L03 Ecosystems Biomes
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The document discusses different types of ecosystems and biomes found around the world. It identifies various biomes such as tundra, taiga, temperate forest, grasslands, and deserts. Biome distribution is determined by broad climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, and day length. Tropical biomes have the highest biodiversity despite making up only a small fraction of the Earth's land. The document also examines regional biodiversity hotspots and patterns in plant and animal distributions around the world.
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Vegetation provides the first tropic trophic level in mountain ecosystems and hence requires proper documentation and quantification in relation to abiotic environmental variables both at individual and aggregate levels. The complex and dynamic Himalayas with their varying climate and topography exhibit diverse vegetation that provides a range of ecosystem services. The biodiversity of these mountains is also under the influence of diverse human cultures and land uses. The present paper is not only first of its kind but also quite unique because of the use of modern statistical techniques for the quantification of Diversity Indices of plant species and communities. The vegetation was sampled in three categories, i.e., trees, shrubs and herbs, as follows: a height of ≥ 5m were classified in the tree layer, shrubs were all woody species of height 1m and 5m and, finally, the herb layer comprised all herbaceous species less than 1m in height. The presence/absence of all vascular plants was recorded on pre-prepared data sheets (1, 0 data). For the tree layer, the diameter of trees at breast height was measured using diameter tape. Coverage of herbaceous vegetation was visually estimated according to Daubenmire and Braun Blanquet methods. It gives overall abundance of vascular plants on one hand and composition of these species on the other. Data was analysed in Canonical Community Coordination Package (CANOCO) to measure diversity indices of plant communities and habitat types. Results for five plant communities/habitat types indicated that plant biodiversity decreased along the altitude. Shannon Diversity Index values range between 3.3 and 4. N2 index and Index of Sample Variance were also designed. All of these Diversity Indices showed the highest values for the communities/habitats of north facing slopes at middle altitudes. Higher plant diversity at these slopes and altitudes can be associated to the period of snow cover which is longer and a relatively denser tree cover as compared to the southern slopes and hence the soil has high moisture which supports high biodiversity in return. Global warming causes desertification in number of fragile mountain ecosystem around the globe. These findings suggest that species diversity decreases along the measured ecological gradient under the influence of deforestation coupled with global climatic change.
Major types of ecosystem
This document discusses the major types of ecosystems. It defines terrestrial ecosystems as land ecosystems like grasslands, deserts, and forests. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater ecosystems found in lakes, rivers, and wetlands, and marine ecosystems found in oceans. Some key points made are:
- Terrestrial ecosystems are differentiated based on dominant plant life and climate factors. Examples given are deserts, grasslands, and forests.
- Aquatic ecosystems include freshwater habitats like lakes and rivers, as well as marine habitats like coral reefs and coastal wetlands.
- Ecosystems maintain a balance and ecological succession between living and non-living elements. Human activities can disrupt this balance, threatening wildlife conservation
Ecosystem
ecosystem topic will help you in understanding the basic means and other components like structure, functions, types, ecological pyramid, energy flow in ecosystem and many more environment related studies.
Wild life ecology
This document discusses terrestrial ecology and provides details on various terrestrial biomes. It describes the key differences between terrestrial and aquatic habitats. It then covers different terrestrial biomes in detail including tundra, alpine, forest, grassland and desert biomes. For each biome, it discusses geographical and climatic features, vegetation characteristics, and prominent animal life.
Biomes m.sc.iii [autosaved] [autosaved]
This document defines and describes different terrestrial biomes, including taiga, tundra, desert, grasslands, chaparrals, and provides details about their climates, vegetation, and wildlife. It discusses the key characteristics of each biome such as the typical temperature and precipitation ranges, as well as the types of plants and animals found in each biome and how they have adapted to the environmental conditions.
ecosystem.pptx
This document provides an overview of biodiversity and different ecosystem types. It defines biodiversity and explains the importance of high biodiversity for maintaining ecosystem stability. The document then describes the key components of ecosystems, including biotic factors (producers, consumers, decomposers) and abiotic factors (air, water, nutrients). It also defines and provides examples of different ecosystem types, such as forests (tropical rainforests, deciduous forests), grasslands, tundra, deserts, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Assessment activities are included to test understanding of matching ecosystem types to images and identifying biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem.
Salient features of grassland, forest and desert ecosystem
This document provides information about three main terrestrial ecosystems: grasslands, forests, and deserts. It begins with an introduction to terrestrial ecosystems and their key features. It then discusses grasslands in more detail, including the types of grasslands, vegetation, evolution, climates, biodiversity, human impacts, and example animal species. Forest ecosystems are then examined, covering definitions, evolution, ecology, and example plant and animal species. Finally, it briefly touches on desert ecosystems, their vegetation and example animal species. The document aims to highlight the salient features and differences between these three major terrestrial biomes.
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Lec 10 biomes
Biomes are regions defined by similar climate, plants, and animals. The document discusses several major biomes including tundra, boreal forests, tropical rainforests, deserts, freshwater biomes, and the open ocean. Each biome has characteristic climate patterns and suites of adapted species. Climate is the primary factor determining a biome, as similar climates promote the evolution of similar communities through convergent evolution. Human activities can disturb biomes through pollution, resource extraction, and introduced species.
Habitat of the living
This document provides information about different types of habitats and ecosystems. It discusses forests, tropical forests, temperate forests, boreal forests, grasslands, deserts, mountains, polar regions, aquatic habitats, freshwater habitats, marine habitats, coastal habitats, estuaries, coral reefs, and how plants and animals adapt to their environments. Pictures are included to illustrate each habitat type. The document also covers animal adaptations like camouflage, migration, hibernation, and how plants and animals depend on each other.
11 Ecology
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. It involves interactions between organisms and both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. Ecology can be studied at different levels of complexity, from the individual organism to the biosphere. Populations are dynamic groups of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Population size and composition can change over time due to factors such as birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, and population density.
Adaptation techniques in different Biomes
This PDF describes various biomes which are present on this earth. It describes climate, flora & fauna, location, and adaptation techniques.
Terretrial Ecosystem.pdf
1. Terrestrial environments can be characterized by their vegetation like forests, grasslands, and shrublands, as well as their physical and chemical properties like soil.
2. Soil provides the foundation for plant growth and serves as a habitat for animals and a system to break down waste.
3. Biomes are large regions defined by their dominant plant life and climate. Major terrestrial biomes include tropical forests, temperate forests, conifer forests, tropical savannas, temperate grasslands, shrublands, tundra, and deserts.
Science 7 notes gb lab 01 which biome where 2012 20 13
This document provides an overview of biomes and ecosystems, including key terms, characteristics of major land and aquatic biomes, and supporting concepts like adaptation, dormancy, hibernation, and migration. It aims to help students differentiate between ecosystems and biomes, investigate and understand the characteristics of terrestrial, marine, and freshwater biomes, and compare and contrast the biotic and abiotic features of these major biomes.
Ecosystems and Biomes
This document provides information about different ecosystems and biomes. It defines an ecosystem as the interactions between living and nonliving things in a place, and a biome as a large region with similar climate and organisms. It then describes several major biomes in more detail, including tundra, temperate forest, tropical rainforest, desert, savanna, grassland, and chaparral. Each biome section provides examples of characteristic plants, animals, climates, and locations.
40402188 forest
The document discusses different types of forests found around the world, including tropical rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests, mangrove forests, and coniferous forests. It provides details on the climate, vegetation, and geographic distribution of each forest type. It also discusses the importance of forests in providing habitat for biodiversity and notes some threats to forests from human activities.
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L03 Ecosystems Biomes
- 1. Ecosystems – what types are there, and where are they located?
- 4. BIOMES - WORLDWIDE PATTERNS OF DIVERSITY at a world scale the vegetation is clumped into a few major types called BIOMES, based on abiotic factors
- 8. TAIGA ( BOREAL FOREST ) BIOME large areas of boreal forest - conifer forests - only in northern hemisphere
- 9. TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS or EVERGREEN FOREST BIOME (eg. Eucalyptus ) evergreen deciduous
- 10. DESERT BIOMES occur wherever RAINFALL is low and unpredictable deserts
- 11. GRASSLAND BIOMES occur where rainfall is higher and reliable high but unreliable rainfalls result in SAVANNA BIOMES tropical grassland & savanna temperate grasslands
- 14. BIOME orientation can be altered by mountain ranges running north-south Rockies (USA) Andes (South America) Great Dividing Range (Australia)
- 15. Biome types can be altered by secondary processes such as fire, or grazing - HEATH & DRY SCLEROPHYLL (Australia), GARIQUE (Mediterranean Europe), FYNBOS (Southern Africa), CHAPARRAL (USA - California) Heath in Australia – high endemic diversity is maintained by fire
- 18. Oriental and Australian avifauna in Wallacaea ali Lombok Sumbawa flores Alor 87-13 72-28 68-32 63-37 57-43 Oriental Australian
- 22. Regional plant diversity for selected areas * area in thousands of square kilometres