This document provides information on common orthopedic conditions of the knee, including descriptions of bones and soft tissues in the knee, causes and symptoms of injuries and diseases like arthritis, torn meniscus, patellofemoral pain syndrome, shin splints, and torn ACL. Treatment options ranging from rest, ice, braces to surgery are mentioned for each condition.
The document discusses various orthopedic procedures including knee replacement, hip replacement, and spinal surgeries. It provides detailed descriptions of total knee replacement surgery, including preparing the knee joint, attaching implants, and post-operative recovery. It also covers partial knee replacement, hip anatomy, common causes of hip pain like arthritis, and hip replacement surgery.
Total knee replacement (TKR) is a surgical procedure to replace the cartilage and bone surfaces of the knee joint. The knee joint is made up of the femur, tibia, fibula, and patella bones. During TKR, the surgeon removes damaged or diseased bone and cartilage and replaces them with prosthetic components. This allows the knee to function smoothly again. Common reasons for TKR include osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. With proper rehabilitation, most patients experience reduced pain and improved mobility following surgery. However, there are risks such as infection, blood clots, and prosthesis failure. With exercise and healthy lifestyle choices, TKR typically provides excellent long-term outcomes.
This document provides information about total hip replacement surgery. It discusses the anatomy of the hip joint, common causes of hip damage requiring replacement such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and the types of surgeries and materials used including cementless fixation and metals, plastics, or ceramics. The procedure is described along with potential complications. Precautions to prevent implant failure like wound care, diet, activity restrictions and infection prevention are outlined. Regulations for hip implants in India are discussed.
The document provides information on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery and rehabilitation. It describes the function of the ACL, common injury mechanisms, surgical procedure which replaces the torn ACL with a graft, and postoperative rehabilitation aims which focus on regaining full extension and flexion while controlling swelling in the early phases before progressing to strength exercises. The goal of surgery and rehabilitation is to prevent repeated instability and allowing return to sport activities in most patients.
Orthoses are devices used to support existing body parts to improve function. They are used to relieve pain, support weight, provide stability, prevent and correct deformities. Ideal orthoses are strong, light, simple to use and provide functional and cosmetic satisfaction. Prostheses replace missing limbs. Different types are used for various amputation levels from ankle to hip. Prosthetic design considers residual limb length and joint preservation. Complications include hematoma, infection, necrosis and phantom limb sensations. The Jaipur foot is a lightweight, flexible prosthesis for below-knee amputations that is waterproof and allows squatting.
This document provides an overview of total hip replacement surgery. It discusses the anatomy of the hip joint and causes of hip pain and loss of mobility like osteoarthritis and fractures. It describes the surgical procedure for total hip replacement, which involves removing the femoral head and inserting prosthetic components. Post-surgery rehabilitation and potential complications are also outlined.
Knee replacement Treatment by High Beam Global IndiaAbhik Moitra
Knee Replacement Surgery is a very common sugery in the field of healthcare. We, High Beam Global India wants to bring all about this procedure in front of you.
The surgical procedure involves attaching fixation plates and screws to stabilize fractured fibula and tibia bones in the ankle joint. An incision is made to access the bones, bone fragments are removed, and a plate is positioned and secured with screws on the fibula and tibia. The incision is closed, the ankle is bandaged and placed in a splint. The patient will be non-weight bearing for 3 to 10 weeks and may require physical therapy.
The document discusses various orthopedic procedures including knee replacement, hip replacement, and spinal surgeries. It provides detailed descriptions of total knee replacement surgery, including preparing the knee joint, attaching implants, and post-operative recovery. It also covers partial knee replacement, hip anatomy, common causes of hip pain like arthritis, and hip replacement surgery.
Total knee replacement (TKR) is a surgical procedure to replace the cartilage and bone surfaces of the knee joint. The knee joint is made up of the femur, tibia, fibula, and patella bones. During TKR, the surgeon removes damaged or diseased bone and cartilage and replaces them with prosthetic components. This allows the knee to function smoothly again. Common reasons for TKR include osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. With proper rehabilitation, most patients experience reduced pain and improved mobility following surgery. However, there are risks such as infection, blood clots, and prosthesis failure. With exercise and healthy lifestyle choices, TKR typically provides excellent long-term outcomes.
This document provides information about total hip replacement surgery. It discusses the anatomy of the hip joint, common causes of hip damage requiring replacement such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and the types of surgeries and materials used including cementless fixation and metals, plastics, or ceramics. The procedure is described along with potential complications. Precautions to prevent implant failure like wound care, diet, activity restrictions and infection prevention are outlined. Regulations for hip implants in India are discussed.
The document provides information on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery and rehabilitation. It describes the function of the ACL, common injury mechanisms, surgical procedure which replaces the torn ACL with a graft, and postoperative rehabilitation aims which focus on regaining full extension and flexion while controlling swelling in the early phases before progressing to strength exercises. The goal of surgery and rehabilitation is to prevent repeated instability and allowing return to sport activities in most patients.
Orthoses are devices used to support existing body parts to improve function. They are used to relieve pain, support weight, provide stability, prevent and correct deformities. Ideal orthoses are strong, light, simple to use and provide functional and cosmetic satisfaction. Prostheses replace missing limbs. Different types are used for various amputation levels from ankle to hip. Prosthetic design considers residual limb length and joint preservation. Complications include hematoma, infection, necrosis and phantom limb sensations. The Jaipur foot is a lightweight, flexible prosthesis for below-knee amputations that is waterproof and allows squatting.
This document provides an overview of total hip replacement surgery. It discusses the anatomy of the hip joint and causes of hip pain and loss of mobility like osteoarthritis and fractures. It describes the surgical procedure for total hip replacement, which involves removing the femoral head and inserting prosthetic components. Post-surgery rehabilitation and potential complications are also outlined.
Knee replacement Treatment by High Beam Global IndiaAbhik Moitra
Knee Replacement Surgery is a very common sugery in the field of healthcare. We, High Beam Global India wants to bring all about this procedure in front of you.
The surgical procedure involves attaching fixation plates and screws to stabilize fractured fibula and tibia bones in the ankle joint. An incision is made to access the bones, bone fragments are removed, and a plate is positioned and secured with screws on the fibula and tibia. The incision is closed, the ankle is bandaged and placed in a splint. The patient will be non-weight bearing for 3 to 10 weeks and may require physical therapy.
Latest advances in Joint replacements higlkights rane of procedures currently performed by Dr. Venkatachalam. This list is not exhaustive and newer procedures are introduced frequently. Patients seeking value medical care abroad will benefit from this knowledge
The document discusses complications that can occur after total knee replacement surgery. Some specific complications mentioned include blood clots, infection, problems with the prosthetic implant like loosening or dislocation, complications from anesthesia like heart attack or stroke, injuries to nerves or blood vessels during surgery, and differences in leg length after surgery. Reducing risks requires preventative measures like blood thinners, support stockings, and antibiotics for future procedures to prevent infection.
Recent Advances in Arthroscopic Hip Treatmentcoreinstitute
One of the most exciting and potentially beneficial recent advances in orthopedic surgery has been the use of arthroscopy to repair injuries of the hip joint. View this presentation to learn more about this advance in hip treatment.
This document discusses total elbow arthroplasty. It provides an overview of the different types of elbow implants, including fully constrained, semi-constrained, and unconstrained designs. Semi-constrained implants are most commonly used. Patient selection criteria and contraindications are outlined. Post-operative care involves restricting motion and weight-bearing initially. Common complications include instability, polyethylene wear, osteolysis, loosening, and infection. Revision surgery may be needed in cases of painful or failed elbow replacements.
The document discusses considerations for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It covers:
1) The history and goals of TKA, along with evolving implant designs.
2) The importance of thorough knowledge of knee anatomy and achieving proper soft tissue balancing during surgery.
3) Key steps of TKA including bone cuts, gap balancing, patella tracking, cementing and ensuring proper flexion and extension.
This document discusses ankle arthritis and its treatment options. It provides details on the anatomy of the ankle joint and common causes of ankle arthritis, including post-traumatic, inflammatory, degenerative, and avascular necrosis. Non-surgical treatments for ankle arthritis like orthotics, bracing, injections and activity modification are outlined. Surgical options covered include arthroscopic debridement, ankle fusion (arthrodesis), and total ankle replacement. Specific techniques for ankle fusion using both external and internal fixation are summarized. Complications associated with ankle fusion like nonunion are also mentioned.
This document summarizes information about simultaneous fusion of the ankle and subtalar joint. It discusses indications for the procedure including trauma, infection, arthritis, and deformities. It describes preparing the joint surfaces, stabilizing them with various fixation devices like nails, plates, or external fixators. Considerations for the procedure are mentioned like positioning, bone cuts, compression of the joints, locking of nails, and potential complications like non-union. Rehabilitation and techniques for a blade plate fixation are also outlined.
TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT (TKR) correction of varus and tibial bone defectAhammad Siyad
A 65-year-old patient presented with severe varus deformity and bone loss in the left upper tibia due to osteoarthritis. The patient underwent a total knee replacement procedure involving bone grafting from the femur to fill the tibial defect, which was fixed with screws. Multiple burr holes were drilled and the implant was placed over the bone graft. Post-surgery, the varus deformity was corrected.
A short and descriptive presentation on total hip replacement surgery. This presentation gives brief idea about the causes of arthritis of hip and its management. This presentation also provides information on total hip replacement procedure.
Dr.A.Mohan krishna
Consultant orthopedic surgeon
Apollo hospitals,
Hyderabad
Appointments: 9247258989
9441184590
www.drmohankrishna.com
www.bonesandjointsclinic.com
www.healthyjointclub.com
This document provides information about total shoulder replacement surgery. It discusses the anatomy of the shoulder joint and causes for replacement such as arthritis. The surgical procedure is described including removing damaged bone and inserting artificial components. Experimental plans are outlined for a clinical trial comparing a new device to an existing one by measuring range of motion outcomes over time. Statistical analysis methods including power analysis, normality tests, and parametric/nonparametric tests are proposed to analyze the data.
The document discusses orthotic devices, including their purposes, types, materials, design considerations, and more. Some key points:
- Orthotic devices are externally applied to parts of the body to correct deformities, limit motion, relieve pain, and improve function. Common types include braces and splints.
- Indications for orthotics include pain relief, immobilization, deformity correction, symptom relief, unloading axial forces, and improving or assisting movement.
- Design considerations include weight, adjustability, function, cost, durability, fit, donning/doffing ease, and ventilation.
- Effects may include decreased pain, increased strength/function, improved proprioception and
Hip implants are used to replace damaged or diseased hip joints. The document discusses the history and development of hip implants from the 1950s onwards. It describes the key figures like Sir John Charnley who pioneered total hip arthroplasty. The anatomy of the hip joint and biomechanics considerations for implant design are outlined. Different types of femoral and acetabular components including cemented, cementless, and alternative bearing surfaces are explained. Indications, contraindications and risks of hip replacement surgery are also summarized.
Knee Replacement has a versatile treatments which were being provided by multispeciality hospitals located at kharghar Navi Mumbai localitiy with all the advance technologies and experienced doctors and surgeons
Correcting Varus Deformity of the Knee in Total Knee ReplacementVaibhav Bagaria
This document discusses the varus knee, including:
1. Classification of varus knee deformities into intraarticular, metaphyseal, extraarticular, and PAGODA deformity.
2. The sequential approach to correction involves assessing and classifying the deformity, performing a medial release through multiple structures, osteophyte removal, and bone realignment through techniques like shift and resect or pie crusting if needed.
3. Key steps are creating a medial sleeve through layered release of the MCL and other medial structures, complete removal of osteophytes that can impede correction, and balancing flexion and extension gaps.
A patella fracture is a break in the kneecap bone. It usually occurs from a fall onto the kneecap or an eccentric contraction of the quadriceps muscle that pulls the kneecap too forcefully. Treatment depends on the type of fracture and ability to perform a straight leg raise test. Non-displaced fractures in patients able to do the straight leg raise can be treated with immobilization, while displaced fractures or inability to do the straight leg raise may require surgery to realign the fragments. Rehabilitation focuses on regaining motion while keeping the knee straight to allow initial healing.
This document discusses bone defects that can occur in total knee replacements. It covers the causes of bone defects including stress shielding, osteolysis, infection, and previous surgeries. It describes classifications for bone defects based on size, location, and margins. Treatment options for bone defects include cement and screws, bone grafting, metal wedges/blocks, porous metal cones/sleeves, and megaprostheses. Proper evaluation and treatment of bone defects is important for restoring stability and function in total knee replacements.
The majority of elderly patients who receive a hip replacement retain the prosthesis for 15 to 20 years, and sometimes for life. However, some patients may need one or more revisions of a hip replacement, particularly if the initial hip replacement surgery is performed at a young age and the patient chooses to have a very active physical lifestyle.
This document describes several orthopedic procedures:
1. Basal joint reconstruction surgery removes the damaged basal thumb joint and replaces it with a tendon graft to relieve arthritis pain and improve thumb mobility.
2. De Quervain's tenosynovitis release relieves pressure on inflamed thumb tendons by surgically opening the surrounding sheath.
3. Ganglion cyst removal involves accessing the cyst via a small wrist incision and cutting it from its attachment point to remove it.
This document discusses fractures and dislocations around the knee in pediatric patients. It notes that fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia physes account for a majority of growth disturbances due to their irregular shapes and locations of strong muscular attachments. Treatment of displaced physeal fractures generally involves closed or open reduction and pin fixation to minimize growth arrest. Displaced fractures of the tibial tubercle or spine are also treated operatively to restore knee function. Recurrent patellar dislocations or knee dislocations may require surgery to address ligament laxity. Complications of physeal injuries can include leg length discrepancies and angular deformities if reduction and healing are not adequately achieved and maintained.
Latest advances in Joint replacements higlkights rane of procedures currently performed by Dr. Venkatachalam. This list is not exhaustive and newer procedures are introduced frequently. Patients seeking value medical care abroad will benefit from this knowledge
The document discusses complications that can occur after total knee replacement surgery. Some specific complications mentioned include blood clots, infection, problems with the prosthetic implant like loosening or dislocation, complications from anesthesia like heart attack or stroke, injuries to nerves or blood vessels during surgery, and differences in leg length after surgery. Reducing risks requires preventative measures like blood thinners, support stockings, and antibiotics for future procedures to prevent infection.
Recent Advances in Arthroscopic Hip Treatmentcoreinstitute
One of the most exciting and potentially beneficial recent advances in orthopedic surgery has been the use of arthroscopy to repair injuries of the hip joint. View this presentation to learn more about this advance in hip treatment.
This document discusses total elbow arthroplasty. It provides an overview of the different types of elbow implants, including fully constrained, semi-constrained, and unconstrained designs. Semi-constrained implants are most commonly used. Patient selection criteria and contraindications are outlined. Post-operative care involves restricting motion and weight-bearing initially. Common complications include instability, polyethylene wear, osteolysis, loosening, and infection. Revision surgery may be needed in cases of painful or failed elbow replacements.
The document discusses considerations for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It covers:
1) The history and goals of TKA, along with evolving implant designs.
2) The importance of thorough knowledge of knee anatomy and achieving proper soft tissue balancing during surgery.
3) Key steps of TKA including bone cuts, gap balancing, patella tracking, cementing and ensuring proper flexion and extension.
This document discusses ankle arthritis and its treatment options. It provides details on the anatomy of the ankle joint and common causes of ankle arthritis, including post-traumatic, inflammatory, degenerative, and avascular necrosis. Non-surgical treatments for ankle arthritis like orthotics, bracing, injections and activity modification are outlined. Surgical options covered include arthroscopic debridement, ankle fusion (arthrodesis), and total ankle replacement. Specific techniques for ankle fusion using both external and internal fixation are summarized. Complications associated with ankle fusion like nonunion are also mentioned.
This document summarizes information about simultaneous fusion of the ankle and subtalar joint. It discusses indications for the procedure including trauma, infection, arthritis, and deformities. It describes preparing the joint surfaces, stabilizing them with various fixation devices like nails, plates, or external fixators. Considerations for the procedure are mentioned like positioning, bone cuts, compression of the joints, locking of nails, and potential complications like non-union. Rehabilitation and techniques for a blade plate fixation are also outlined.
TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT (TKR) correction of varus and tibial bone defectAhammad Siyad
A 65-year-old patient presented with severe varus deformity and bone loss in the left upper tibia due to osteoarthritis. The patient underwent a total knee replacement procedure involving bone grafting from the femur to fill the tibial defect, which was fixed with screws. Multiple burr holes were drilled and the implant was placed over the bone graft. Post-surgery, the varus deformity was corrected.
A short and descriptive presentation on total hip replacement surgery. This presentation gives brief idea about the causes of arthritis of hip and its management. This presentation also provides information on total hip replacement procedure.
Dr.A.Mohan krishna
Consultant orthopedic surgeon
Apollo hospitals,
Hyderabad
Appointments: 9247258989
9441184590
www.drmohankrishna.com
www.bonesandjointsclinic.com
www.healthyjointclub.com
This document provides information about total shoulder replacement surgery. It discusses the anatomy of the shoulder joint and causes for replacement such as arthritis. The surgical procedure is described including removing damaged bone and inserting artificial components. Experimental plans are outlined for a clinical trial comparing a new device to an existing one by measuring range of motion outcomes over time. Statistical analysis methods including power analysis, normality tests, and parametric/nonparametric tests are proposed to analyze the data.
The document discusses orthotic devices, including their purposes, types, materials, design considerations, and more. Some key points:
- Orthotic devices are externally applied to parts of the body to correct deformities, limit motion, relieve pain, and improve function. Common types include braces and splints.
- Indications for orthotics include pain relief, immobilization, deformity correction, symptom relief, unloading axial forces, and improving or assisting movement.
- Design considerations include weight, adjustability, function, cost, durability, fit, donning/doffing ease, and ventilation.
- Effects may include decreased pain, increased strength/function, improved proprioception and
Hip implants are used to replace damaged or diseased hip joints. The document discusses the history and development of hip implants from the 1950s onwards. It describes the key figures like Sir John Charnley who pioneered total hip arthroplasty. The anatomy of the hip joint and biomechanics considerations for implant design are outlined. Different types of femoral and acetabular components including cemented, cementless, and alternative bearing surfaces are explained. Indications, contraindications and risks of hip replacement surgery are also summarized.
Knee Replacement has a versatile treatments which were being provided by multispeciality hospitals located at kharghar Navi Mumbai localitiy with all the advance technologies and experienced doctors and surgeons
Correcting Varus Deformity of the Knee in Total Knee ReplacementVaibhav Bagaria
This document discusses the varus knee, including:
1. Classification of varus knee deformities into intraarticular, metaphyseal, extraarticular, and PAGODA deformity.
2. The sequential approach to correction involves assessing and classifying the deformity, performing a medial release through multiple structures, osteophyte removal, and bone realignment through techniques like shift and resect or pie crusting if needed.
3. Key steps are creating a medial sleeve through layered release of the MCL and other medial structures, complete removal of osteophytes that can impede correction, and balancing flexion and extension gaps.
A patella fracture is a break in the kneecap bone. It usually occurs from a fall onto the kneecap or an eccentric contraction of the quadriceps muscle that pulls the kneecap too forcefully. Treatment depends on the type of fracture and ability to perform a straight leg raise test. Non-displaced fractures in patients able to do the straight leg raise can be treated with immobilization, while displaced fractures or inability to do the straight leg raise may require surgery to realign the fragments. Rehabilitation focuses on regaining motion while keeping the knee straight to allow initial healing.
This document discusses bone defects that can occur in total knee replacements. It covers the causes of bone defects including stress shielding, osteolysis, infection, and previous surgeries. It describes classifications for bone defects based on size, location, and margins. Treatment options for bone defects include cement and screws, bone grafting, metal wedges/blocks, porous metal cones/sleeves, and megaprostheses. Proper evaluation and treatment of bone defects is important for restoring stability and function in total knee replacements.
The majority of elderly patients who receive a hip replacement retain the prosthesis for 15 to 20 years, and sometimes for life. However, some patients may need one or more revisions of a hip replacement, particularly if the initial hip replacement surgery is performed at a young age and the patient chooses to have a very active physical lifestyle.
This document describes several orthopedic procedures:
1. Basal joint reconstruction surgery removes the damaged basal thumb joint and replaces it with a tendon graft to relieve arthritis pain and improve thumb mobility.
2. De Quervain's tenosynovitis release relieves pressure on inflamed thumb tendons by surgically opening the surrounding sheath.
3. Ganglion cyst removal involves accessing the cyst via a small wrist incision and cutting it from its attachment point to remove it.
This document discusses fractures and dislocations around the knee in pediatric patients. It notes that fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia physes account for a majority of growth disturbances due to their irregular shapes and locations of strong muscular attachments. Treatment of displaced physeal fractures generally involves closed or open reduction and pin fixation to minimize growth arrest. Displaced fractures of the tibial tubercle or spine are also treated operatively to restore knee function. Recurrent patellar dislocations or knee dislocations may require surgery to address ligament laxity. Complications of physeal injuries can include leg length discrepancies and angular deformities if reduction and healing are not adequately achieved and maintained.
Three column fixation for complex PROXIMAL TIBIA FRACTURESLokesh Sharoff
This study introduces a "three-column fixation" concept for treating complex tibial plateau fractures (Schatzker Types V and VI) based on computed tomography scans. The study evaluates clinical outcomes in 29 patients treated with this column-specific fixation technique. At 2-year follow up, patients had good functional outcomes with SF-36, HSS, and lower extremity measure scores averaging 89, 90, and 87 respectively. Radiographic measurements also showed well-maintained alignment without significant malreduction. The study concludes that three-column fixation is an effective and safe method for multiplanar complex tibial plateau fractures.
1. Supracondylar fractures of the femur usually occur due to low-energy trauma in elderly patients or high-energy trauma in young patients near the knee.
2. Fractures of the knee region include patellar fractures from direct blows, femoral condyle fractures from axial loading with twisting forces, and tibial plateau fractures most commonly from falls.
3. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the fracture, ranging from bracing for nondisplaced fractures to open reduction and internal fixation for displaced or unstable fractures.
A 18-year-old female presented with tibial pain after increased physical activity in training camp. MR imaging showed findings consistent with a fatigue fracture of the tibia. Fatigue fractures typically show edema and bone marrow changes on MR imaging before the development of an overt fracture. Increased stress can cause microscopic cracks and osteopenia leading to resorption cavities that may join to cause a fatigue fracture if the inciting activity is not decreased.
This document discusses proximal tibial fractures, including:
- Types of tibial plateau and tibial spine fractures are described based on the Hohl and Moore and Schatzker classifications.
- Mechanisms of injury typically involve shear, compressive, valgus or varus forces.
- Evaluation involves physical exam including neurovascular assessment, imaging like x-rays and CT to classify the fracture.
- Management depends on the fracture type but may involve temporary stabilization, open reduction and internal fixation, with approaches like lateral or medial parapatellar depending on the fracture pattern.
This document describes the anatomy of the hip joint, including the femur, femoral head, femoral neck, pelvis, acetabulum, acetabular labrum, and femoral ligaments. It then provides overviews of hip arthroscopy and total hip replacement procedures. Hip arthroscopy involves making small incisions to examine and repair damaged structures like the labrum or cartilage using tools inserted through the incisions. Total hip replacement removes damaged bone and implants a metal shell in the socket and stem in the femur, joining them with a ball to form an artificial joint.
Total hip replacement involves replacing the ball and socket joints of the hip with prosthetic components. The procedure involves removing the damaged femoral head and reaming the acetabulum. A metal shell is placed in the acetabulum and a stem with a replacement femoral head is inserted into the femur. Exercises after surgery are important for restoring hip mobility and strength. Complications can include blood clots, infection, and dislocation but improvements in technique and technology have increased the effectiveness of hip replacements.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the knee and hip. It has multiple causes but is generally attributed to normal wear and tear over time. Knee osteoarthritis symptoms include pain, swelling, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Treatments include medications, physical therapy, bracing, and knee replacement surgery for severe cases. Knee replacement surgery involves removing damaged bone and cartilage and replacing them with artificial implants. Extensive physical therapy is then needed for rehabilitation and recovery of strength and mobility.
The document discusses several aspects of the shoulder joint, including soft tissues like ligaments and tendons, bones like the humerus and scapula, and cartilage structures like the labrum. It describes the locations and functions of key structures like the rotator cuff muscles, biceps tendon, coracoacromial ligament, and bursa that work together to allow movement and stability in the shoulder joint.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the ankle joint and ankle arthrodesis (fusion). It describes the bones and ligaments that make up the ankle joint, including the tibia, fibula, and talus. It discusses the indications, contraindications, surgical technique, and postoperative care of ankle arthrodesis, which is performed to treat ankle arthritis and pain. The optimal position for fusion is slight dorsiflexion with mild hindfoot valgus and external rotation. Preoperative planning involves assessing bone quality, alignment, and arthritis in other joints like the subtalar.
Dr. Satyendra Bhattacharyya's document discusses the history and procedure of shoulder arthroplasty. It begins with the first documented shoulder replacement in 1894, but focuses on developments starting in 1951 by Dr. Charles Neer, who created the first hemi-arthroplasty and total shoulder replacement. The document then discusses factors that influence arthroplasty outcomes, indications for the procedure for conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and details each step of the surgical procedure. It concludes by describing postoperative rehabilitation protocols.
The first knee replacement was performed in 1968. Since then, improvements in material selection and techniques have greatly increased its effectiveness.
The study of biomaterials by biomedical engineers has led to advancements in more accurate sizing, the option of patella femoral replacement, better instrumentation as well as components that allow an increased range of motion and a lower wear rate have since been developed and implemented. During this period the collaboration between surgeons and engineers produced many developments in the design of the prosthesis. Today this procedure is safe and established even if in continuous development. The progress in technologies and the use of new materials let researches try again old-fashioned techniques from the past in order to be improved.The most common reason for knee replacement is that other treatments (weight loss, exercise/physical therapy, medicines, injections, and bracing) have failed to relieve arthritis-associated knee pain. The goal of knee replacement is to relieve pain, improve quality of life, and maintain or improve knee function
Scope
Possible disadvantages of knee replacement surgery include replacement joints wearing out over time, difficulties with some movements and numbness. A replacement knee can never be quite as good as a natural knee – most people rate the artificial joint about three-quarters average (Marian et al.,2021)
Most knee replacements aren’t designed to bend as far as your natural knee. Although it’s usually possible to kneel, some people find it uncomfortable to put weight on the scar at the front of the knee. There may be some numbness at the outer edge of the spot. This usually improves over about two years, but it’s unlikely that the feeling will ultimately return to normal. A replacement knee joint may wear out after a time or may become loose.
, total knee replacement can help relieve pain that emanates from arthritis restoring the normal mobility of an individual. The procedure involves removing the damaged bone and cartilage from the thigh bone, shin bone, and kneecap and replacing it with an artificial joint made of metal alloys, high-grade plastics and polymers. However, despite having its advantages, total knee replacement surgery carries several risks such as infection, blood clots in the leg veins or lungs, heart attack, stroke and nerve damage. The artificial knee can also wear out due to excessive use. Excess glue is squeezed out to the side as the element is pressed into place and removed. The cement hardens quickly, the incision is closed using several layers of sutures, and a bandage is applied
Total hip replacement involves replacing damaged bone and cartilage in the hip joint with prosthetic components. The procedure involves removing the femoral head and reaming the acetabulum to fit a metal shell. A femoral stem is inserted into the reamed femoral canal and a replacement femoral head is attached. The completed hip replacement provides a new weight-bearing surface for the joint. Post-operative care includes antibiotics, anticoagulants, pain medications, and exercises to restore mobility and prevent complications like blood clots.
The document discusses the knee joint anatomy, ligaments, movements, and osteoarthritis. It describes that the knee joint is stabilized by ligaments including the collateral and cruciate ligaments. Osteoarthritis is characterized by cartilage destruction and causes pain, stiffness, swelling and limitation of movement. Treatment involves relieving pain, restoring function and rehabilitation. Surgical options for osteoarthritis include joint debridement, osteotomy, and arthroplasty.
This document discusses orthopedic implants and joint replacements. It provides information on:
- Common types of orthopedic implants used to repair bones like pins, rods, screws and plates.
- Materials used for implants which must be biocompatible like metals, ceramics and polymers.
- Joint replacements for the hip and knee which replace damaged bones and cartilage with prosthetics.
- Surgical procedures for joint replacements and risks associated with implants like loosening or infection.
Total joint replacement is a common orthopedic procedure that replaces damaged bone and cartilage in a joint with prosthetic implants. The document discusses several types of total joint replacements including hip, knee, finger, elbow, and ankle replacements. It provides details on the surgical procedures, materials used in implants, rehabilitation process, and common causes for failure or reoperation. Total joint replacement is an effective procedure that can relieve pain and restore mobility for conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Knee replacement, also called arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to resurface a knee damaged by arthritis. Metal and plastic parts are used to cap the ends of the bones that form the knee joint, along with the kneecap. This surgery may be considered for someone who has severe arthritis or a severe knee injury.
Hip replacement surgery involves surgically removing the damaged hip joint and replacing it with an artificial joint made of metal and plastic components. It is usually an option after other treatments have failed to provide relief from pain caused by conditions like osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. While age is less of a factor now, overall health and ability to recover are important considerations for whether someone is a good candidate for replacement surgery. The procedure takes 1-2 hours and involves removing diseased bone and cartilage and replacing it with artificial femoral head and acetabulum components. Limited movement is allowed after surgery, and exercises like clam shells help strengthen muscles while avoiding twisting or back strain during recovery.
The document discusses total hip replacement surgery. It begins by describing hip anatomy and the components of a normal hip joint. It then explains the reasons why total hip replacement surgery becomes necessary, such as arthritis or injury. It provides details about the surgical procedure, including the different types of implants used to replace damaged bone and cartilage. The document discusses the history of hip replacement surgery and improvements in materials and techniques over time. It concludes by noting possible complications after surgery, such as blood clots, infection, or implant loosening over years.
The document discusses the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. It outlines various treatment options including non-surgical and surgical approaches. Non-surgical early treatment involves physiotherapy, load reduction, and analgesics. Intermediate treatment may include joint debridement and realignment osteotomy. Late stage treatment consists of arthroplasty or arthrodesis. Surgical options such as arthroscopic debridement, osteotomies, chondrocyte transplantation, and knee arthroplasty are also described in detail. The goal of treatment is to relieve pain, restore function, reduce disability, and enable rehabilitation.
The document summarizes the treatment options for osteoarthritis of the knee. It discusses conservative treatments like physiotherapy, analgesics, and lifestyle changes for early stage osteoarthritis. For intermediate stages, options like joint debridement, autologous chondrocyte grafting, and realignment osteotomies are covered. Late stage treatments discussed include arthroplasty procedures like knee replacement as well as arthrodesis. Surgical techniques for various realignment osteotomies and knee replacement are explained in detail.
This document provides an overview of treatment options for knee pain, including medications, physical therapy, injections, surgery, lifestyle remedies, and alternative medicines. It discusses common causes of knee pain such as injuries, arthritis, and mechanical problems. Diagnosis may involve physical exams, imaging like x-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and lab tests. Treatment is tailored to the underlying cause but generally aims to reduce pain and inflammation, improve mobility, and resolve structural problems through conservative and surgical approaches.
Orthosis
The aim of orthotics is to increase the efficiency of function during acute or long-term injury. This includes soft-tissue and bony injury, as well as changes as a result of neurological changes. They can be an effective adjunct alongside physiotherapy techniques such as muscle strengthening and stretches, gait and balance retraining and reach and grasp strategies.
Definition :An orthosis is generally an individually designed or customised device, which is applied to the external part of the body to provide support and protection for that particular area of the body. It uses integrates biomechanical principles to realign joints and reduce pain. The design, materials and function of the orthosis are based on a patient assessment, including their medical history, biomechanical principles and the individual needs of the user.
Commonly prescribed orthoses include:
Foot Orthoses (FOs), for various foot, leg or postural problems; there is significant variety in terms of their design and manufacturing methods[1][2]
Ankle Orthoses (AOs) and Knee Orthoses (KOs), for joint protection, pain reduction or support after surgery
Ankle-Foot Orthoses (AFOs) and Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthoses (KAFOs), to improve mobility, support rehabilitation and biomechanical goals
Various upper-limb orthoses, to provide positional and functional support to the upper limb
Fracture orthoses, modern alternative to plaster or fibreglass casts
Spinal Orthoses, to correct or control spinal deformities and injuries and to provide immobilisation or support to spinal injuries
Advantages
Lower limb: Influence both swing and stance phase of gait[10].
Prevent or correct deformity and reduce pain during weight-bearing
Improve the efficiency of gait and maintain balance
Improve base of support / lateral support
Reduce need for compensation of ipsilateral and contralateral limbs and secondary pain
To facilitate training in skills
Upper limbs: Can be used after an injury to prevent further injury, or reduce pain by supporting an injured limb.
Prevent or correct deformity reducing pain and maximising function in reach and grasp tasks.
Improve the efficiency of reach and grasp tasks
Offload an injured limb to allow healing
Reduce need for compensation of ipsilateral and contralateral limbs and secondary pain
Improve role of the upper limb in maintaining balance
Spine: Stabilise spinal fractures to allow the patient to return to some normal activities (although they may be restricted) and protect the spinal cord
And It's Principles
Classification of Orthosis
Types Of Orthosis
Upper Limb Orthosis
Spinal Orthosis
Lower Limb Orthosis
Possible Complications
Loss of sensation (check skin regularly- risk of pressure areas)
Compensations in ipsilateral or contralateral limbs.
Impact on spasticity (is the patient utilising spasticity to allow some function in absence of muscle strength?)
Complications of casting at incorrect angle: Foot deformitie, increased knee flexion in stanc
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
2. BONES
Tibia
The tibia is the lower leg bone . Also called the shin bone , it is the longest bone of the body, and is located below the
knee.
Femur
The femur , also known as the thigh bone, is longest and heaviest bone of the body. It is located above the knee
Fibula
The fibulas is the thin bane located on outside of the tibia
Patella
The patella, or the knee cap, is a bone that is connected to the patella ligament, below and quadriceps tendon above.
The underside of the patella has a smooth surface and glide over the knee joint when the leg is extended or bent.
SOFT TISSUE
Meniscus
The medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus act like cushions and distribute the weight of the femur
Collateral Ligaments
The lateral and medical collateral ligaments minimize side to side movement and help stabilize the knee.
Condyle
The condyle makes up the rounded end of the femur. This smooth surface allows the femur to move easily over the
tibia’s meniscus.
Patella Tendon
This patella tendon helps secure the patella over the front of the knee joint
Quadripceps tendon
This tendon connects the patella to the quariceps femoral muscle above it. The muscle and tendon pull the patella
over the front of the knee joint to extend the lower leg.
Posterior cruciate ligament
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) keeps the tibia from sliding backward
Anterior curicate ligament
The anterier cruciate ligament (ACL) connects the front of the tibia to the back of the femur. It keeps the tibia from
slidiing forward and limits its rotation
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3. Overview
This procedure replaces damaged anterier crucicate ligament(ACL). The ACL
connects the front top of tibia (the lower leg bone), to the near bottom of the
femur (the thigh bone)
Incision Made
An incision is made over the front of the knee to expose the patella (knee cap), and
the pateller ligament, which holds the patella in place.
Autograft Cut
A strip from the pateller ligament and the tibia is removed. The section , called an
autograft , will be used as a replacement for the damaged ACL.
Arthroscope inserted
The incision is closed. The rest of the procedure will be performed through small
cuts on the side of the knee. The surgeon uses a small video camera called an
anthroscope to see inside the knee and make sure the new ACL is positioned
correctly.
ACL Removed
With the knee bent, the damaged ACL is cleared away.
Guide Pin Inserted
A pin is inserted diagnally, from the tibia to the femur. The surgeon will use the pin
as a guideto recreate the ACL.
Holes Drilled
Using the pin as a guide, The surgeon drills holes in the tibia and femur.
Autograft Attached
Tha autugraft is attached to the guide pin. It is pulled through the holes and placed
at desired place.
End of Procedure
The knee is flexed to test the new joint.
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4. Overview
This minimally invasive procedure repairs damaged cartilage in the knee joint.
Small holes are drilled into the bone at the base of the damaged area to
stimulate the growth of healthy “scar” cartilage.
Preparation
The patient is positioned so that the front of the knee is clearly visible to the
physician, and the area is cleaned and sterilized . Local anesthesia is
administered to numb the incision site. General anesthesia or sedation is used.
Accessing the joint
Two to five small incision are made on either side of the patella . An
arthroscopic camera and other tools are inserted. The camera allows the surgeon
to view the procedure on a monitor.
Creating the Micro fractures
The joint is examined , and any loose or damaged cartilage is removed. A small ,
sharp awl is used to create several small holes in bone.
End of Procedure and After care
The incision are closed with sutures or surgical staples and the knee is bandaged.
Patients are given pain relievers and will be able to leave hospital on the same
day. Weight should not be put on the leg for 6 to 8 weeks. Full recovery often
takes 4 to six months.
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5. Overview
Unlike total knee replacement surgery, this less invasive procedure replaces only the damaged or
arthritic parts of the knee. The Oxford uni compartmental knee uses the metal and plastic
implants designed to potentially last longer and wear down less easily than traditional implants
1.Knee Accessed
An incision is made in the knee. Arthritic ,damaged portions of the fumur are removed.
2.Damaged Areas Removed
Parts of the damaged meniscus are removed, Some bone is also removed from the tibia to make
room for the new metal tibial component.
3. Bone Reshaped
A small portion of bone is removed from the damaged femoral condoyle. The end is reshaped to
fit the metal femoral component.
4. Tibial Component Installed
A groove is cut into the tibia surface , and cement is applied . The metal tibial component is
pressed into place.
5. Femoral Component Installed
The prepared area of the fumur is filled with bone cement and the metal femoral component is
pressed into place.
6.Bearing Inserted
A plastic bearing implant is inserted between the metal femoral and tibial implants.
End of Procedure
The new parts of the knee joint are tested by flexing and extending the knee through its range of
motion. The plastic bearing implant is not fixed in the place, allowing it to move when the knee
moves. This potentially reduces wear on the implant.
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6. Overview
This minimally invasive outpatient procedure is designed to remove the damaged
portion of meniscus , and layer of cartilage on the top of tibia that cushions and
stabilizes the knee joint. The procedure may be performed with local or regional
anesthetic.
Preparation
The patient is positioned so that knee area is clearly visible to the physician and the
area is clean and sterilized.
Accessing the joint
The surgeon makes 2 to 5 small incisions . An arthroscopic camera is inserted . The
surgeon uses it to evaluate the cartilage and ligaments in the knee. The other incisions
will be used to access points for other arthroscopic tools.
Repairing the Meniscus
The surgeon cuts or shaves away the torn piece of meniscus preserving as much
healthy tissue as possible . The edges of the area is cleaned and smoothed, and the
rest of the joint is inspected for damage.
End of Procedure
The instruments are removed and the incisions are closed with sutures or surgical
staples. The knee is bandaged
After Care
Rehabilitation varies depending on the patient and type of injury. Patients may use
crutches. But can generally work on the knee within one or two days of the
procedure. A treatment plan may include exercise to strengthen the joint. Full
recovery usually takes 2 to 4 weeks.
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7. Overview
Total knee surgery removes the damaged and painful areas of the femur (thigh bone) and
tibia (lower leg bone). These areas ar then replaced wit specially designed with metal or
polythylene plastic parts.
1. Femur Reshaped
The damaged portions of the femur bone and cartilage are cut away. The end of the femur
bone is reshaped to allow a metal femoral component to fit in place.
2.Metal Component Attached
A metal component is attached to the end of femur using bone cement.
3. Tibia Reshaped
The damaged cartilage and the bone are cut away from the end of tibia with bone cement.
4. Tibial Component Attached
The metal tibial component is secured to the end of the tibia with bone cement.
5. Plastic Inserted Attached
A polyethylene insert is attached to the metal tibial component . The insert will support the
body’s weight and allow the fumur to glide over tibia
Components Joined
The tibia , with its new polythylene surface , and the femur , with its new metal component,
are put together to form a knee joint.
Patella Resurfaced
To make sure the patella (the knee cap) glides smoothly over the new artificial knee, its rear
surface is prepared to receive a polyethelyne plastic component. The component is cemented
into the place.
End of Procedure
The new parts of the knee joint are tested by flexing and extending the knee.
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8. Overview
Arthritis also called osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis, involves the swelling
and damage of the joints. It causes pain, stiffness and limited movement. Since
knees are primary weight bearing joints in the body, they are most at risk for
osteoarthritis. Risk factors include age , heredity, injury and obesity.
Damaged Cartilage
Cartilage is a smooth, protective joint tissue that cushions the bones and allows
joints to move freely. Cartilage can deteriorate over time. As it loses its cushioning
ability, heavy use or injury may increase its rate of deterioration.
Cartilage Loss
Eventually , as cartilage wears away completely. Bone runs against bone.
Bone Spurs
Over time lumpy growths of bone called bone spurs or osteophytes from along
the edges of the joint.
Symptoms
An arthritic knee may feel stiff, and leg motion may be limited. Standing or
walking for long periods may make pain in joint worse. Severe arthritis may create
pain all times, even when at rest. If the cartilage wear is only on one side of the
knee, the sufferer may become bow-legged or knock-kneed.
Treatment
Treatment options may include cortisone injections, non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory medications, use of splint or brace, exercise, weight loss and
modification of daily activities. In some cases , arthroscopic or surgical correction
may be needed. In severe cases , total or partial joint replacement with metal or
ceramic components may be required .
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9. Overview
The meniscus is comprised of two C-shaped wedges of cartiliage that cushion and
stabilze the knee joint. A torn meniscus can cause pain and limited mobility in the
knee.
Causes:
The meniscus can become torn from injury or trauma to the knee, or from
degenerative condition such as osteoarthritis. Since most of the meniscus has no
blood supply, these tears are difficult to heal and may worsen over time.
Symptoms:
The most common symptom of a meniscus tear is pain in the knee . Other
symptoms may include swelling , tenderness when pressing on the sides of the
knee joint, a popping or clicking sound or sensation when moving the knee, or
limited mobility.
Treatment:
Treatment options for torn meniscus include rest, cold compress, physical therapy,
anti-inflammatory medications and immobilization of the knee in a brace or cast.
Severe cases may require surgery.
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10. Overview
This condition is an irritation of the cartilage on the back of the
patella (the kneecap) that causes pain in one or both knees.
Causes:
Although the exact cause is unknown , patella femoral pain
syndrome can develop because of over use, tyically as a result of
high-impact athletic activities that require running and jumping or
because of improper tracking of the patella on the femur. These
activities can place severe stress on the patella as it slides against
the knee joint, particularly in people whose patella are slightly
misaligned.
Symptoms:
The most common symptoms is a dull aching sensation under and
around the kneecap that becomes most noticable after long periods
of sitting , squatting or walking down stairs. The knee may also
catch, grind or pop.
Treatment:
Treatment options include rest, ice, medications, physical therapy,
taping, knee sleeve and in severe cases, surgery
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11. Overview
This condition is a painful swelling, usually along the front of the lower leg,
that is common among runners and other athletes.
Causes:
Shin splints are usually caused by over use of the leg muscles, particularly
the anterior tibialis, a muscle that runs along the front of the tibia. This
muscles can become stretched, gradually tearing away the connective tissue
that attaches it to the tibia. Shin splints are common in athletes that run on
hard or angled surfaces, or in those who wear shoes with hard soles or poor
padding.
Symptoms:
Dull, aching pain along the front or inside edge of the lower leg is the most
common symptoms of shin splints. Redness and swelling may also occur, and
pain may increase with activity and decrease with rest.
Treatment:
Treatment options include rest, cold compress, elevating the leg, anti-
inflammatory medications, physical therapy, cross training, use of a shoe
with proper padding and arch support, or use of a brace. Severe cases may
require surgery.
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12. Overview
This condition occurs when the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL), the
band of tissue that connects the femur to the tibia inside the knee
joint, becomes torn or worn away, causing pain and instability of the
knee.
Causes:
An ACL tear is typically caused by a severe injury or trauma to the
knee, often during athletic activity. A sudden stopping and twisting
motion of the knee, or a blow to the knee that forces the joint to bend
beyond its normal range of motion may cause the ACL to stretch and
tear.
Symptoms:
The most common symptom of a torn ACL is pain in the knee. Other
symptoms may include immediate weakness or popping sound in the
knee, swelling, stiffness and brusing. Walking is painful and the knee
may feel unstable.
Treatment:
Treatment options for torn ACL include rest, cold compress, wrapping
the knee, elevating the knee, physical therapy and anti-inflammatory
medications. Surgery is commonly required.
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