandy Bridge/Ivy Bridge architectures. The Core i3 is the budget option with dual-cores while i5 and i7 have quad-cores.
- Differences between the architectures include instruction handling, number of threads, and features like Turbo Boost. The newer architectures generally provide better performance, even at similar clock speeds to older designs.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of microprocessors from the early Intel 4004 microprocessor in 1971 to modern multi-core processors. It describes several generations of Intel microprocessors including the 8-bit 8080 and 8085, early 16-bit processors like the 8086 and 8088, the 32-bit 80386, and the Pentium series which introduced superscalar and parallel processing. It also discusses Intel partnering with HP to develop the 64-bit Itanium architecture and the introduction of dual-core and quad-core processors like the Pentium Dual-Core and Core 2 Quad.
The document provides information about Intel Core i7 processors. It discusses that Intel Core i7 is a family of quad-core desktop processors using the Intel Nehalem microarchitecture. It then details the different types of Intel Core processors over time, from the original Pentium M-based Core Duo and Core Solo to the current 64-bit Core i7, i5, and i3 models based on the Nehalem architecture. The document outlines key features of Intel Core i7 processors such as their LGA1366 socket, integrated memory controller, QuickPath interconnect, cache structure, hyperthreading, and instruction set support.
This document discusses 3D integrated circuits and provides the following information:
1. 3D integrated circuits aim to address issues with interconnect delays by stacking silicon layers and using short vertical interconnects between layers. This can improve chip performance and reduce area.
2. Rent's rule is used to estimate wire length distributions and chip area for 2D and 3D circuits. For 3D circuits, blocks are placed on separate layers connected by short interlayer interconnects.
3. Estimates show that a two-active-layer 3D circuit can minimize chip area with fixed interconnect delay or increase performance by increasing chip area. The number of silicon and metal layers also impact performance.
This document provides an overview of virtual reality (VR), including its history, types, architecture, hardware, and applications. It discusses early VR prototypes from the 1950s and 1960s. The main types of VR systems are immersive VR using head-mounted displays, augmented reality, desktop-based VR, and video mapping VR. The architecture of a VR system includes input, simulation, rendering processors, and a world database. Popular applications of VR include entertainment, medicine, manufacturing, education and training. The future of VR is promising as hardware continues to advance.
This document discusses the history and technology of virtual reality. It outlines the major components of virtual reality systems including head-mounted displays, data gloves, and CAVE environments. The document also explores the distinctions between immersive and non-immersive virtual reality experiences and provides examples of VR applications in fields such as education, medicine, entertainment, and more. Finally, it examines emerging VR technologies and the future potential of virtual reality.
Virtual reality (VR) uses computer technology to create simulated environments. Users can interact with VR environments through specialized equipment like gloves, goggles and headphones. The document discusses the history of VR from early prototypes in the 1950s-60s to modern implementations. It also outlines key VR technologies like head-mounted displays, data gloves, tracking systems and various platforms for immersive VR experiences including the CAVE and shared virtual environments.
- Thunderbolt is a high-speed I/O technology developed by Intel that provides data transfer speeds of 10Gbps per channel (20Gbps total). It supports DisplayPort and PCIe protocols over a single cable.
- Key features include high speeds, support for daisy-chaining up to 6 devices, and the ability to carry both data and video on a single cable. It also supports power delivery for bus-powered devices.
- The protocol uses a dual channel architecture with PCIe and DisplayPort protocols mapped onto the transport layer. Controllers contain a switch to connect multiple ports and protocols.
This document provides an overview of Thunderbolt technology, including its key features and specifications. It discusses the evolution of Thunderbolt speeds over time from the early versions to Thunderbolt 2 and 3. Thunderbolt allows for high-speed data transfer, display connectivity, and expansion through a single cable. It supports speeds much faster than other interfaces like USB and can connect many peripherals through daisy-chaining. The future of Thunderbolt includes full 4K video transfer and improved docking capabilities.
Thunderbolt is a high-speed I/O technology developed by Intel that allows for bi-directional transfer of data at 10Gbps. It uses a single cable to support both DisplayPort and PCIe protocols. The Thunderbolt protocol has a physical layer that handles hot-plug detection and efficient data transfer with minimal overhead. It also has a transport layer that uses a switched fabric architecture to multiplex PCIe and DisplayPort traffic and support daisy-chaining of up to six devices on a single port.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
1. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that takes input such as numbers, text, sound, image,
animations, video, etc., processes it, and converts it into meaningful information that
could be understood, presenting the changed input (processed input) as output. All
numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video used as input are called data, and all
numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video returned as output are called
information.
The data consists of numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video.
The process converts numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video (data) into
usable data, which is called information.
The information consists of numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and video that
has been converted by the process.
The data is inserted using an input device.
The central processing unit (CPU) converts data to information.
The information is put on an output device.
A storage device is an apparatus for storing data and information. A basic computer
consists of 4 components: an input device, a CPU, output devices, and memory.
1.2 WHAT IS PROCESSOR?
So what is the processor? Well in the simplest of terms, it’s your computers brain. The
processor tells your computer what to do and when to do it, it decides which tasks are
more important and prioritizes them to your computers needs.
Fig 1.1:- Processor
2. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 2
There is and has been many processors on the market, running at many different speeds.
The speed is measured in Megahertz or MHz. A single MHz is a calculation of 1 million
cycles per second (or computer instructions), so if you have a processor running at 2000
MHz, then your computer is running at 2000,000,000 cycles per second, which in more
basic terms is the amount of instructions your computer can carry out. Another important
abbreviation is Gigahertz or GHz. A single GHz or 1 GHz is the same as 1000 MHz.
Sounds a bit confusing, so here is a simple conversion:
1000 MHz (Megahertz) = 1GHz (Gigahertz) = 1000,000,000 Cycles per second (or
computer instructions).
Now you can see why they abbreviate it, could you imagine going to a PC store and
asking for a one thousand million cycle PC please. A bit of a mouth full isn’t it?
So when buying a new computer always look for fastest you can afford. The fastest on the
market at the time of writing this article is 3.8 GHz (3800 MHz). Remember though that
it is not necessary to purchase such a fast processor, balance your needs, do you really
need top of the range? Especially when the difference say between a 3.5 GHz (3500
MHz) and a 3.8 GHz (3800 MHz) processor will be barely noticed (if noticed at all) by
you, while the price difference is around £100. With the money you save you could get a
nice printer and scanner package.
Now that we have covered the speeds, there is one more important subject to cover.
Which processor? There are 3 competitors at present, the AMD Athlon, Intel Pentium and
the Intel Celeron. They come in many guises, but basically the more cores they have and
the higher the speed means better and faster.
Processors now come as dual core, triple core and quad core. These processors are the
equivalent of running two cpu's (Dual core), three CPU's ( Triple core) or four (Quad
core).
In the past Intel Pentium the best and most expensive of them all, and remains today one
of the most popular on the market. In layman’s terms it is/was the designer processor,
although AMD have some superb if not better releases and equally highly priced and
advanced products. It would be hard to say which is best as they are direct competitors.
3. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 3
1.3 TYPES OF PROCESSOR.
Since the 1970s, Intel has offered several families of increasingly sophisticated processors
for business computing. Each processor forms the heart of a computer system, carrying
out arithmetic and logical operations and accessing digital memory storage at speeds up
to billions of operations per second. Since the late 1990s, Intel has turned to processors
with multiple cores to handle greater workloads and more sophisticated software.
1.3.1 Intel Atom
Intel designed its Atom processor family for netbooks and other mobile devices; its
modest power consumption conserves battery life. The processor continues Intel's
tradition of compatibility with earlier x86-type processors such as the Pentium 4 and Core
Duo, allowing the Atom to run the same software such as Microsoft Windows and Linux.
Different Atom models run at speeds from 600 MHz to 2 GHz and consume 1.3 to 10
watts of power.
1.3.2 Intel Itanium
The Itanium represents a rare departure from compatibility with other Intel processors.
Developed in conjunction with Hewlett-Packard in the 1990s and intended as a "next-
generation" technology for demanding applications, the chip's complexity proved to be a
burden for software developers. Intel has steadily improved the design and produces the
current version, the "Itanium 2," which HP alone uses in its high-end servers. The chip
has a pair of 16KB Level 1 cache memories, 1MB of Level 2 and 6MB of Level 3 cache.
The cache keeps recently used data in a hierarchy of on-chip memory storage areas,
maximizing the processor's efficiency.
1.3.3 Intel Xeon
High-performance workstations and servers use Intel's Xeon processor. As with most of
Intel's microprocessors, the Xeon is compatible with the x86 instruction set, supporting
mainstream software such as Microsoft Windows and the Oracle database manager.
Xeon's design incorporates advances such as multiple cores and Hyper-threading to keep
several processes active at the same time. The chip has other performance enhancements,
including a pair of 64KB cache memory units for data and instructions.
4. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 4
1.3.4 Intel Core i3
Intel intended the Core i3 as the new low end of the performance processor line
from Intel, following the retirement of the Core 2 brand.
The first Core i3 processors were launched on January 7, 2010.
The first Nehalem based Core i3 was Clarkdale-based, with an integrated GPU and two
cores. The same processor is also available as Core i5 and Pentium, with slightly different
configurations.
The Core i3-3xxM processors are based on Arrandale, the mobile version of the Clarkdale
desktop processor. They are similar to the Core i5-4xx series but running at lower clock
speeds and without Turbo Boost. According to an Intel FAQ they do not support Error
Correction Code (ECC) memory. According to motherboard manufacturer Super micro, if
a Core i3 processor is used with a server chipset platform such as Intel 3400/3420/3450,
the CPU supports ECC with UDIMM. When asked, Intel confirmed that, although the
Intel 5 series chipset supports non-ECC memory only with the Core i5 or i3 processors,
using those processors on a motherboard with 3400 series chipsets it supports the ECC
function of ECC memory. A limited number of motherboards by other companies also
support ECC with Intel Core ix processors; the Asus P8B WS is an example, but it does
not support ECC memory under Windows non-server operating systems.
1.3.5 Intel Core i5
The first Core i5 using the Nehalem micro architecture was introduced on September 8,
2009, as a mainstream variant of the earlier Core i7, the Lynnfield core. Lynnfield Core i5
processors have an 8 MB L3 cache, a DMI bus running at 2.5 GT/s and support for dual-
channel DDR3-800/1066/1333 memory and have Hyper-threading disabled. The same
processors with different sets of features (Hyper-Threading and other clock frequencies)
enabled are sold as Core i7-8xx and Xeon 3400-series processors, which should not be
confused with high-end Core i7-9xx and Xeon 3500-series processors based
on Bloomfield. A new feature called Turbo Boost Technology was introduced which
maximizes speed for demanding applications, dynamically accelerating performance to
match the workload.
The Core i5-5xx mobile processors are named Arrandale and based on the 32 nm
Westmere shrink of the Nehalem micro architecture. Arrandale processors have
5. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 5
integrated graphics capability but only two processor cores. They were released in
January 2010, together with Core i7-6xx and Core i3-3xx processors based on the same
chip. The L3 cache in Core i5-5xx processors is reduced to 3 MB, while the Core i5-6xx
uses the full cache and the Core i3-3xx does not support for Turbo Boost. Clarkdale, the
desktop version of Arrandale, is sold as Core i5-6xx, along with related Core i3 and
Pentium brands. It has Hyper-Threading enabled and the full 4 MB L3 cache.
According to Intel "Core i5 desktop processors and desktop boards typically do not
support ECC memory", but information on limited ECC support in the Core i3 section
also applies to Core i5 and i7.
1.3.6. Intel Core i7
Intel Core i7 as an Intel brand name applies to several families of desktop and laptop 64-
bit x86-64 processors using the Nehalem, Westmere, Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Haswell,
Broadwell and Skylake micro architectures. The Core i7 brand targets the business and
high-end consumer markets for both desktop and laptop computers, and is distinguished
from the Core i3 (entry-level consumer), Core i5 (mainstream consumer),
and Xeon (server and workstation) brands.
Intel introduced the Core i7 name with the Nehalem-based Bloomfield Quad-core
processor in late 2008. In 2009 new Core i7 models based on the Lynnfield(Nehalem-
based) desktop quad-core processor and the Clarks field (Nehalem-based) quad-core
mobile were added, and models based on the Arrandale dual-core mobile processor (also
Nehalem-based) were added in January 2010. The first six-core processor in the Core
line-up is the Nehalem-based Gulf town, which was launched on March 16, 2010. Both
the regular Core i7 and the Extreme Edition are advertised as five stars in the Intel
Processor Rating.
In each of the first three microarchitecture generations of the brand, Core i7 has family
members using two distinct system-level architectures, and therefore two distinct sockets
(for example, LGA 1156 and LGA 1366 with Nehalem). "Core i7" is a successor to
the Intel Core 2 brand. Intel representatives stated that they intend the moniker Core i7 to
help consumers decide which processor to purchase as Intel releases newer Nehalem-
based products in the future
6. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 6
CHAPTER 3
HISTORY OF GENERATIONS
3.1 First Generation (1940-1956)Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and
were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first computers generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming
language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one
problem at a time, and it could take days or weeks to set-up a new problem. Input was
based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing
devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client,
the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
Fig 3.1:- First Generation Computer
7. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 7
3.2 Second Generation (1956-1963)Transistors
Transistors replace vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The
transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late
1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become
smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-
generation predecessors.
Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to
damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers
still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic,
or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in
words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such
as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that
stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology.
80286 introduced in 1982
Released also 80287 coprocessor which was identical to 8087 (with some small
compatibility changes that failed on synchronization)
Protected mode of execution, improved DMA, increased speed, versions for
laptop computers.
Some of advantages
– 24bit address bus, allowing to address 16MB of memory.
– First ones worked with 6MHz to reach later up to 25MHz
– Did not require cooling fan
– Just 4.5 cycles average per instruction
Disadvantages
– Couldn’t switch back from protected mode to real mode.
– Addressing was not used, as at the moment hardly any PC had more than 1MB
of memory
– Didn’t cooperate well with math coprocessor (orvice-versa)
8. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 8
3.3 Third Generation (1964-1971)Integrated Circuits
The period of third generation was 1964-1971. The computers of third generation used
integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors
and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.
This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this
generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were
used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC,
ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
Fig 3.2:- Third Gen computer
The main features of third generation are:
IC used
More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
Smaller size
Generated less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
Consumed lesser electricity
Supported high-level language
9. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 9
Some computers of this generation were:
IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP(Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316
3.4 Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980. The computers of fourth generation used
Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors
and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to
have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth generation computers became more
powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer
(PC) revolution. In this generation time sharing, real time, networks, distributed operating
system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in
this generation.
Fig 3.3:- Fourth Gen Computer
10. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 10
The main features of fourth generation are:
VLSI technology used
Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PC's
Very small size
Pipeline processing
No A.C. needed
Concept of internet was introduced
Great developments in the fields of networks
Computers became easily available
3.5 Fifth Generation Artificial Intelligence
The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI
technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the
production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This
generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence)
software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and
method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C
and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.
Fig 3.4:- Fifth Gen Computer
11. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 11
The main features of fifth generation are:
ULSI technology
Development of true artificial intelligence
Development of Natural language processing
Advancement in Parallel Processing
Advancement in Superconductor technology
More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
3.6 Sixth Generation
The sixth generation of computer differs from previous generations in terms of size,
processing speed and the complexity of tasks that computers can now perform. Back in
the earliest stages of computing, computers contained vacuum tubes and magnetic drums.
They were large, expensive and could only perform one task at a time. They were also
prone to malfunctions and had the self-destructive inclination to overheat due to the vast
amount of electricity it used and heat it generated.
The main features of fifth generation are:
Less power consumption
High performance, low cost, very compact
Portable note book computer introduce
12. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 12
1960 IBM develops the first automatic mass-productionfacility for transistors in
New York.
1969 Intel Corporation is founded by Robert Noyce and GordonMoore.
1972 Intel introduces the 8008 processoronApril 1, 1972.
1976 Intel introduces the 8085 processoronMarch 1976.
1976 The Intel 8086 is introduced June 8, 1976.
1979 The Intel 8088 is released on June 1, 1979.
1982 The Intel 80286 is introduced February 1, 1982
1985 Intel introduces the first 80386 in October1985.
1993 Intel releases the Pentium processoron March 22 1993. The processoris a
60 MHz processor, incorporates 3.1 million transistors and sells for
$878.00.
1994 Intel releases the second generation of Intel Pentium processorsonMarch
7, 1994
1997 Intel Pentium II is introduced on May 7, 1997.
1998 Intel releases the first Xeon processor, the Pentium II Xeon 400 (512K or
1M Cache, 400 MHz, 100 MHz FSB) in June of 1998.
1999 The Intel Pentium III 500 MHz is released on February 26, 1999.
2003 Intel Pentium M is introduced in March.
2006 Intel releases the Core 2 Duo processorE6320 (4M Cache, 1.86 GHz,
1066 MHz FSB) April 22, 2006.
2008 Intel releases the Core 2 Quad processorQ6600 (8M Cache, 2.40 GHz,
1066 MHz FSB) in January 2007.
Table 3.1 :- History of Processor
13. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 13
CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM ON CHIP
A system on a chip or system on chip (SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit (IC) that
integrates all components of a computer or otherelectronic system into a single chip. It
may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-frequency functions—all on a
single chipsubstrate. SoCs are very common in the mobile electronics market because of
their low power consumption. A typical application is in the area of embedded systems.
The contrast with a microcontroller is one of degree. Microcontrollers typically have
under 100 KB of RAM (often just a few kilobytes) and often really are single-chip-
systems, whereas the term SoC is typically used for more powerful processors, capable of
running software such as the desktop versions of Windows and Linux, which need
external memory chips (flash, RAM) to be useful, and which are used with various
external peripherals. In short, for larger systems, the term system on a chip is hyperbole,
indicating technical direction more than reality: a high degree of chip integration, leading
toward reduced manufacturing costs, and the production of smaller systems. Many
systems are too complex to fit on just one chip built with a processor optimized for just
one of the system's tasks.
When it is not feasible to construct a SoC for a particular application, an alternative is
a system in package (SiP) comprising a number of chips in a single package. In large
volumes, SoC is believed to be more cost-effective than SiP since it increases the yield of
the fabrication and because its packaging is simpler.
Another option, as seen for example in higher end cell phones is package on
package stacking during board assembly. The SoC chip includes processors and
numerous digital peripherals, and comes in a ball grid package with lower and upper
connections. The lower balls connect to the board and various peripherals, with the upper
balls in a ring holding the memory buses used to access NAND flash and DDR2 RAM.
Memory packages could come from multiple vendors.
14. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 14
Fig 4.1:- System on Chip
A typical SoC consists of:
a microcontroller, microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) core
multiprocessor SoCs (MPSoC) having more than one processor core.
memory blocks including a selection of ROM, RAM, EEPROM and flash memory.
timing sources including oscillators and phase-locked loops.
peripherals including counter-timers, real-time timers and power-on reset generators.
external interfaces, including industry standards such as USB, Firewire, Ethernet.
analog interfaces including ADCs and DACs.
voltage regulators and power management circuits.
SoC designs usually consume less power and have a lower cost and higher reliability than
the multi-chip systems that they replace. And with fewer packages in the system,
assembly costs are reduced as well.
However, like most VLSI designs, the total cost is higher for one large chip than for the
same functionality distributed over several smaller chips, because of lower yields and
higher non-recurring engineering costs.
15. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 15
CHAPTER 5
WORKING OF PROCESSOR
5.1 Introduction
what happens when you write a program and then compile it? What is assembler and
what is the basic principle of programming in it? This tutorial should clarify this for you,
it’s not indented to teach you assembly programming itself, but rather give you the
needed basics to understand what’s actually going on under the hood. It also deliberately
simplifies some things, so you’re not overwhelmed by additional information. However, I
assume that you have some knowledge in high level programming (C/C++, Visual Basic,
Python, Pascal, Java, and tons more…).
Also I hope that the more skilled guys will forgive me for simplifying a lot of things here,
my intention was to make the explanation clear and simple for someone who doesn't have
a clue about this topic.
Note: I will be very grateful for any feedback on this. It’s difficult to write explanations
for people who don’t know much about the topic, so I might’ve omitted some important
things or didn’t clarify something enough, so if something is unclear, don’t worry to ask.
5.2 How does the processor (CPU) work?
You might know that the CPU (Central Processing Unit, or simply processor) is the
“brain” of the computer, controlling all other parts of the computer and performing
various calculations and operations with data. But how does it achieve that?
Processor is a circuit that is designed to perform single instructions: actually a whole
series of them, one by one. The instructions to be executed are stored in some memory, in
a PC, it’s the operating memory. Imagine the memory like a large grid of cells. Each cell
can store a small number and each cell has its own unique number – address. The
16. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 16
processor tells the memory address of a cell and the memory responds with the value
(number, but it can represent anything – letters, graphics, sound… everything can be
converted to numerical values) stored in the cell. Of course, the processor can tell the
memory to store a new number in a given cell as well.
Instructions themselves are basically numbers too: each simple operation is assigned its
own unique numeric code. The processor retrieves this number and decides what to do:
for example, number 35 will cause the processor to copy data from one memory cell to
another, number 48 can tell it to add two numbers together, and number 12 can tell it to
perform a simple logical operation called OR.
Which operations are assigned to which numbers is decided by the engineers who design
a given processor, or it’s better to say processor architecture: they decide what number
codes will be assigned to various operations (and of course, they decide other aspects of
the processor, but that’s not relevant now). This set of rules is then called the architecture.
This way, manufactures can create various processors that support a given architecture:
they can differ in speed, power consumption, and price, but they all understand the same
codes as same instructions.
Once the processor completes the action determined by the code (the instruction), it
simply requests the following one and repeats the whole process. Sometimes it can also
decide to jump to different places in the memory, for example to some subroutine
(function) or jump a few cells back to a previous instruction and execute the same
sequence again – basically creating a loop. The sequence of numerical codes that form the
program is called machine code.
17. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 17
CHAPTER 6
COMPONENT OF PROCESSOR
A processor contains the following components,
Control Unit - fetches, decodes, executes instructions.
Arithmetic & Logic Unit - performs arithmetic and logical operations on data.
Registers - fast, on-chip memory inside the CPU, dedicated or general purpose.
Internal Clock - derived directly or indirectly from the system clock
Internal Buses - to connect the components.
Logic Gates - to control the flow of information.
Fig 6.1:- Components of Processor
6.1 Control Unit
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that
directs operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit
and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.
18. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 18
It directs the operation of the other units by providing timing and control signals.[citation
needed] Most computer resources are managed by the CU. It directs the flow of data
between the CPU and the other devices. John von Neumann included the control unit as
part of the von Neumann architecture. In modern computer designs, the control unit is
typically an internal part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged since
its introduction
6.2 Arithmetic logic unit
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic
and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers. This is in contrast to a floating-
point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. An ALU is a fundamental
building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing
unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units (GPUs). A single CPU,
FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs.
The inputs to an ALU are the data to be operated on, called operands, and a code
indicating the operation to be performed; the ALU's output is the result of the performed
operation. In many designs, the ALU also exchanges additional information with a status
register, which relates to the result of the current or previous operations.
6.3 Memory Unit
In computing, memory refers to the computer hardware devices used to store information
for immediate use in a computer; it is synonymous with the term "primary storage".
Computer memory operates at a high speed, for example random-access memory(RAM),
as a distinction from storage that provides slow-to-access program and data storage but
offers higher capacities. If needed, contents of the computer memory can be transferred
to secondary storage, through a memory management technique called "virtual memory".
An archaic synonym for memory is store.
19. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 19
CHAPTER 7
CONCEPT OF TICK TOCK FOLLOWED BY INTEL
"Tick-Tock" is a model adopted by chip manufacturer Intel Corporation from 2007 to
follow every microarchitectural change with a die shrink of the process technology. Every
"tick" represents a shrinking of the process technology of the previous microarchitecture
(sometimes introducing new instructions, as with Broadwell, released in late 2014) and
every "tock" designates a new microarchitecture.[1] Every year to 18 months, there is
expected to be one tick or tock.[2] Starting 2014 Intel realized "Refresh" cycles after a
tock in form of a smaller update to the microarchitecture. It's said this is done because of
the expanding times to the next tick.
Fig 7.1 :- Intel’s tick tock model
20. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 20
CHAPTER 8
INTEL 6th
Gen PROCESSOR
The 6th Gen Intel Core™ processor family and Intel Xeon processors for mobile
workstations are Intel’s newest wave of 14nm processors. Along with the Intel 100 Series
and Intel CM236 chipsets, they deliver a leap in performance and power effi ciency,
provide stunning visuals, enable the broadest range of designs, and enable amazing user
experiences when paired with Windows 10. These are Intel’s best processors ever, setting
a new standard of computing with 2.5x better productivity performance, 3x longer battery
life, and 30x better 3D graphics performance when compared to a 5-year-old notebook
PC1. The 6th Gen Intel Core processor family is our most scalable processor family ever,
enabling a diverse range of form factors to meet every lifestyle and work style–from
compute sticks, tablets, ultra-thin 2 in 1 detachable and convertibles, sleek Ultrabooks
and clamshell notebooks to All-in-One desktop PCs, mini desktops, workstations and
gaming systems.
The Skylake architecture being used in 6th Gen Intel Core and Intel Xeon processors has
been in development for more than four years, with the goal to deliver high processor and
graphics performance, high-resolution video playback, and seamless responsiveness for
fanless systems with low power usage while retaining the capability to scale up to the
most powerful mobile workstations and enthusiast desktop systems. The result is
immersive experiences with up to 40% better graphics performance2 (versus the previous
generation graphics) and a power-sipping 4K video playback capability. The Skylake
architecture made it possible to realize a stunning improvement in energy efficiency–up
to 60% for some SKUs3–while enabling higher levels of performance.
Fig 8.1:- 6th Gen processor
21. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 21
The Skylake architecture also enabled several firsts, including Intel Xeon processors for
mobile workstations and two new desktop K SKUs, as well as a new mobile K SKU that
have enhanced overclocking through BCLK and DDR4 overclocking. The 6th Gen Intel
Core processor family delivers a new generation of Intel graphics and features designed
to improve performance and battery life while taking full advantage of Windows 10. 6th
Gen Intel Core processors introduce the powerful Intel® 500 Series graphics (including
Intel® HD graphics, Intel® Iris™ graphics, and Intel® Iris™ Pro graphics) as well as
other new features that may include: adaptive performance, modern standby, key feature
integration such as an image signal processor4 and eMMC memory card interface,
support for DirectX 12, Intel® Speed Shift Technology, Thunderbolt™ 3 with USB-C,
and broader scaling across the product family. Intel® Core™ m processors will also now
include the brand levels Intel Core m3, m5 and m7 to provide people with more clarity
and choice in finding the Intel Core m processor device that best suits their specific needs.
8.1 Key benefits of the 6th Gen Intel Core processor
8.1.1 LEAP IN PERFORMANCE.
6th Gen Intel Core and Intel Xeon processors harness the power of Intel’s leading 14nm
process. They were designed from the ground up to take advantage of the latest 3D
transistors allowing for lower power consumption and more transistors for adding
capabilities and enhancing performance, such as graphics and media, while still
delivering great battery life. 6th Gen Intel Core i5 processors compared to previous
generation Intel Core i5 processors deliver up to 60% better compute gen on gen5. In
addition, with Intel® Speed Shift Technology system responsiveness will increase with
20-45% performance improvement.
8.1.2 POWER EFFICIENT.
Intel continues to drive battery life improvements, and the 6th Gen Intel Core processor
family and Intel Xeon processors continue to deliver power efficiency savings. With
power management and design improvements, plus the increased efficiency of Intel’s
14nm manufacturing process and a 33% smaller package, Intel® Core™ m processor-
based platforms can be thinner and lighter, with up to 10 hours of battery life7. In
addition, Intel tests show up to 60% lower power consumption for the high-performance
22. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 22
6th Gen Intel Core H-series processors (45W)8, and the benefit is more performance
without sacrificing battery life.
8.1.3 STUNNING VISUALS.
New Intel® 500 Series graphics deliver up to 40% better graphics performance9 and 20%
faster 4K transcode10 plus dedicated hardware support for 4K playback enables a great
4K experience at a fraction of the power of previous generation systems. Processor
resources are also freed up so users can interact with the system more smoothly. 6th Gen
Intel Core processors support enhanced game playability including DirectX 12 games that
will run fast on PCs with long battery life and that run efficiently in terms of low
processor utilization.
8.1.4 AMAZING EXPERIENCES.
The performance of 6th Gen Intel Core processors enable great user experiences today
and in the future, including no wires, no passwords, and more natural and immersive user
interfaces. When paired with Intel® RealSense™ technology and Windows 10, 6th Gen
Intel Core processors can help remove the hassle of remembering and typing in
passwords. Intel is also introducing the first long-range, world-facing Intel RealSense
Camera (R200) for select 2 in 1 detachables to enable usages like 3D scan and share,
depth capture and measurement, and enhanced photo and video.
8.1.5 BETTER SECURITY.
The Skylake architecture has been designed to enable better security, including Intel®
Software Guard Extensions (Intel® SGX) that can provide an additional level of
hardware-based protection by putting data into a secure container on the platform, and
Intel® Memory Protection Extensions (Intel® MPX) that can help prevent buff er fl ow
attacks. To be fully utilized, Intel SGX and Intel MPX require additional software
capabilities, which will begin to be delivered by the ecosystem later this year.
8.2 Intel has partnered with Microsoft for the best Windows 10
experiences:
Intel has partnered with Microsoft to optimize Windows® 10 experiences on 6th Gen
Intel Core-powered systems and devices. Intel’s platform innovations together with
Windows 10 create new experiences that help people have more secure PCs while
23. 6th Gen Intel Processor 2015 - 2016
E&C Dept., NCET, Bangalore Page 23
removing the hassle of remembering and typing passwords, manage their lives without
ever having to touch a keyboard and mouse, enjoy stunning 4K video content, and enable
new levels of performance. For example:
Windows Hello and the Intel RealSense Camera (F200) enable a fast, more secure
user authentication and login through advanced facial recognition for a superior,
power-managed userexperience.
Cortana* personal digital assistant with improved speech algorithm tuning, voice
activation capabilities and improvements in microphone, power, latency, and
responsiveness. Additionally, upcoming support for hardware offload for
improved power/performance on 6th Gen Intel Core processors.