The document defines a computer and describes its key advantages such as speed, accuracy, storage capability, diligence, and versatility. It then discusses some disadvantages like lack of intelligence, dependency on humans, and lack of feelings. The document also provides overviews of several topics related to computing including e-business, bioinformatics, healthcare applications, remote sensing, geographic information systems, meteorology/climatology, and computer gaming. Finally, it describes the fundamental components of a computer including the CPU, memory subsystem, I/O subsystem, and how they are connected via buses. It provides details on registers, instruction format, and the instruction cycle.

2. Definition
• A computer is defined as an electronic device
that helps us manipulate any kind of information
or data. A computer performs many functions
like storage, retrieving and processing data, and
so on.

3. High Speed: microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond.
Accuracy :calculations are 100% error free.
Storage Capability: data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.
Diligence: It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
Versatility :A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be
done.
Reliability:Modern electronic components have long lives.
Advantages of Computers

4. Disadvantages of Computers
• No I.Q.
 A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to
perform any task.
 Each instruction has to be given to the computer.
 A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
• Dependency
 It functions as per the user’s instruction, thus it is fully
dependent on humans.
• Environment
 The operating environment of the computer should be
dust free and suitable.
• No Feeling
 Computers have no feelings or emotions.
 experience, and knowledge unlike humans.

45. • E-Business (electronic
business) is any process that
a business organization
conducts over a computer-
mediated network. Business
organizations include any for-
profit, governmental, or
nonprofit entity. Their
processes include
production-, customer-, and
internal- or management-
focused business processes.
E-Business

46. BIO INFORMATICS

47. • It is an interdisciplinary field of study that uses Biology,
Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science
that have merged to form a single discipline. This sector is
mainly involved in analyzing biological data, and developing
new software using biological tools.
• According to the NCBI- National Center for Biotechnology
Information, the branch of NLM- National Library of
Medicine and NIH- National Institutes of Health,
Bioinformatics is defined as the analysis, collection,
classification, manipulation, recovery, storage
and visualization of all biological information using
computation technology.
BIO INFORMATICS

48. Health Care

49. Remote Sensing
• Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical
characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted
radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft). Special
cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help researchers
"sense" things about the Earth. Some examples are:
• Cameras on satellites and airplanes take images of large areas on the
Earth's surface, allowing us to see much more than we can see when
standing on the ground.
• Sonar systems on ships can be used to create images of the ocean floor
without needing to travel to the bottom of the ocean.
• Cameras on satellites can be used to make images of temperature
changes in the oceans.

50. Remote Sensing

51. Geographic Information
Systems (GIS)
It is store, analyze, and visualize data for
geographic positions on Earth’s surface.
GIS stands for Geographic Information
Systems and is a computer-based tool that
examines spatial relationships, patterns, and
trends in geography.
GIS mapping produces visualizations of
geospatial information. The 4 main ideas of
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are:
•Create geographic data.
•Manage it in a database.
•Analyze and find patterns.
•Display it on a map.

52. METEOROLOGY &
CLIMATOLOGY
• Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere,
atmospheric phenomena, and atmospheric effects on our weather. The
atmosphere is the gaseous layer of the physical environment that
surrounds a planet. Earth’s atmosphere is roughly 100 to 125 kilometers
(65-75 miles) thick.

53. Computer Gaming
Computers are used to simulate
games and experiment with
different gaming strategies. For
entertainment, Computers are
widely used for viewing films and
television shows online, creating
Cartoon animation, playing video
games, and using computer
applications for picture and video
editing.

56.  Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) performs the required
micro-operations for executing the instructions. In simple
words, ALU allows arithmetic (add, subtract, etc.) and logic
(AND, OR, NOT, etc.) operations to be carried out.
 Control Unit
The Control Unit of a computer system controls the
operations of components like ALU, memory and
input/output devices.
The Control Unit consists of a program counter that
contains the address of the instructions to be fetched and
an instruction register into which instructions are fetched
from memory for execution.
 Registers
Registers refer to high-speed storage areas in the CPU.
The data processed by the CPU are fetched from the
registers.

57. Fundamental Components of
Computer
 The CPU (ALU, Control Unit, Registers)
 The Memory Subsystem (Stored Data)
 The I/O subsystem (I/O devices)
I/O Device
Subsystem
Address Bus
Data Bus
Control Bus
CPU Memory
Subsystem
57

58. Each of these Components are
connected through Buses.
 BUS - Physically a set of wires. The
components of the Computer are
connected to these buses.
 Address Bus
 Data Bus
 Control Bus
58

59. Address Bus
 Used to specify the address of the
memory location to access.
 Each I/O devices has a unique address.
(monitor, mouse, cd-rom)
 CPU reads data or instructions from
other locations by specifying the
address of its location.
 CPU always outputs to the address bus
and never reads from it. 59

60. Data Bus
 Actual data is transferred via the data
bus.
 When the cpu sends an address to
memory, the memory will send data via
the data bus in return to the cpu.
60

61. Control Bus
 Collection of individual control signals.
 Whether the cpu will read or write data.
 CPU is accessing memory or an I/O
device
 Memory or I/O is ready to transfer data
61

62. I/O Bus or Local Bus
 In today’s computers the the I/O
controller will have an extra bus called
the I/O bus.
 The I/O bus will be used to access all
other I/O devices connected to the
system.
 Example: PCI bus
62

63. Instruction
 Program
– A sequence of (machine) instructions
 (Machine) Instruction
– A group of bits that tell the computer to perform a specific
operation (a sequence of micro-operation)
 The instructions of a program, along with any needed data are
stored in memory
 The CPU reads the next instruction from memory
 It is placed in an Instruction Register (IR)
 Control circuitry in control unit then translates the instruction
into the sequence of microoperations necessary to implement it
63

64. INSTRUCTION FORMAT
Instruction codes
 A computer instruction is often divided into two parts
– An opcode (Operation Code) that specifies the operation for that
instruction
– An address that specifies the registers and/or locations in memory to use
for that operation
 In the Basic Computer, bit 15 of the instruction specifies the
addressing mode (0: direct addressing, 1: indirect addressing)
 Since the memory words, and hence the instructions, are 16
bits long, that leaves 3 bits for the instruction’s opcode
Opcode Address
Instruction Format
15 14 12 0
I
11
Addressing
mode

65. BASIC COMPUTER REGISTERS
List of Registers
DR 16 Data Register Holds memory operand
AR 12 Address Register Holds address for memory
AC 16 Accumulator Processor register
IR 16 Instruction Register Holds instruction code
PC 12 Program Counter Holds address of instruction
TR 16 Temporary Register Holds temporary data
INPR 8 Input Register Holds input character
OUTR 8 Output Register Holds output character
Registers in the Basic Computer
11 0
PC
15 0
IR
15 0
TR
7 0
OUTR
15 0
DR
15 0
AC
11 0
AR
INPR
0 7
Memory
4096 x 16
CPU

66. PROCESSOR REGISTERS
Instruction codes
 A processor has many registers to hold instructions, addresses,
data, etc
 The processor has a register, the Program Counter (PC) that holds
the memory address of the next instruction
 In a direct or indirect addressing, the processor needs to keep
track of what locations in memory it is addressing: The Address
Register (AR) is used for this
– The AR is a 12 bit register in the Basic Computer
 When an operand is found, using either direct or indirect
addressing, it is placed in the Data Register (DR). The processor
then uses this value as data for its operation
 The Basic Computer has a single general purpose register – the
Accumulator (AC)

67. PROCESSOR REGISTERS
Instruction codes
 The significance of a general purpose register is that it can be used
for loading operands and storing results
 e.g. load AC with the contents of a specific memory location; store the contents of
AC into a specified memory location
 Often a processor will need a scratch register to store intermediate
results or other temporary data; in the Basic Computer this is the
Temporary Register (TR)
 The Basic Computer uses a very simple model of input/output (I/O)
operations
 Input devices are considered to send 8 bits of character data to the processor
 The processor can send 8 bits of character data to output devices
 The Input Register (INPR) holds an 8 bit character gotten from an
input device
 The Output Register (OUTR) holds an 8 bit character to be send to an
output device

68. Instruction Cycle
68

69. Instruction Cycles
 Procedure the CPU goes through to
process an instruction.
 1. Fetch - get instruction
 2. Decode - interperate the instruction
 3. Execute - run the instruction.
69

70. CPU organization
 CPU controls the Computer
 The CPU will fetch, decode and execute
instructions.
 The CPU has three internal sections:
register section, ALU and Control Unit
70

71. Register Section
 Includes collection of registers and a
bus.
 Processor’s instruction set architecture
are found in this section.
 Non accessible registers by the
programmer. These are to be used for
registers to latch the address being
accessed and a temp storage register.
71

72. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
 Performs most Arithmetic and logical
operations.
 Retrieves and stores its information
with the register section of the CPU.
72

73. 73