A course Review from James Moore's Sporting Hip and Groin Course - February 2016 (Highly Recommend!). Following my attendance of the course, i performed my own research on 'The Sporting Hip and Groin' and incorporated this into the course review which I presented to the Sports Science and Medicine staff at Wigan Athletic FC. Further references available upon request.
ACL Injury Hacks covers the entire physiology, etiology,pathology, diagnosis, recent advancements in diagnosis of ACL and focus on how an early and accurate diagnosis can contribute to a better treatment and rehabilitation as well as early return to sport of an athlete.
PCL Posterior Cruciate Ligament Knee Injury: Is it Benign I Dr.RAJAT JANGIR JAIPUR
#aclsurgeryjaipur #aclsurgeryhindia #aclsurgerytaekwondo
Acl reconstruction in jaipur | Acl reconstruction in taekwondo | Acl injury in football player surgery | Acl reconstruction surgery in football | acl surgery | Acl surgery ke baad physiotherapy | Acl surgery in jaipur | acl surgery recovery | Best acl surgeon in jaipur | Best ligament doctor in hindi | Best acl surgeon in india | Meniscus repair surgery in jaipur | Sports injury doctor | Acl injury in football players | Acl injury in taekwondo | acl tear | Best knee surgeon in jaipur
#allinsideacl #internalbrace #drrajatjangir #bestaclsurgeon #aclexpert #bestkneesurgeon
To Know more about ACL Injury, Click the links below:
1. ACL surgery 7 different Techniques we do at our center - "Not single technique best for all"
https://youtu.be/oWkIr8IXvr8
2. Everything about ACL Injury tear surgery in Hindi I
https://youtu.be/bqpjkAkwZ14
3. Best Screw for ACL tear surgery in Hindi
https://youtu.be/1LGpU1NHiIs
4. ACL Injury Tear Surgery Recovery : All your questions & queries solved by Dr.Rajat Jangir
https://youtu.be/SIAPWiMbOqs
5. Partial ACL Tear Surgery or not ! ACL आधा टूटा हो तो क्या करें ?
https://youtu.be/NEJRPKskJTI
6. 5 Symptoms of ACL Injury tear इंजरी के पांच लक्षण ?
https://youtu.be/EXpgy19Jxzw
7. PRP injection therapy in Partial ACL TEARs
https://youtu.be/qyG1EYgS87E
Dr.RAJAT JANGIR(Asso Prof.)
Senior Consultant Arthroscopy and Joint Replacement
(Specialist in Shoulder Knee Hip Surgery)
Ligament and Joints Clinic
67/34 Mansarovar Jaipur
Whatsapp: shorturl.at/gnAEP
Appointment: +91 8104855900
Email: ligamentsurgeon@gmail.com
Google Page: https://g.page/KNEE-Shoulder-SURGERY?...
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Ligamentandj...
* Vast experience and specialisation in the field of Arthroscopy and sports surgery.
* M.S. orthopaedics from BJ Medical College, Civil hospital, Ahmedabad
* Fellowship in Arthroscopy and Sports injury with Prof Joon Ho Wang at Samsung Medical Center, South Korea
* Diploma in Sports Medicine from InternationaI Olympic Committee
* Invited as Athlete Medical Doctor at Rio Olympic 2016
* Done Rajasthan's first "All Inside Physeal Preserving ACL reconstruction" in 13 year old Athlete
Dr.Rajat is rated as one of the best orthopedic surgeon with with excellence in Knee Shoulder Arthroscopy surgeries as replacements'
This talk looks a few common knee disorders including ACL tears, patellar tendinopathy,and Osteoarthrits and meniscal tears, and looks at Physiotherapy management and some of the associated evidence. The talk was a 30 minute for Doctors unfamiliar with management options and was semi-technical in nature. It provides several patient handouts for practitioners to use. Videos describing exercises were also included in the talk but not available in Slideshare.
Approach to acute knee injuries (knee injury)mahadev deuja
approach to acute knee injuries include detail history, focused knee exam and imaging/invasive procedure,Diagnosis is made at history most of the times.History should include mechanism of Injury,location of pain, mechanical symptoms like swelling/ effusion...
A course Review from James Moore's Sporting Hip and Groin Course - February 2016 (Highly Recommend!). Following my attendance of the course, i performed my own research on 'The Sporting Hip and Groin' and incorporated this into the course review which I presented to the Sports Science and Medicine staff at Wigan Athletic FC. Further references available upon request.
ACL Injury Hacks covers the entire physiology, etiology,pathology, diagnosis, recent advancements in diagnosis of ACL and focus on how an early and accurate diagnosis can contribute to a better treatment and rehabilitation as well as early return to sport of an athlete.
PCL Posterior Cruciate Ligament Knee Injury: Is it Benign I Dr.RAJAT JANGIR JAIPUR
#aclsurgeryjaipur #aclsurgeryhindia #aclsurgerytaekwondo
Acl reconstruction in jaipur | Acl reconstruction in taekwondo | Acl injury in football player surgery | Acl reconstruction surgery in football | acl surgery | Acl surgery ke baad physiotherapy | Acl surgery in jaipur | acl surgery recovery | Best acl surgeon in jaipur | Best ligament doctor in hindi | Best acl surgeon in india | Meniscus repair surgery in jaipur | Sports injury doctor | Acl injury in football players | Acl injury in taekwondo | acl tear | Best knee surgeon in jaipur
#allinsideacl #internalbrace #drrajatjangir #bestaclsurgeon #aclexpert #bestkneesurgeon
To Know more about ACL Injury, Click the links below:
1. ACL surgery 7 different Techniques we do at our center - "Not single technique best for all"
https://youtu.be/oWkIr8IXvr8
2. Everything about ACL Injury tear surgery in Hindi I
https://youtu.be/bqpjkAkwZ14
3. Best Screw for ACL tear surgery in Hindi
https://youtu.be/1LGpU1NHiIs
4. ACL Injury Tear Surgery Recovery : All your questions & queries solved by Dr.Rajat Jangir
https://youtu.be/SIAPWiMbOqs
5. Partial ACL Tear Surgery or not ! ACL आधा टूटा हो तो क्या करें ?
https://youtu.be/NEJRPKskJTI
6. 5 Symptoms of ACL Injury tear इंजरी के पांच लक्षण ?
https://youtu.be/EXpgy19Jxzw
7. PRP injection therapy in Partial ACL TEARs
https://youtu.be/qyG1EYgS87E
Dr.RAJAT JANGIR(Asso Prof.)
Senior Consultant Arthroscopy and Joint Replacement
(Specialist in Shoulder Knee Hip Surgery)
Ligament and Joints Clinic
67/34 Mansarovar Jaipur
Whatsapp: shorturl.at/gnAEP
Appointment: +91 8104855900
Email: ligamentsurgeon@gmail.com
Google Page: https://g.page/KNEE-Shoulder-SURGERY?...
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Ligamentandj...
* Vast experience and specialisation in the field of Arthroscopy and sports surgery.
* M.S. orthopaedics from BJ Medical College, Civil hospital, Ahmedabad
* Fellowship in Arthroscopy and Sports injury with Prof Joon Ho Wang at Samsung Medical Center, South Korea
* Diploma in Sports Medicine from InternationaI Olympic Committee
* Invited as Athlete Medical Doctor at Rio Olympic 2016
* Done Rajasthan's first "All Inside Physeal Preserving ACL reconstruction" in 13 year old Athlete
Dr.Rajat is rated as one of the best orthopedic surgeon with with excellence in Knee Shoulder Arthroscopy surgeries as replacements'
This talk looks a few common knee disorders including ACL tears, patellar tendinopathy,and Osteoarthrits and meniscal tears, and looks at Physiotherapy management and some of the associated evidence. The talk was a 30 minute for Doctors unfamiliar with management options and was semi-technical in nature. It provides several patient handouts for practitioners to use. Videos describing exercises were also included in the talk but not available in Slideshare.
Approach to acute knee injuries (knee injury)mahadev deuja
approach to acute knee injuries include detail history, focused knee exam and imaging/invasive procedure,Diagnosis is made at history most of the times.History should include mechanism of Injury,location of pain, mechanical symptoms like swelling/ effusion...
Total knee replacement is a salvage procedure in orthopaedic surgery to provide a painless, mobile and stable knee joint to improve quality of life of patients suffering from afvanced painful arthritis commonly osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and rarely post-traumatic arthritis. Damaged cartilages and bones are carefully removed by measured resection and the collateral ligaments are preserved and balanced for creating a equal gap both in knee flexion as well as in knee extension for restoring anatomy. the main indication for doing total knee replacement is pain relief. The overall functional outcomes in terms of functional results are good after total knee replacement. Wound infection must be prevented by strict aseptic precautions during surgery.
Dr Niraj Vora - All About Hip Replacement Surgery and ReliefNiraj Vora
A complete overview of Patients Information for Total Hip Replacement, Dr Niraj Vora explains all about hip replacement surgery. What to expect after Hip Replacement, Post-operative Complications, Hip Replacement Precautions, Benefits of Surgery, Physiotherapy Rehabilitation,
Successful knee replacement surgery India by experienced highly qualified surgeons & latest advanced surgical techniques with the help of Tour2india4health.
total knee replacement in tobruk medical center in, libyasana I . Souliman
The aim of this study to investigate about the causes that lead to total knee joint replacement operation, especially the operation that is performed in Medical Tobruk Center where there are many reasons that cause problem in Knee joint but in tobruk . And the knee joint ,which is one of the largest and most complex joints in the human body.
Hip replacement is surgery for people with severe hip damage, mainly due to degenerative joint disease in the Hip Joint and also, the doctors suggest this replacement surgery for the symptoms like Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteonecrosis, Injury of the hip joint.
You've undergone major surgery for either your hip, spine, or knee - and now what? While every case is unique, here are some general guidelines and expectations for your recovery process after each of the above surgeries.
From the time you spend in the hospital, to recovery at home, and therapy - every case is different, and consulting a professional at Orthopedic and Spine Center can greatly help. Learn more at http://osc-ortho.com/
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. OSTEOARTHRITIS(OA)
It is a degenerative joint disease.
The aetiology is multifactorial still not understood but commonly it
is thought to be wear and tear of joints as one ages.
Two types :
PRIMARY OA: This occurs in a joint. It occurs in old age,
mainly in weight bearing joints(knee and hip).
SECONDARY OA: congenital mal development of a joint,
irregularity of joint surfaces, mal alignment, obesity and
2. excessive weight.
CLINICAL FEATURES
The disease occurs in elderly people, mostly in the major joints of the
lower limb, frequently bilaterally.
Pain
Swelling
Crepitus
Stiffness
Muscle spasm
Capsular contracture
Incongruity of the joint surface contribute to it.
On examination ,
Tenderness on the joint line.
Crepitus on moving the joint.
3. Irregular and enlarged looking joint due to formation of peripheral
osteophytes.
Deformity – varus of the knee
Effusion
Terminal limitation of joint movement.
Subluxation detected on ligament testing.
Wasting of quadriceps femoris muscle.
INVESTIGATIONS
Radiological examination:
Figure: x-rays of the knee , AP and Lateral views, showing
osteoarthritis of knee.
Narrowing of the joint space.
Subchondral sclerosis: dense bone under the articular surface.
Subchondral cysts.
4. Osteophyte formation.
Loose bodies.
Deformity of the joints.
TREATMENT
METHODS OF TREATMENT
DRUGS: Analgesics are used.
VISCOSUPPLEMENTATION: Sodium hylarunon has been
introduced. It is injected in the joint 3-5 times over weekly
interval. It is supposed to improve cartilage function.
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY:
i. Weight reduction.
ii. Avoidance of stress and strain.
iii. Local heat provides relief of pain and stiffness.
iv. Exercises for building up the muscles controlling the joint
help in providing stability to the joint.
v. The local application of counter irritants.
SURGICAL TREATMENT
i. Osteotomy.
ii. Joint replacement.
iii. Joint debridement.
iv. Arthroscopic procedures.
5. KNEE REPLACEMENT
Due to rise in knee joint osteoarthritis, there is a rise in cases of knee
replacement surgeries. The knee replacement is also known as knee
arthroplasty. It is of two types:
Partial Knee Replacement.
Total Knee Replacement(TKR).
6. During knee joint replacement surgery, damaged cartilage and bone are
removed from the knee joint. Man-made (artificial) pieces, called
prostheses, are then placed in the knee.
These pieces may be placed in up to three surfaces in the knee joint:
Lower end of the thigh bone. This bone is called the femur. The
replacement part is usually made of metal.
Upper end of the shin bone--the large bone in your lower leg. This
bone is called the tibia. The replacement part is usually made from
metal and a strong plastic.
Back side of your kneecap. Your kneecap is called the patella. The
replacement part is usually made from a strong plastic.
You will not feel any pain during the surgery because you will have one
of these two types of anesthesia:
General anesthesia. This means you will be asleep and unable to
feel pain.
Regional (spinal or epidural) anesthesia. Medicine is put into your
back to make you numb below your waist. You will also get
medicine to make you sleepy. And you may get medicine that will
7. make you forget about the procedure, even though you are not
fully asleep.
After you receive anesthesia, your surgeon will make a cut over your
knee to open it up. This cut is often 8 to 10 inches long. Then your
surgeon will:
Move your kneecap (patella) out of the way, then cut the ends of
your thigh bone and shin (lower leg) bone to fit the replacement
part.
Cut the underside of your kneecap to prepare it for the new pieces
that will be attached there.
Fasten the two parts of the prosthesis to your bones. One part will
be attached to the end of your thigh bone and the other part will be
attached to your shin bone.
Attach both parts to the underside of your kneecap. A special bone
cement is used to attach these parts.
Repair your muscles and tendons around the new joint and close
the surgical cut.
The surgery usually takes around 2 hours.
Usually, artificial knees have both metal and plastic parts. Some
surgeons now use different materials, including metal on metal, ceramic
on ceramic, or ceramic on plastic.
8.
9.
10. ROLE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
Physiotherapist plays an equally important role as the surgeon
performing the surgery. This is due to the fact that surgeon replaces a
knee joint but the soft tissues i.e. ligaments, muscles, and myofacia
requires a tissue-level engineering to gain a pain free , fully functional
knee joint, which will be done by the physiotherapist after the surgery.
11. When to go for the knee replacement?
The foremost indication to undergo a knee replacement surgery is the
pain that is immense and disabling i.e. it is affecting the day to day
activities. This pain along with severe arthritic changes evident on
radiographs requires a planned knee replacement surgery. But before
undergoing knee replacement, the following conservative treatment can
be considered:
NSAIDs
Physiotherapy treatment for atleast one month.
Lifestyle modification and ambulatory aids, for example, cane,
leaving cross-legged sitting, use of western commode etc.
Early surgical intervention- steroid injection, arthroscopic
debridement etc as per the consultant surgeon advice.
OUTCOMES: KNEE REPLACEMENT
After an initial period of extensive physiotherapy and rehabilitation
(say about 2-3 months), a person can expect a pain free knees, a
normal pattern of walking that also allows the patient to ascend or
descend the stairs ( although stair climbing should be restricted after
total knee replacement). Along with this, the person will be able to do
all activities of daily living. Cross- legged sitting is generally not
advisable (some implants offer that opportunity also).
Post – operatively knee flexion range of 90 degrees should be attained
for normal activities of daily living. But 105 degrees to 110 degrees
of knee flexion range is required.
12. REHABILITATION PROCEDURE: KNEE
REPLACEMENT
EARLY GOALS OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
Following the knee replacement surgery, there must be rapid
mobilization of the patient to avoid the complications of bed
rest i.e. DVT (Deep vein thrombosis), pulmonary embolism,
pressure ulcers, bed sores.
O-90 degrees of knee ROM in the first two weeks of
arthroplasty ( except mention by surgeon). Along with this ,
complete extension should be achieved in the operation room
following surgery. And rehabilitation procedures should take
care to maintain that range.
Rapid return of quadriceps strength. And knee musculature
strengthening.
Learning safe transfers and ambulation.
Independent walking with an assisted device.
NOTE: In case of complex knee arthroplasty
involving osteotomies or other procedures
simultaneously, the patient may be non weight
bearing for a longer duration.
13. PRE OPERATIVE PHYSIOTHERAPY
Pre – operative physiotherapy plays a very important role in successful
outcome of TKR. 2-5 pre –operative physiotherapy sessionsn should be
undertaken before going for arthroplasty. Benefits of pre- operative
physiotherapy includes:
This will help patient to learn all the exercises that they needs to do
following surgery. Learning of execises will be somewhat difficult
after the surgery due to pin, knee stiffness.
Learn to walk with the walker, ascending and descending of stairs
with stick and other transfers.
Making the patient aware of the overall procedure and initial pain
after the surgery that may stay for a few weeks. In many cases,
when pre- operative PT sessions have not considered.
Learn to use cold packs.
Avoid placing a pillow below the knee while resting, avoid putting
excessive load on the replaced knee by trying to walk without
walker, unless it is advised.
Post operative physiotherapy
This phase of post- operative PT is generally covered in hospitals
and thus no elaborations are required here. Main points include:
Maintaining complete extension range.
Minimizing the effects of bed boundation by early
ambulation.
Minimizing edema in lower limb especially at ankles and
knees.
14. Minimizing inflammation at knees by use of cold packs.
Gait training and stair ascending/ descending.
EARLY WEEKS(2ND
TO 8TH
WEEK)
This is the most challenging rehabilitation period for the PT
following knee replacement surgery. This is the phase that
decides the outcomes of the surgery. In this phase,
physiotherapy should be continued at home under the guidance
of a well qualified physiotherapist.
MAJOR GOAL INCLUDE:
Increasing the flexion range to 90 to 120 degrees
depending upon the requirements, ability of the client and
other post surgical factors.
Keeping the post surgical pain to the minimal level.
Helping the client learn the use of western style toilet seat.
Rapid increase in strength of quadriceps, hamstrings and
gluteal muscles( hip musculature)
Normal scar mobility.
15. PHYSICAL THERAPY AND EXERCISES
Following your surgery, you will have many weeks of physical
therapy (PT) to
help ease your operated knee back into activity. PT is an integral
part of your
recovery and is very important in determining the outcome of your
surgery.
We have a list of commonly used exercises, but your surgeon and
physical
therapist will prescribe a specific set of exercises that is best for your
unique case.
These exercises are important to your overall recovery – preventing
blood
clots, improving circulation, improving flexibility and knee
movement and
strengthening muscles. While they may feel uncomfortable at first,
they will
16. become easier with time and help you return to normal activity.
Ankle Pumps
Quad Sets
Short Arc Quads (Terminal Knee Extension)
Heel Slides (Hip & Knee Flexion)
Long Arc Quad (Knee Extension & Flexion)
Straight Leg Raises
a
18. Dr. Vipul Sharma, Reg.No. PR 2649
B.P.T., CMT ( ORTHO AND SPORTS), MIAFT, MDCPT,
BYT.
CONSULTANT PHYSIOTHERAPIST
MEMBER, DELHI COUNCIL OF
PHYSIOTHERAPIST, GOVERNMENT OF NCT OF
DELHI.
Ex- Physio , Tejasvini Multispeciality Hospital,
Orthopaedics and Trauma Centre, Mangalore.
Visiting Consultant Physio, Yenepoya Hospital,
Mangalore.
Physio, Arya Physiotherapy Centre, New Delhi.