The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body, formed by the fusion of three joints. It contains articular surfaces on the femur, patella, and tibia. Stability is provided by muscles, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments. The knee allows for flexion, extension, and medial/lateral rotation. Locking and unlocking during walking is enabled by the quadriceps and popliteus muscles respectively. Injuries like meniscal tears and dislocations are clinically relevant.
knee joint
Functionally, the knee joint is a condylar & modified hinge joint.
Transverse axis of movement is not fixed, & moves forward during extension & translates backward in flexion;
Along with extension & flexion, there is a conjunct rotation of femur on tibia(or vice versa) around a more or less vertical axis.
1. Capsular ligament
2. Synovial membrane
3. Ligamentum patellae
4. Tibial collateral ligament
5. Fibular collateral ligament
6. Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
Medial & lateral menisci
TIBIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
The ligament consist of superficial & deep part . Both part are attached above to the medial epicondyle of femur. The superficial part extends downward & forward as a flattened band & is attached to the medial condyle & upper part of medial border of shaft of tibia along a rough strip of bone.
The knee joint is formed by the femur, tibia, and patella. It allows for flexion and extension as well as some rotation. The knee joint is supported by several ligaments including the cruciate ligaments, menisci, and collateral ligaments. Injuries commonly involve tears to the medial meniscus or collateral ligaments from blows or twists to the flexed knee. Osteoarthritis is also a frequent cause of knee problems treated by knee replacement surgery.
The knee joint is made up of bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilages, and a joint capsule. It contains two joints - the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. The bones that make up the knee are the femur, tibia, and patella. Ligaments such as the ACL and PCL provide stability while tendons like the quadriceps and patellar tendon connect muscles to bones. Cartilage cushions the bones and allows for smooth movement. Common knee injuries and conditions include ACL/PCL tears, meniscus tears, osteoarthritis, and bursitis.
The knee joint is a compound synovial joint composed of the femorotibial joints laterally and medially, and the femoropatellar joint. It contains articular surfaces on the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, and the patella. The joint cavity is divided by the medial and lateral menisci. Stability is provided by ligaments like the ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL. Muscles like the quadriceps and hamstrings facilitate movement of the knee.
This document provides an overview of the hip, knee, and ankle joints. It describes the types and articular surfaces of each joint, as well as their capsules, ligaments, movements, and nerve supply. For the hip joint, it outlines the acetabulum, femoral head, labrum, capsule, ligaments, and muscles involved in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. For the knee joint, it details the femorotibial, femoropatellar, and meniscal structures, cruciate and collateral ligaments, bursae, and muscles controlling flexion and rotation. Finally, it examines the ankle joint's articular surfaces, deltoid and lateral ligaments, and
The knee is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. It consists of two condylar joints between the femur and tibia, as well as the patellofemoral joint. The stability of the knee relies primarily on soft tissues like ligaments rather than bony structure. The knee joint is divided into the medial and lateral compartments by the menisci. It contains several important ligaments like the ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL that provide stability. The muscles that act on the knee include the quadriceps, hamstrings, pes anserine group and iliotibial band.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It is formed by the condyle of the femur articulating with the condyle of the tibia and the patella. The knee joint is supported by several ligaments including the fibrous capsule, ligamentum patellae, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, and medial and lateral menisci. The knee joint is supplied by branches of the popliteal artery and innervated by branches of the femoral and sciatic nerves. Common clinical issues involving the knee include osteoarthritis, injuries to the cruciate ligaments and menisci, and deformities such as genu varum and genu vulg
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body, formed by the fusion of three joints. It contains articular surfaces on the femur, patella, and tibia. Stability is provided by muscles, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments. The knee allows for flexion, extension, and medial/lateral rotation. Locking and unlocking during walking is enabled by the quadriceps and popliteus muscles respectively. Injuries like meniscal tears and dislocations are clinically relevant.
knee joint
Functionally, the knee joint is a condylar & modified hinge joint.
Transverse axis of movement is not fixed, & moves forward during extension & translates backward in flexion;
Along with extension & flexion, there is a conjunct rotation of femur on tibia(or vice versa) around a more or less vertical axis.
1. Capsular ligament
2. Synovial membrane
3. Ligamentum patellae
4. Tibial collateral ligament
5. Fibular collateral ligament
6. Oblique popliteal ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
Medial & lateral menisci
TIBIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
The ligament consist of superficial & deep part . Both part are attached above to the medial epicondyle of femur. The superficial part extends downward & forward as a flattened band & is attached to the medial condyle & upper part of medial border of shaft of tibia along a rough strip of bone.
The knee joint is formed by the femur, tibia, and patella. It allows for flexion and extension as well as some rotation. The knee joint is supported by several ligaments including the cruciate ligaments, menisci, and collateral ligaments. Injuries commonly involve tears to the medial meniscus or collateral ligaments from blows or twists to the flexed knee. Osteoarthritis is also a frequent cause of knee problems treated by knee replacement surgery.
The knee joint is made up of bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilages, and a joint capsule. It contains two joints - the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. The bones that make up the knee are the femur, tibia, and patella. Ligaments such as the ACL and PCL provide stability while tendons like the quadriceps and patellar tendon connect muscles to bones. Cartilage cushions the bones and allows for smooth movement. Common knee injuries and conditions include ACL/PCL tears, meniscus tears, osteoarthritis, and bursitis.
The knee joint is a compound synovial joint composed of the femorotibial joints laterally and medially, and the femoropatellar joint. It contains articular surfaces on the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, and the patella. The joint cavity is divided by the medial and lateral menisci. Stability is provided by ligaments like the ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL. Muscles like the quadriceps and hamstrings facilitate movement of the knee.
This document provides an overview of the hip, knee, and ankle joints. It describes the types and articular surfaces of each joint, as well as their capsules, ligaments, movements, and nerve supply. For the hip joint, it outlines the acetabulum, femoral head, labrum, capsule, ligaments, and muscles involved in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. For the knee joint, it details the femorotibial, femoropatellar, and meniscal structures, cruciate and collateral ligaments, bursae, and muscles controlling flexion and rotation. Finally, it examines the ankle joint's articular surfaces, deltoid and lateral ligaments, and
The knee is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. It consists of two condylar joints between the femur and tibia, as well as the patellofemoral joint. The stability of the knee relies primarily on soft tissues like ligaments rather than bony structure. The knee joint is divided into the medial and lateral compartments by the menisci. It contains several important ligaments like the ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL that provide stability. The muscles that act on the knee include the quadriceps, hamstrings, pes anserine group and iliotibial band.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It is formed by the condyle of the femur articulating with the condyle of the tibia and the patella. The knee joint is supported by several ligaments including the fibrous capsule, ligamentum patellae, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, and medial and lateral menisci. The knee joint is supplied by branches of the popliteal artery and innervated by branches of the femoral and sciatic nerves. Common clinical issues involving the knee include osteoarthritis, injuries to the cruciate ligaments and menisci, and deformities such as genu varum and genu vulg
The document discusses knee instability and describes the structure of the knee including the osseous, extra-articular, and intra-articular structures. It provides details on the menisci, ligaments including the ACL and PCL, and muscles. The document also covers causes of meniscal injuries, diagnostic tests, treatment options including non-operative treatment and surgical procedures like meniscectomy and repair.
Ligamnet around knee and injury and managementBirajkc5
The document discusses knee instability and describes the structure of the knee including the osseous, extra-articular, and intra-articular structures. It provides details on the menisci, ligaments including the ACL and PCL, muscles, and classification of knee stabilizers. The document also covers mechanisms and classification of meniscal injuries, diagnostic tests, imaging studies, and surgical and non-surgical treatment options.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and structures of the knee joint. It describes the osseous structures including the femur, tibia, and patella. It also discusses the extra-articular tendinous structures, ligamentous structures including the capsule, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments. The intra-articular structures of the menisci and synovial membrane are also outlined. Blood supply and innervation of the various structures is summarized.
The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the body. It allows for weight bearing, walking, climbing stairs, running, jumping and kicking. The knee joint is formed where the femur meets the tibia and patella. It contains ligaments like the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, menisci, synovial membrane and bursae that provide stability and cushioning. Injuries to the cruciate ligaments or menisci are common in sports and require immobilization followed by physiotherapy.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It is formed by the fusion of the femorotibial joints and femoropatellar joint. The knee joint is supported by numerous ligaments including the cruciate ligaments, menisci, and fibrous capsule. It allows for flexion and extension movements through the actions of various muscles and tendons. Injuries commonly occur to the ligaments and menisci, and inflammation can develop in the bursae around the knee.
The knee joint is a complex synovial joint that allows flexion and extension. It is formed between the femur and tibia. The articular surfaces include the femoral and tibial condyles covered in hyaline cartilage. Stability is provided by muscles, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments. The medial and lateral menisci act as shock absorbers on the tibial plateaus. Blood supply enters through the femoral, popliteal, and genicular arteries. Flexion and extension are the primary movements allowed.
The document describes the major joints of the lower limb, including the hip, knee, ankle, and foot joints. It provides details on the types of joints, articular surfaces, ligaments, and movements at each joint. The hip is a ball and socket joint with a deep acetabulum providing stability. The knee is the largest and most complex joint, formed by the fusion of three joints. The ankle is a hinge joint that connects the tibia and fibula to the talus bone of the foot. The foot contains numerous small joints that allow movements like inversion, eversion, supination and pronation.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It is a modified hinge joint that allows flexion, extension, and some rotation. The knee joint is composed of three articulations: the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints between the femur and tibia, and the patellofemoral joint between the femur and patella. The knee joint is supported by ligaments such as the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, as well as menisci that cushion the joint surfaces.
The knee joint is a hinge synovial joint consisting of the femur, tibia, and patella. It has two collateral ligaments - the lateral collateral ligament and medial collateral ligament - as well as two cruciate ligaments - the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. The stability of the knee joint depends on surrounding muscles like the quadriceps femoris and ligaments connecting the femur and tibia. It is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane, and contains two menisci that absorb shock between the femur and tibia.
The document discusses the anatomy of the lower limb joints, including the hip, knee, and ankle joints. It describes the types of joints, articular surfaces, ligaments, movements, blood supply, clinical considerations, and gait for each joint. For the hip joint, it highlights the ball and socket construction, stability from muscles, ligaments and bone shape, and age-related diseases like osteoarthritis and fractures.
The knee joint is a modified hinge joint that allows flexion and extension. It is supported by ligaments including the ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL. The joint is lined by a synovial membrane and contains two menisci that absorb shock and deepen the tibial surfaces. Flexion is powered by the hamstrings while extension is powered by the quadriceps femoris muscle. The knee provides stability during weight bearing and locomotion.
hip joint anatomy physiology and injuries.pptx9459654457
The hip joint is a ball and socket synovial joint that connects the femur to the pelvis. It is made up of the spherical head of the femur articulating with the acetabulum of the pelvis. The hip joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and medial/lateral rotation. It is stabilized by strong ligaments and surrounded by muscles that power its movements. The femoral head receives its blood supply through the ligament of the head of femur within the joint capsule.
The knee is a synovial hinge joint that allows flexion and extension. It is stabilized by ligaments like the ACL and PCL as well as muscles like the quadriceps and hamstrings. The knee has articular surfaces between the femur, tibia, and patella. Injuries and diseases like osteoarthritis can affect the knee's structures and biomechanics during movements like ascending and descending stairs.
The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the forearm to the arm. It consists of the trochlea of the humerus articulating with the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus articulating with the head of the radius. The elbow joint is stabilized by ligaments and surrounded by a joint capsule, and allows for flexion and extension of the forearm. Common injuries to the elbow include dislocations, fractures, and inflammation like tennis elbow.
The knee joint is a complex synovial joint formed by the fusion of the femur, tibia, and patella. It has two condylar joints between the femoral condyles and tibial condyles, and a saddle joint between the femur and patella. The knee joint is supported by numerous ligaments and divided into compartments by menisci. It has a complex network of arteries, nerves and bursae surrounding it and allows for flexion and extension movements.
The document provides details about the ankle joint and joints of the foot. It discusses the tibiofibular articulation including the superior, interosseous, and inferior tibiofibular joints. It then describes the ankle (talocrural) joint, including its range of motion, articulating surfaces, joint capsule, ligaments, synovial membrane, vascular supply, innervation, and factors maintaining stability. Finally, it summarizes the small joints of the foot including the talocalcaneal, talocalcaneonavicular, calcaneocuboid, naviculocuneiform, and intercuneiform joints.
The document provides an anatomical overview of the knee structures. It discusses the osseous structures including the patella, femoral condyles, and tibial plateaus. It then describes the extra-articular structures such as muscles, ligaments, and tendons that provide stability to the knee joint. These include the quadriceps mechanism, hamstrings, iliotibial band, gastrocnemius, and collateral and cruciate ligaments. The document outlines the layers of soft tissues and ligaments on the medial and lateral sides of the knee.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
The document discusses knee instability and describes the structure of the knee including the osseous, extra-articular, and intra-articular structures. It provides details on the menisci, ligaments including the ACL and PCL, and muscles. The document also covers causes of meniscal injuries, diagnostic tests, treatment options including non-operative treatment and surgical procedures like meniscectomy and repair.
Ligamnet around knee and injury and managementBirajkc5
The document discusses knee instability and describes the structure of the knee including the osseous, extra-articular, and intra-articular structures. It provides details on the menisci, ligaments including the ACL and PCL, muscles, and classification of knee stabilizers. The document also covers mechanisms and classification of meniscal injuries, diagnostic tests, imaging studies, and surgical and non-surgical treatment options.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and structures of the knee joint. It describes the osseous structures including the femur, tibia, and patella. It also discusses the extra-articular tendinous structures, ligamentous structures including the capsule, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments. The intra-articular structures of the menisci and synovial membrane are also outlined. Blood supply and innervation of the various structures is summarized.
The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the body. It allows for weight bearing, walking, climbing stairs, running, jumping and kicking. The knee joint is formed where the femur meets the tibia and patella. It contains ligaments like the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, menisci, synovial membrane and bursae that provide stability and cushioning. Injuries to the cruciate ligaments or menisci are common in sports and require immobilization followed by physiotherapy.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It is formed by the fusion of the femorotibial joints and femoropatellar joint. The knee joint is supported by numerous ligaments including the cruciate ligaments, menisci, and fibrous capsule. It allows for flexion and extension movements through the actions of various muscles and tendons. Injuries commonly occur to the ligaments and menisci, and inflammation can develop in the bursae around the knee.
The knee joint is a complex synovial joint that allows flexion and extension. It is formed between the femur and tibia. The articular surfaces include the femoral and tibial condyles covered in hyaline cartilage. Stability is provided by muscles, collateral ligaments, and cruciate ligaments. The medial and lateral menisci act as shock absorbers on the tibial plateaus. Blood supply enters through the femoral, popliteal, and genicular arteries. Flexion and extension are the primary movements allowed.
The document describes the major joints of the lower limb, including the hip, knee, ankle, and foot joints. It provides details on the types of joints, articular surfaces, ligaments, and movements at each joint. The hip is a ball and socket joint with a deep acetabulum providing stability. The knee is the largest and most complex joint, formed by the fusion of three joints. The ankle is a hinge joint that connects the tibia and fibula to the talus bone of the foot. The foot contains numerous small joints that allow movements like inversion, eversion, supination and pronation.
The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint in the body. It is a modified hinge joint that allows flexion, extension, and some rotation. The knee joint is composed of three articulations: the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints between the femur and tibia, and the patellofemoral joint between the femur and patella. The knee joint is supported by ligaments such as the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, as well as menisci that cushion the joint surfaces.
The knee joint is a hinge synovial joint consisting of the femur, tibia, and patella. It has two collateral ligaments - the lateral collateral ligament and medial collateral ligament - as well as two cruciate ligaments - the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament. The stability of the knee joint depends on surrounding muscles like the quadriceps femoris and ligaments connecting the femur and tibia. It is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane, and contains two menisci that absorb shock between the femur and tibia.
The document discusses the anatomy of the lower limb joints, including the hip, knee, and ankle joints. It describes the types of joints, articular surfaces, ligaments, movements, blood supply, clinical considerations, and gait for each joint. For the hip joint, it highlights the ball and socket construction, stability from muscles, ligaments and bone shape, and age-related diseases like osteoarthritis and fractures.
The knee joint is a modified hinge joint that allows flexion and extension. It is supported by ligaments including the ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL. The joint is lined by a synovial membrane and contains two menisci that absorb shock and deepen the tibial surfaces. Flexion is powered by the hamstrings while extension is powered by the quadriceps femoris muscle. The knee provides stability during weight bearing and locomotion.
hip joint anatomy physiology and injuries.pptx9459654457
The hip joint is a ball and socket synovial joint that connects the femur to the pelvis. It is made up of the spherical head of the femur articulating with the acetabulum of the pelvis. The hip joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and medial/lateral rotation. It is stabilized by strong ligaments and surrounded by muscles that power its movements. The femoral head receives its blood supply through the ligament of the head of femur within the joint capsule.
The knee is a synovial hinge joint that allows flexion and extension. It is stabilized by ligaments like the ACL and PCL as well as muscles like the quadriceps and hamstrings. The knee has articular surfaces between the femur, tibia, and patella. Injuries and diseases like osteoarthritis can affect the knee's structures and biomechanics during movements like ascending and descending stairs.
The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the forearm to the arm. It consists of the trochlea of the humerus articulating with the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus articulating with the head of the radius. The elbow joint is stabilized by ligaments and surrounded by a joint capsule, and allows for flexion and extension of the forearm. Common injuries to the elbow include dislocations, fractures, and inflammation like tennis elbow.
The knee joint is a complex synovial joint formed by the fusion of the femur, tibia, and patella. It has two condylar joints between the femoral condyles and tibial condyles, and a saddle joint between the femur and patella. The knee joint is supported by numerous ligaments and divided into compartments by menisci. It has a complex network of arteries, nerves and bursae surrounding it and allows for flexion and extension movements.
The document provides details about the ankle joint and joints of the foot. It discusses the tibiofibular articulation including the superior, interosseous, and inferior tibiofibular joints. It then describes the ankle (talocrural) joint, including its range of motion, articulating surfaces, joint capsule, ligaments, synovial membrane, vascular supply, innervation, and factors maintaining stability. Finally, it summarizes the small joints of the foot including the talocalcaneal, talocalcaneonavicular, calcaneocuboid, naviculocuneiform, and intercuneiform joints.
The document provides an anatomical overview of the knee structures. It discusses the osseous structures including the patella, femoral condyles, and tibial plateaus. It then describes the extra-articular structures such as muscles, ligaments, and tendons that provide stability to the knee joint. These include the quadriceps mechanism, hamstrings, iliotibial band, gastrocnemius, and collateral and cruciate ligaments. The document outlines the layers of soft tissues and ligaments on the medial and lateral sides of the knee.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. These is a preliminary
consideration of the chapter
for better & actual
understanding of the topic
kindly refer to the textbook
for any missconcept teacher is
not responsible.
Note:
3. KNEE JOINT
Features
The knee is the largest and most complex joint of the
body.
Type
• It is condylar synovial joint, incorporating two
condylar joints between the condyles of the femur
and tibia, and one saddle joint between the femur
and the patella.
• It is also a complex joint as the cavity is divided by
the menisci.
4. Articular Surfaces
The knee joint is formed by:
1. The condyles of the femur.
2. The patella.
3. The condyles of the tibia.
Ligaments
1. Fibrous capsule.
2. Ligamentum patellae.
3. Tibial collateral or medial ligament.
4. Fibular collateral or lateral ligament.
5. Oblique popliteal ligament.
9. Sagittal section
through the knee joint
of right side seen from
the medial aspect to
show the reflection of
the synovial membrane
(note the cruciate
10. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Features
The synovial membrane of the knee joint lines the
capsule, except posteriorly where it is reflected
forwards by the cruciate ligaments, forming a
common covering for both the ligaments.
Bursae around the Knee
As many as 12 bursae have been described
around the knee—four anterior, four lateral, and
four medial. These bursae are as follows.
Anterior
1. Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa.
11. 3. Deep infrapatellar bursa.
4. Suprapatellar bursa.
Lateral
1.A bursa deep to the lateral head of the
gastrocnemius.
2.A bursa between the fibular collateral ligament and
the biceps femoris.
3.A bursa between the fibular collateral ligament and
the tendon of the popliteus.
4.A bursa between the tendon of the popliteus and the
lateral condyle of the tibia.
12. Medial
1. A bursa deep to the medial head of the
gastrocnemius.
2. The anserine bursa is a complicated bursa which
separates the tendons of the sartorius, the gracilis
and the semitendinosus from one another, from the
tibia, and from the tibial collateral ligament.
3. A bursa deep to the tibial collateral ligament.
4. A bursa deep to the semimembranosus.
Relations of Knee Joint
• Anteriorly,
• Posteriorly,
• Medially,
13. Blood Supply
1. Five genicular branches of the popliteal artery.
2. The descending genicular branch of the femoral
artery.
3. The descending branch of the lateral circumflex
femoral artery.
4. Two recurrent branches of the anterior tibial artery.
5. The circumflex fibular branch of the posterior tibial
Nerve Supply
1. Femoral nerve,
2. Branches of sciatic nerve, i.e. tibial and common
peroneal
15. MOVEMENTS AT THE KNEE JOINT
Features
Active movements at the knee are flexion, extension,
medial rotation and lateral rotation (Table 12.2).
Flexion and extension are the chief movements. These
take place in the upper compartment of the joint, above
the menisci.
Rotatory movements at the knee are of a small range
and occur in lower compartment below the menisei.
Locking and Unlocking of the Knee Joint
Locking is a mechanism that allows the knee to remain
in the position of full extension as in standing without
much muscular effort.
16. The locked knee joint can be flexed only after it is
unlocked by a reversal of the medial rotation, i.e. by
lateral rotation of the femur. Unlocking is brought
about by the action of the popliteus muscle.
17.
18. CLINICAL ANATOMY
• Osteoarthritis
• Injuries to the knee:
a.Injuries to menisci:
b.Injuries to cruciate ligaments
c. Injuries to collateral ligaments
• Hip joint and knee joint may need to be replaced if
beyond repair.
• In knee joint disease vastus medialis is first to
atrophy and last to recover.
19. (a) Rupture of anterior cruciate ligament, and (b) posterior
cruciate ligaments
21. FACTS TO REMEMBER
• Knee joint is the most complicated joint
• Flexion and extension are allowed in the upper
compartment of knee joint while rotation is
permitted in the lower or meniscotibial
compartment.
• Locking muscle is vastus medialis part of
quadriceps femoris.
• Unlocking muscle is popliteus.
• Inversion and eversion occur at talocalcaneo-
navicular joint, assisted by movements at
transverse tarsal joints, i.e. talonavicular and
calcaneocuboid joints.
22. FACTS TO REMEMBER
• Inferior tibiofibular joint is a syndesmosis type of
joint, i.e. joint formed by ligaments only.
• Fibula does not take part in knee joint, but
participates in the formation of ankle joint.
• Talus has no muscular attachment. Tendon of
flexor hallucis longus courses between the two
tubercles of its posterior process
• The big toe carries double the weight to the ground
than any of other four toes.