This document compares indirect and direct gasification. Indirect gasification involves two coupled reactors that allow for complete carbon conversion at lower temperatures compared to direct gasification. The bed material in indirect gasification can transport oxygen from the combustor to the gasifier through chemical looping, providing energy for gasification and reducing tar formation. Studies show the bed material can supply up to 30% of the energy needed for gasification through this oxygen transport process. Indirect gasification provides more flexibility in operating conditions than direct gasification.
An exclusive, in-depth look at the latest natural refrigerants-based technology trends in different applications around the globe with Prof. Dr.-Ing. Armin Hafner, NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology).
this is my presentation about 2nd law of thermodynamic. this is part of engineering thermodynamic in mechanical engineering. here discussed about heat transfer, heat engines, thermal efficiency of heat pumps and refrigerator and its equation for perfect work done with best figure and table wise discription, entropy and change in entropy, isentropic process for turbines and compressor and many more.
Convection Heat Transfer
Supervisor: Dr. Goharkhah
Presenter: Siavash Azizi
25 December 2017
Introduction
The importance of research
History of work
Application
Classified
Example
An exclusive, in-depth look at the latest natural refrigerants-based technology trends in different applications around the globe with Prof. Dr.-Ing. Armin Hafner, NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology).
this is my presentation about 2nd law of thermodynamic. this is part of engineering thermodynamic in mechanical engineering. here discussed about heat transfer, heat engines, thermal efficiency of heat pumps and refrigerator and its equation for perfect work done with best figure and table wise discription, entropy and change in entropy, isentropic process for turbines and compressor and many more.
Convection Heat Transfer
Supervisor: Dr. Goharkhah
Presenter: Siavash Azizi
25 December 2017
Introduction
The importance of research
History of work
Application
Classified
Example
This presentation was prepared by Mechanical Engineering students during their Internal Combustion Course. Students belong to a very prestigious Engineering institute of Pakistan "University of Engineering and Technology Lahore"
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This project includes production of syngas from biomass and its purification. Firstly we discuss feasibility and availability of raw material. Then we have literature survey. A lot of techniques are there to produce syngas, we have discuss process selection. Environmental considerations are also have been discussed. Piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams also have been attached. At the end we've our conclusion and our recommendations.
Boiler Efficiency Improvement through Analysis of Lossesijsrd.com
Thermal is the main source for power generation in India. The percentage of thermal power generation as compare to other sources is 65 %. The main objective of thermal power plant is to fulfill the energy demands of the market and to achieve these demands; plant requires technical availability with the parts reliability and maintenance strategy. This paper deals with the determination of current operating efficiency of Boiler and calculates major losses for Vindhyachal Super thermal power plant (India) of 210 MW units. Then identify the causes of performance degradation. Also find the major causes of heat losses by Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and recommends its appropriate strategy to reduce major losses. The aim of performance monitoring is continuous evaluation of degradation i.e. decrease in performance of the steam boiler. These data enable additional information which is helpful in problem identification, improvement of boiler performance and making economic decisions about maintenance schedule.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
L13063
1. Indirect vs. Direct
Gasification
A. van der Drift
G. Aranda Almansa
B.J. Vreugdenhil
H.J.M. Visser
C.F. Mourao Vilela
C.M. van der Meijden
September 2013
ECN-L--13-063
3. GASIFICATION
matching energy consumption and production
2
+
25%
75%
energy production:
fuel + air (l > 1) flue gas + heat
energy consumption:
fuel + heat gas
gasification:
fuel + air (l~0.3) gas + char/coke
+ char/coke
4. SECOND GENERATION
also called: indirect gasification
3
+
25%
75%
energy production:
fuel + air (l > 1) flue gas + heat
energy consumption:
fuel + heat gas
gasification:
fuel + air (l~0.3) gas + char/coke
+ char/coke
5. GASIFICATION
generations
First generation (=direct)
• One reactor, one gas
• N2-free gas requires ASU
• Incomplete carbon conversion
• High temperature, high steam,
small fuel size, large residence time
needed for acceptable conversion
Second generation (=indirect)
• Two coupled reactors, two gases
• N2-free gas without ASU
• Complete carbon conversion
• Additional degree of freedom:
temperature, steam, fuel size,
residence time
gasifier
fuel air
gas
ash+char
gasifier
fuel air
gas
ash
combustion
fuel
energy
flue gas
gasifier
fuel air
gas
ash+char
gasifier
fuel air
gas
ash
combustion
fuel
energy
flue gas
6. IN OTHER WORDS
lower temperature, better efficiency, higher conversion
0% 100%
Fuel Conversion
Gasification
Temperature
direct gasification
indirect gasification
100-200°C
Carbon energy loss
Carbon energy source
for gasification
7. MILENA TECHNOLOGY
indirect gasification technology by ECN
• Highly efficient
• Complete conversion
• Fuel flexible
• Compact
www.milenatechnology.com 6
raw
producer
gas
flue gas
air
biomass
pyrolysis
combustion
steam or CO2 or …
8. INDIRECT GASIFICATION
• Energy transport between the two reactors
• Bed material takes carbon from gasifier to
combustor
– Char flows with bed material
– Tars adsorb on (porous) bed material
– CO2 transport through carbonates
• Bed material can take oxygen from
combustor to gasifier
gasifier
fuel air
gas
ash+char
gasifier
fuel air
gas
ash
combustion
fuel
energy
flue gas
oxygen
9. OXYGEN TRANSPORT
description of the tests
• Bubbling Fluidized Bed
• Olivine bed material (containing Fe)
• Clean wood fuel, 0.25 kg/h
• 880°C, 1 kg bed
• Two tests:
– Test 1: only gasification
– Test 2: intermittent gasification/combustion,
100 minutes cycle
10. OXYGEN TRANSPORT
description of the tests
oxidation
reduction
Steam
Fuel
N2
oxidation
reduction
Steam
Fuel
N2
Steam
Fuel
N2
Air Air
time
time
Test 1
Test 2
100 minutes
12. OXYGEN TRANSPORT
tars (by SPA method)
Iron becomes better catalyst due to reduction
Char accumulation
Instant effect of O-release
13. OXYGEN TRANSPORT
oxygen quantity
• Mass balance O mass flow for 1-minute intervals
• Relate to fuel mass flow ER
• Relate to iron phase change 20-25% of iron acts as O-pump
14. COMPARED TO MILENA
13
MILENA operating conditions are equivalent to the initial point of
maximum CO2: olivine is kept at high oxygen transport capacity
Test 2, first few minutes Test 2, after a while
16. CONCLUSIONS
• Indirect gasification offers degree of freedom compared to direct
gasification, since unconverted carbon is not a loss: temperature
• Freedom to operate at low temperature means fuel flexibility
• Bed material in indirect gasification can transport oxygen through chemical
looping
• This may add up to an ER of 0.2-0.3 during first few minutes of reduction
• This theoretically can supply all the required energy for gasification
• This also reduces tar:
– By direct combustion of adsorbed tars on surface where iron reduces (O donor)
– By increased gas phase reforming because of increased CO2 and H2O concentration
• MILENA is operated with fast reduction/short residence time: maximum
oxygen transport
17. THANKS FOR THE ATTENTION
publications: www.ecn.nl/publications
fuel composition database: www.phyllis.nl
tar dew point calculator: www.thersites.nl
IEA bioenergy/gasification: www.ieatask33.org
Milena indirect gasifier: www.milenatechnology.com
OLGA: www.olgatechnology.com / www.renewableenergy.nl
SNG: www.bioSNG.com /www.bioCNG.com
Bram van der Drift
ECN
Westerduinweg 3 P.O. Box 1
1755 LE Petten 1755 ZG Petten
The Netherlands The Netherlands
T +31 224 56 45 15 vanderdrift@ecn.nl
M +31 610 909 927 www.ecn.nl
16
18. 8
ECN
Westerduinweg 3 P.O. Box 1
1755 LE Petten 1755 LG Petten
The Netherlands The Netherlands
T +31 88 515 4949
F +31 88 515 8338
info@ ecn.nl
www.ecn.nl