Chloroform desorption of Swiss blue dye from saturated activated carbon prepared from hamburger seed shell via microwave technique has been studied and the kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic data determined. Initial solid loading concentrations of the activated carbon after saturation were 123.72mg/g, 248.58mg/g, 373.28mg/g, and 498.11mg/g using 100mg/l, 200mg/l, 300mg/l, and 400mg/l initial concentration of Swiss blue dye respectively. The kinetic data were fitted to first order, second order, pseudo first order, pseudo second intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models. The data fitted pseudo second order perfectly due to the high correlation coefficient. The isotherm data was fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dublin-Radushkevich (D-R), Temkin, Flory-Huggins, Redlich-Peterson and Toth models. The data fitted well to Freundlich model. Activation energy for desorption process was calculated at different initial solid phase concentration. Arrhenius relationship was developed to represent the rate constant dependency on temperature at different initial solid phase concentrations. Thermodynamic parameters calculated confirmed the process as endothermic, feasible and spontaneous. The process had increased disorder as temperature was increased.
Study of the Sulfur Trioxide Generation Mechanism and Control Method Using We...inventionjournals
In coal fired power plant, especially using sulfur content fossil fuels, much attention in recently paid to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist emission, because conventional desulfurization system should not be removed, which is installed to meet air quality standard for sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive with water vapor and generally convert to sulfuric acid mist in atmosphere. Sulfuric acid is very fine under-submicron sized particulate matter or droplets. Recently sulfur trioxide cause air pollution and public health, discussion comes out, especially in the United States and Japan, that regulations and guideline should be enlarge the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid. Moreover most countries reinforce sulfur oxides emission regulations or guidelines from coal-fired power plant. In this study, focusing that how to control the sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist. Sulfuric acid mist found depending on the flue gas temperature. Generation and conversion rate of sulfur trioxide were measured according to temperature. The absorbent was selected to remove sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid using wet type desulfurization system which the most proven technology at this moment.
SYNGAS PRODUCTION BY DRY REFORMING OF METHANE OVER CO-PRECIPITATED CATALYSTSIAEME Publication
The syngas manufacturing from the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is tempting because of output in terms of extra pure synthesis gas and lower H2 to CO ratio than other synthesis gas production methods like either partial oxidation or steam reforming. For production of long-chain hydrocarbons though the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, lower H2 to CO ratio is required and important, as it is a most likely feedstock. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become more and more important in view of the emergent global warming phenomenon. On the environmental point of view, methane reforming is tantalizing due to the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions as both are consider as dangerous greenhouse gases. Commercially, as cost effectively, nickel is used for methane reforming reactions due to its availability and lower cost compared to noble metals. Number of catalysts endures rigorous deactivation because of carbon deposition. Mainly carbon formation is because of methane decomposition and CO disproportionate. It is important and required to recognize essential steps of activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2 to design catalysts that minimize deactivation. Effect of promoters on activity and stability were studied in the detail. In order to develop the highly active with minimum coke formation the alkali metal oxides and ceria/zirconia/magnesia promoters were incorporated in the catalysts. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and MgO, in the performance of Ni-Al2O3 catalyst, prepare by co-precipitation method was studied in detailed. The XRD, FTIR, and BET and reactivity test for different promoted and unprompted catalyst was carried out.
Study of the Sulfur Trioxide Generation Mechanism and Control Method Using We...inventionjournals
In coal fired power plant, especially using sulfur content fossil fuels, much attention in recently paid to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist emission, because conventional desulfurization system should not be removed, which is installed to meet air quality standard for sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive with water vapor and generally convert to sulfuric acid mist in atmosphere. Sulfuric acid is very fine under-submicron sized particulate matter or droplets. Recently sulfur trioxide cause air pollution and public health, discussion comes out, especially in the United States and Japan, that regulations and guideline should be enlarge the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid. Moreover most countries reinforce sulfur oxides emission regulations or guidelines from coal-fired power plant. In this study, focusing that how to control the sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist. Sulfuric acid mist found depending on the flue gas temperature. Generation and conversion rate of sulfur trioxide were measured according to temperature. The absorbent was selected to remove sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid using wet type desulfurization system which the most proven technology at this moment.
SYNGAS PRODUCTION BY DRY REFORMING OF METHANE OVER CO-PRECIPITATED CATALYSTSIAEME Publication
The syngas manufacturing from the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is tempting because of output in terms of extra pure synthesis gas and lower H2 to CO ratio than other synthesis gas production methods like either partial oxidation or steam reforming. For production of long-chain hydrocarbons though the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, lower H2 to CO ratio is required and important, as it is a most likely feedstock. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become more and more important in view of the emergent global warming phenomenon. On the environmental point of view, methane reforming is tantalizing due to the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions as both are consider as dangerous greenhouse gases. Commercially, as cost effectively, nickel is used for methane reforming reactions due to its availability and lower cost compared to noble metals. Number of catalysts endures rigorous deactivation because of carbon deposition. Mainly carbon formation is because of methane decomposition and CO disproportionate. It is important and required to recognize essential steps of activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2 to design catalysts that minimize deactivation. Effect of promoters on activity and stability were studied in the detail. In order to develop the highly active with minimum coke formation the alkali metal oxides and ceria/zirconia/magnesia promoters were incorporated in the catalysts. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and MgO, in the performance of Ni-Al2O3 catalyst, prepare by co-precipitation method was studied in detailed. The XRD, FTIR, and BET and reactivity test for different promoted and unprompted catalyst was carried out.
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
B E Project - Manufacturing of Phosphoric AcidAniket Mali
A method is disclosed for the manufacture of phosphoric acid directly from phosphate rock slurry in a reaction vessel with additional sulphuric acid to produce dehydrate calcium sulphate (gypsum). The gypsum is separated from the recovery solution via filtration and removed as a by-product. Design of equipments like reactor, sedimentation tank and evaporator is done.
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
The purpose of this document is to present a potential design to the client to build an acetic acid (CH3COOH) plant in the United Kingdom. The plant will have the capacity to produce 400,000 tonnes per annum of acetic acid base product from a feedstock of methanol and carbon monoxide. As an overview, the methanol carbonylation process is highly efficient in that it produces acetic acid with more sought after selectivity and purity.
Environmental Impact Assessment has been proven successful in outlining the main environmental issues in relation to this project. The general location considerations linked to the potential pollution produced (odours, noise, traffic) has been analysed, justifying the measures that will be put in place to minimize them. The handling of raw materials and the final product both on and off site has been studied in depth in order to outline the features and add-ups that can be applied to reduce the impact on the environment.
In addition to environmental methodologies, principles of process control and instrumentation have been applied throughout the design stage of this project with the aim of creating a process that is ultimately safe, that complies with all the necessary safety regulations, efficient, that will not suffer unnecessary downtime to avoidable failures and maintenance being carried out on key piece of process equipment and not suffer performance impairments due to poor design, as well as being economically stable, linked to the plants efficiency, an efficient plant will bring a certain amount of economic stability in addition to ensuring unnecessary equipment or instrumentation is not put in place.
Economic evaluation of this project indicates viability, the return of investment is 53% and the net profit of £1,378,000,000 is very lucrative figure for a 20-year investment. The project payback time of 2 years demonstrates that this project is highly feasible and has the potential to attract numerous investors.
Environmental Monitoring Model of Health, Parasitological, And Colorimetric C...theijes
The sanitary quality of water was evaluated in two micro basins, Bacaxá and Capivari belonging to the Lakes Basin St. John in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for colimetric and parasitological analysis. Analyses were performed seasonally over a year and the levels of Escherichia coli were within the recommended only in the summer of 2012 and fall, and inappropriate with levels above recommended in winter, spring and summer of 2013 in both the micro basins. Through our observations, we compare the average values of the levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli between both rivers. Initially, the samples indicate a similarity between the distributions of coliforms and Escherichia coli. However, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test samples indicate that the distributions are different. In parasitological analysis it was observed that in Capivari was detected a greater presence of filarial larvae. Anthropogenic influences mainly by the presence of sewage is being able to compromise the health quality of the micro basins studied carrying a significant pollutant load to the Juturnaíba reservoir. The monitoring of the sanitary quality of the watersheds that supply the population may indicate when it is necessary to adopt more effective measures in the treatment of water supply of cities.
High Gain Interleaved Cuk Converter with Phase Shifted PWMtheijes
DC-DC converters with ripple on input source current inject harmonics to the power system which in turn cause harmful to other connected devices. These converters with high efficiency and low input current ripple are essential in most common applications. Cuk converter provide reduction in the ripple of input and output current compared to other traditional converters which can be used for either step up or step down applications. Generally, a conventional cuk converter in continuous conduction mode brings in large current ripple on input side which in turn injects harmonics to the source. This undesirable input current ripple is mitigated by employing the interleaved cuk converter (ICC). Simulation results of ICC shows that the input ripple current has been reduced significantly from 7.5A to 1A compared to conventional cuk converter. The energy-transfer-capacitor in basic cuk converters is splitted into two capacitors. The rectifier diode is replaced by two diodes that form with the two capacitors a switched-capacitor circuit, which appears connected between the input and output inductances of the original converter. A hybrid circuit, presenting a higher DC voltage ratio than the classical Cuk circuit can be obtained. A high gain interleaved cuk converter is designed and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK for 40V with an input of 20V.
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
B E Project - Manufacturing of Phosphoric AcidAniket Mali
A method is disclosed for the manufacture of phosphoric acid directly from phosphate rock slurry in a reaction vessel with additional sulphuric acid to produce dehydrate calcium sulphate (gypsum). The gypsum is separated from the recovery solution via filtration and removed as a by-product. Design of equipments like reactor, sedimentation tank and evaporator is done.
Decolourisation of Nigrosine WS dye by Solar Photo-fentonAkash Tikhe
My master's dissertation thesis topic- Decolorization of Nigrosine WS dye by Homogeneous Solar Photo-Fenton Method along with Intro, Method, Result, conclusion and suggestions.
The purpose of this document is to present a potential design to the client to build an acetic acid (CH3COOH) plant in the United Kingdom. The plant will have the capacity to produce 400,000 tonnes per annum of acetic acid base product from a feedstock of methanol and carbon monoxide. As an overview, the methanol carbonylation process is highly efficient in that it produces acetic acid with more sought after selectivity and purity.
Environmental Impact Assessment has been proven successful in outlining the main environmental issues in relation to this project. The general location considerations linked to the potential pollution produced (odours, noise, traffic) has been analysed, justifying the measures that will be put in place to minimize them. The handling of raw materials and the final product both on and off site has been studied in depth in order to outline the features and add-ups that can be applied to reduce the impact on the environment.
In addition to environmental methodologies, principles of process control and instrumentation have been applied throughout the design stage of this project with the aim of creating a process that is ultimately safe, that complies with all the necessary safety regulations, efficient, that will not suffer unnecessary downtime to avoidable failures and maintenance being carried out on key piece of process equipment and not suffer performance impairments due to poor design, as well as being economically stable, linked to the plants efficiency, an efficient plant will bring a certain amount of economic stability in addition to ensuring unnecessary equipment or instrumentation is not put in place.
Economic evaluation of this project indicates viability, the return of investment is 53% and the net profit of £1,378,000,000 is very lucrative figure for a 20-year investment. The project payback time of 2 years demonstrates that this project is highly feasible and has the potential to attract numerous investors.
Environmental Monitoring Model of Health, Parasitological, And Colorimetric C...theijes
The sanitary quality of water was evaluated in two micro basins, Bacaxá and Capivari belonging to the Lakes Basin St. John in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for colimetric and parasitological analysis. Analyses were performed seasonally over a year and the levels of Escherichia coli were within the recommended only in the summer of 2012 and fall, and inappropriate with levels above recommended in winter, spring and summer of 2013 in both the micro basins. Through our observations, we compare the average values of the levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli between both rivers. Initially, the samples indicate a similarity between the distributions of coliforms and Escherichia coli. However, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test samples indicate that the distributions are different. In parasitological analysis it was observed that in Capivari was detected a greater presence of filarial larvae. Anthropogenic influences mainly by the presence of sewage is being able to compromise the health quality of the micro basins studied carrying a significant pollutant load to the Juturnaíba reservoir. The monitoring of the sanitary quality of the watersheds that supply the population may indicate when it is necessary to adopt more effective measures in the treatment of water supply of cities.
High Gain Interleaved Cuk Converter with Phase Shifted PWMtheijes
DC-DC converters with ripple on input source current inject harmonics to the power system which in turn cause harmful to other connected devices. These converters with high efficiency and low input current ripple are essential in most common applications. Cuk converter provide reduction in the ripple of input and output current compared to other traditional converters which can be used for either step up or step down applications. Generally, a conventional cuk converter in continuous conduction mode brings in large current ripple on input side which in turn injects harmonics to the source. This undesirable input current ripple is mitigated by employing the interleaved cuk converter (ICC). Simulation results of ICC shows that the input ripple current has been reduced significantly from 7.5A to 1A compared to conventional cuk converter. The energy-transfer-capacitor in basic cuk converters is splitted into two capacitors. The rectifier diode is replaced by two diodes that form with the two capacitors a switched-capacitor circuit, which appears connected between the input and output inductances of the original converter. A hybrid circuit, presenting a higher DC voltage ratio than the classical Cuk circuit can be obtained. A high gain interleaved cuk converter is designed and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK for 40V with an input of 20V.
Experimental Study on Corrosion of Wire Rope Strands under Sulfuric Acid Attacktheijes
A corrosive medium is typically found in the working environment of a wire rope. The wire rope structure has certain characteristics such as complex details, high working stress, and extremely difficult control. Thus, corrosion is the key problem related to the use of wire ropes. The corrosion behaviors of strands extracted from wire rope of type 19x7 in acid medium was investigated in this paper. The results obtained from tensile tests on virgin and corroded specimens show a decrease in strength as function of immersion hours. This progressive decrease of strength allowed us to quantify the damage. Thereafter, and with the establishment of the Damage-Reliability relationship, three stages of damage are distinguished and the value of the critical life fraction is identified (βC = 0.62).
A Novel Feature Selection with Annealing For Computer Vision And Big Data Lea...theijes
Numerous PC vision and medical imaging issues a confronted with gaining from expansive scale datasets, with a huge number of perceptions furthermore, highlights.A novel productive learning plan that fixes a sparsity imperative by continuously expelling variables taking into account a measure and a timetable. The alluring actuality that the issue size continues dropping all through the cycles makes it especially reasonable for enormous information learning. Methodology applies nonexclusively to the advancement of any differentiable misfortune capacity, and discovers applications in relapse, order and positioning. The resultant calculations assemble variable screening into estimation and are amazingly easy to execute. It gives hypothetical assurances of joining and determination consistency. Investigates genuine and engineered information demonstrate that the proposed strategy contrasts exceptionally well and other cutting edge strategies in relapse, order and positioning while being computationally exceptionally effective and adaptable.
Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Healthy Subjects with or With...theijes
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all cause mortality. It is estimated that around a quarter of the world’s adult population have MetS and they are twice as likely to die from and three times as likely to have a heart attack or stroke compared with people without the syndrome. Data from a total of 401 healthy individuals was analysed and there it was found the prevalence of MetS and there were evaluated the risk factors of CVD in people with MetS. The prevalence of MetS resulted 22%. It was found that in the group of people with MetS there was insulin resistance and a lower insulin sensitivity comparing to the group without MetS. There were studied the modifiable and the nonmodifiable cardiovascular risk factors including : age, gender, BMI, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glycaemia, blood pressure. As a conclusion to this study was found that in the group of people with MetS, were present a significant number of CVD risk factors including modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors
FTIR Spectrum of BiFeO3 Ceramic Produced By Sol-Gel Method Based On Variation...theijes
High purity BiFeO3 (BFO) powder was synthesized by sol-gel method using bismuth nitrate, iron nitrate as sources and citric acid as fuel. The calcination treatment of the citric acid gel was at 160oC and 200oC for 4 hours respectively. Sintering treatment was varied at 600oC for 4, 6 and 8 hours respectively. The powder has been characterized by Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) to know reference temperatures of calcination and sintering, X Ray Diffraction (XRD) test to confirm BFO phase and Fourier Trasform Infra Red (FTIR) to identify chemical bonds in a molecule by producing an infrared absorption spectrum. TGA/DTA results show that loss of mass and heat flow is at 160oC approximately, it is used as reference of calcination temperature. XRD results show that the BFO powder sintered at 600oC for 8 hours exhibits no secondary phase, Bi2O3. Meanwhile, FTIR Spectrum shows that powder had single phase BFO is having wave number 1385 cm-1 (C-H), 1560 cm-1 (C-C) and 2930 cm-1 (C-H).
Impact of Abattoir Wastes on the Physicochemical Properties of Soils within P...theijes
The impact of abattoir wastes on the physicochemical properties of soils within Port Harcourt metropolis has been investigated. Soil samples from twelve different abattoir locations within Port Harcourt metropolis labeled ABP1 to ABP12 were analyzed for possible contamination of physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. Theywere equally compared with a control site of no abattoir activities (ABPc) as well as WHO and FEPA standard set limits. The soil temperature which was carried out in-situ gave an average value of 30.00C. The mean values of the physicochemical parameters revealed that pH and electrical conductivity had average values of 7.00 and 78.33µScm-1 respectively. Chloride, salinity and nitrates had average values of 335.00mgKg-1 , 601.74mgKg-1 and 39.30mgKg-1 respectively. These values were slightly higher than both the control site as well as the standard set limit byWHO. Thus, indicating the possibility of contamination/pollution from the abattoir activities. However, average the values for the phosphates, sulphates and heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, Cr) though slightly higher than those of the control site (ABPc) were all within the standard set limits by WHO and FEPA. Statistical correlation equally showed positive correlations between chloride and salinity (1.0000), phosphate and cadmium (0.9939), conductivity and iron (0.9485). Also, negative correlations were equally observed between sulphate/chloride and sulphate/salinity with same values of -0.9192. Therefore abattoir activities within Port Harcourt metropolis imparts negatively on the arable soil and measures should be put in place for proper control.
Influence of Temperature on Corrosion Characteristics of Metals in Used Cooki...theijes
Biodiesel has become a rapid growing liquid biofuel across the world as a substitute for fossil fuel. Corrosion of metals in biodiesel poses a great threat as this can affect durability of engine parts with which it comes in contact. This study aims at investigating influence of temperature on the corrosion characteristics of metals in used cooking oil methyl ester. The corrosion characteristics of copper-magnesium alloy, mild steel, aluminium, and stainless steel in used cooking oil methyl ester, commercial diesel and diesel- methyl ester blends were studied and the results of corrosion rates obtained in methyl ester and diesel methyl ester blends were compared with that obtained in commercial diesel. Static immersion tests of each metal were carried out in B0, B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100 fuels at room temperature (25-30 °C) for 965 hours, 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C, and 100 °C for 8 hours. At the end of the test, the corrosion rates of each metal were investigated by converting loss in weight into corrosion rate. Results showed that the corrosion rate of each metal sample increased as temperature increased. Also, Copper-magnesium alloy presented highest corrosion rates in all test fuels.
Performance Analysis of a SIMO-OFDM System Using Different Diversity Combinin...theijes
The motive of any wireless communication system is to reduce BER for the corresponding SNR. Through this OFDM based receiver diversity system we analyze BER for different diversity combining techniques such as EGC, MRC, SC in a rayliegh faded environment. This model serves two benefits: first noise limited system performance is improved by combating ISI through OFDM and second use of diversity combining which helps combat multipath fading. We also try to achieve an optimum trade-off between BER improvement and increase in number of receiver antennas. This is just to make less-complex receiver as it requires only one DFT processor.
RADAR (RAdio Detection and Ranging) use modulated waveforms and directive antennas to transmit electromagnetic energy into a specific volume in space to search for targets. The targets within the volume reflect echoes back to the radar which are further processed to extract target information. A better SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) to for radar surveillance is achieved. The results are provided by Matlab simulation.
The Recycling of Steel and Brass Chips to Produce Composite Materials via Col...theijes
In this study a novel method of direct conversion of brass (CuZn30) and steel (S355JR) chips into finished product without melting is introduced as an alternative to melting process. CuZn30 Brass and S355JR steel chips were used as constituents of composite materials. The chips were cold pressed at room temperature and were subjected to liquid phase sinterization. Hardness, compression and three point bending tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the obtained composite materials and compared with cast CuZn30 brass. The produced composite materials are shown to have comparable mechanical properties with bulk brass. It is also shown that the proposed method can be considered as an alternative to conventional production methods such as melting, extrusion ect. with relatively low costs.
Applying K-Means Clustering Algorithm to Discover Knowledge from Insurance Da...theijes
Data mining works to extract information known in advance from the enormous quantities of data which can lead to knowledge. It provides information that helps to make good decisions. The effectiveness of data mining in access to knowledge to achieve the goal of which is the discovery of the hidden facts contained in databases and through the use of multiple technologies. Clustering is organizing data into clusters or groups such that they have high intra-cluster similarity and low inter cluster similarity. This paper deals with K-means clustering algorithm which collect a number of data based on the characteristics and attributes of this data, and process the Clustering by reducing the distances between the data center. This algorithm is applied using open source tool called WEKA, with the Insurance dataset as its input
Impact of Soil Moisture Conservation Practices and Nutrient Management Under ...theijes
A field experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth , Akola during the year 2014-15 with a view to study the moisture conservation techniques and nutrient requirement for cotton variety AKH-081 which is suitable genotype recommended for High Density Planting System for Vidharbha condition of Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice with twelve treatments. The plot size was 6.0 x 4.5 meters spacing at 60 x 10 cm with 1.66 lakh plants per hectare. Three moisture conservation techniques consisting flat sowing, opening of furrow at 40-60 days after sowing and sowing on Broad Bed Furrow (BBF) 3 rows marked at 60 cm along with nutrient management levels RDF (60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1) ,RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1, 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) and 125 % RDF +2.5 kg Zn ha-1. The growth parameters viz. Plant height and sympodia was significantly influenced due to different moisture conservation techniques. BBF exihibited highest Plant height, Sympodia and Dry matter over the other parameter. The plant height, sympodia and dry matter per plant was increased significantly with increased in nutrient levels with micronutrients for high density planting system of cotton. Nutrients with different levels significantly influenced the yield attributes i.e Boll weight and Seed cotton yield under high density planting system. Significantly highest Seed cotton yield of (1786 kg ha-1) and was recorded with 125 % RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with 125 % RDF. The highest gross monetary return, net monetary returns and benefit cost ratio was recorded with 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) + 2.5 Kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) which is the need of higher plant density. The highest WUE (3.02 kghamm-1) was noticed in 125 % RDF + Zn.
Phishing Websites Detection Using Back Propagation Algorithm: A Reviewtheijes
Phishing is an illicit modus operandi employing both societal engineering and technological subterfuge to theft client’s private identity data and monetary account credentials. Influence of phishing is pretty radical as it engrosses the menace of identity larceny and financial losses. This paper elucidates the back propagation paradigm to instruct the neural network for phishing forecast. We execute the root-cause analysis of phishing and incentive for phishing. This analysis is intended at serving developers the effectiveness of neural networks in data mining and provides the grounds proving neural networks in phishing detection.
Pin Profile and Shoulder Geometry Effects in Friction Stir Spot Welded Polyme...theijes
The effects pin profile and shoulder geometry in friction stir spot welded polymer sheets were studied. Six different tool pin geometries were testedin friction stir spot welding(FSSW). The effects of tool shoulder diameter and shoulder cavity angle were also investigated. In the tests 4 mm thick high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) were used. All the welding operations were done at the room temperature. Lap-shear tensile tests were carried out to find the weld static strength. Weld cross section appearance observations were also examined. From the experiments the effect of pin profile and shoulder geometry on friction stir spot weld formation and weld strength were determined. The tapered cylindrical pin was found the optimum pin profile. 30 mm shoulder diameter and 6o shoulder cavity angle gave the best results.
Applying IPA on Services Quality for Farm Irrigation Engineering - A Case S...theijes
The purpose of development Irrigation Association in Taiwan is to service farmers, improve irrigation and drainage facilities and get the most out of the economy for all members. Therefore, this study takes a case of Kaohsiung Irrigation Association as object, and explores the effect on the service quality to maintain the sustainable development of agriculture. The research takes the service quality scale of Kaohsiung Irrigation Association as the questionnaire and applies importance-performance analysis (IPA) to view the demand on service quality. Through 22 factors and 5 phases to analysis the questionnaire by statistical method including difference analysis, independent T test, one-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis. The result shows that the background parameters and five phases have significant effects such as level of education and position. The analysis of IPA is found that 17 factors in the first quadrant mean that members and users will have confidence and extreme recognition and identity on service quality of water conservancy. The results will explore the important issues of concern on service quality in Kaohsiung Irrigation Association, and could give as a reference to improve the future of construction and provide the ability to play a good role in supervision to strengthen the quality and service efficient in farmers' organizations.
Almost one-third of older people experience fallscaused bymedical factors and/or frailty.Falls may lead to devastating results. The rapid increase in life expectancy has made fall-detection and analysis an important issue. In order to identify trends and the state of the art in fall risk and balance assessment in older people,this paper carries out a review of the literature in this field. The focus has been on works that studied various assessment tools developed for fall risk assessment in people above 65 years old. The reviewed papers are categorized into two large groups of Clinical Fall Risk Assessment Methods and Quantitative Fall Risk Analysis Methods. For the studies in the first group, in addition to the contribution and limitations of each cited work, thevalidity and reliability factors are highlighted. The majority of the works reported in the second group are still in the development stage and have not been applied in real clinical applications. Hence, issues such as sensitivity and specificity are not considered. The review reveals that despite the high number of studies, there is no consistent worldwide standard for fall risk and balance disorder analysis and assessment. Many of the methods proposed havenot been validated forlarge groups of subjects and the results are generalized without reliable evidence. High cost, complexity, and length of the procedure are the major drawbacks of many of the proposed methods. The frailty of older people can make routine gait analysis challenging. The results of the analysis of the current literature reveal a lack of any comprehensive, objective and accurate method.
Teaching Mathematics Based On “Mathematization” Of Theory of Realistic Mathem...theijes
Theory of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) was originated in The Netherlands in 1970. It was developed from Freudenthal’ point of view which considered mathematics as human activity. This theory suggested that teaching mathematics should begin with realistic context; the teacher guides his students to reinvent knowledge by process of mathematization. In this paper, we present our research results obtained from application of RME into try-out of teaching linear function in Vietnamese schools
Identification and Selection of the Best Industrial Wastewater Treatment Tech...theijes
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Identification and Selection of the Best Industrial Wastewater Treatment Tech...
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Kinetics, Isotherm And Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue Dye Desorption from Spent Microwave Prepared ‘Hamburgar’ Seed Shell Activated Carbon
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 5 || Issue || 7 || Pages || PP -47-60 || 2016 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 47
Kinetics, Isotherm And Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue
Dye Desorption from Spent Microwave Prepared ‘Hamburgar’
Seed Shell Activated Carbon
Ejikeme, Ebere M1
,Igbokwe, P.K2
1
Chemical Engineering Department, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria
2
Chemical Engineering Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
Chloroform desorption of Swiss blue dye from saturated activated carbon prepared from hamburger seed shell
via microwave technique has been studied and the kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic data determined.
Initial solid loading concentrations of the activated carbon after saturation were 123.72mg/g, 248.58mg/g,
373.28mg/g, and 498.11mg/g using 100mg/l, 200mg/l, 300mg/l, and 400mg/l initial concentration of Swiss blue
dye respectively. The kinetic data were fitted to first order, second order, pseudo first order, pseudo second
intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models. The data fitted pseudo second order perfectly due to the high
correlation coefficient. The isotherm data was fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dublin-Radushkevich (D-R),
Temkin, Flory-Huggins, Redlich-Peterson and Toth models. The data fitted well to Freundlich model. Activation
energy for desorption process was calculated at different initial solid phase concentration. Arrhenius
relationship was developed to represent the rate constant dependency on temperature at different initial solid
phase concentrations. Thermodynamic parameters calculated confirmed the process as endothermic, feasible
and spontaneous. The process had increased disorder as temperature was increased.
Keywords: Activated carbon, Hamburger seed shell, Microwave, Saturation, Swiss blue dye.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 08 July 2016 Date of Accepted: 10 July 2016
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Textile industry use dyes and pigments to colour their product. There are more than 100,000 commercially
available dyes with over 7×105 tonnes of dyestuff are produced annually [1]. Many industries discharge
wastewaters such as textile, chemical, refineries, plastic and food-processing plants and these wastewaters
include residual dyes which are not bio-degradable [2]. Generally, the dyes that are used in the textile industry
are basic dyes, acid dyes, reactive dyes, direct dyes, azo dyes, mordant dyes, vat dyes, disperse dyes and sulphur
dyes [2]. Swiss blue which is commonly known as methylene blue dye is the most commonly used for dying
cotton, wood and silk. Although the dye is not regarded as a very toxic dye, MB can have various harmful
effects on human being and animals. Once inhaled, it can cause heart rate increasing, nausea and vomiting. [3]
Such residual dyes may cause water pollution and a serious threat to the environment [4], [5]. Therefore, the
treatment of effluent containing such dye is of interest due to its harmful impacts on receiving waters. Among
several chemical and physical methods of treatment, the adsorption onto activated carbon has been found to be
superior compared to other techniques for wastewater treatment in terms of its capability for efficiently
adsorbing a broad range of adsorbates and its simplicity of design [6]. For economic reasons, the use of
activated carbon is limited. The cost of carbon for a single use may be so high that its use is unjustified. One
procedure for reducing operation costs using activated carbon is to desorb the substances retained, thereby
enabling the carbon to be reused. [7].
The different methods can be used to regenerate spent activated carbons. These methods can be divided into the
groups [8]; thermal, extractive, chemical, electrochemical, and biological, as well as methods with utilization of
X-ray radiation, ultrasound, and others. The thermal regeneration is most often used. Usually, high temperature
regeneration (700–1000 ◦C) is not carried out in situ [8]. Chemical regeneration can be carried out by desorption
of adsorbates using specific solvents or by decomposition of adsorbed species using oxidizing chemical agents
[9]. Extraction with solvents requires further purification of the solvent and it is only recommended when a
valuable product is recovered [10].
In general, the chemical regeneration is considered economically infeasible insofar as expensive organic
solvents are used as regenerants. Therefore, the chemical regeneration process should be optimized with respect
to its economics and a study on desorption kinetics of organic solvents from spent activated carbon would be an
essential part of it [11].
2. Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue Dye Desorption from Spent...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 48
In this work, kinetics, isotherm and equilibrium studies of chloroform desorption of Swiss blue dye from spent
activated carbon prepared from hamburger seed shell via microwave techniques were studied.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 SWISS BLUE DYE
Swiss blue dye is a basic dye equally known as methylene blue dye with molecular weight of 319.9 and
empirical formula of C16H18N3SCl. It is the most commonly used substance for dying cotton, wood, leather and
silk. It is a basic dye that is typically cationic or positively charged and reacts well with a material that is anionic
or negatively charged. Swiss blue dye was chosen in this study because of its known strong adsorption onto
solids. The chemical structure of Swiss blue dye is shows as follows (Fig. 1.)
Fig. 1: Chemical structure of Swiss blue dye
2.2 HAMBURGAR SEED SHELL
Hamburger seed (Mucuna Sloanei) shell. The seed belongs to legume family (fabaceal). The shells were
collected from a local market at abakpa, Enugu, Enugu State Nigeria.
2.3 PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON
The method was in accordance with the work done by Hammed [12]. The sample was washed exhaustively with
deionized water to remove adhering dirt particles from the surface. Dried sample was ground and screened to
the desired mesh size of 1 – 2mm. The carbonization process was performed by loading a known quantity of
the precursor into a vertical furnace, and the temperature was ramped from room temperature to the desired
temperature of 800o
C. The char produced was soaked in 6M KOH solution with 1.5:1 impregnation ratio
defined as the volume of activating agent to weight of char (KOH: Char). The mixture was then dehydrated in
an oven for one hour to remove moisture.
Microwave heating was conducted in a 2450MHZ commercial microwave oven with modification. The oven
has a power controller to select different power levels and a timer for various exposure times at a set microwave
power levels. The reaction was performed in a glass reactor fixed in the chamber of microwave oven.
The resultant activated carbon was washed repeatedly with 0.1MHCl and distilled water until PH 6-7 was
reached in the residual liquid.
2.4 EXPERIMENTAL SET- UP OF MICROWAVE OVEN WITH THE MODIFICATIONS
This work utilized a modified Sonik domestic microwave oven model SMW-90023 Japan, with a maximum
power output of 900W delivered at a frequency of 2450MHz. As part of the modifications, the microwave
casing was penetrated from the top to provide fittings to support the quartz glassware reactor. The reactor was
opened from the top end to allow for the escape of the pyrolysis gases. The upper surface of the oven had a
removable cover connected to a stainless steel pipe from which the volatiles exit. The volatiles were then
transferred to a condensing system made up of large absorbing bottle. The quartz glassware which was mounted
inside the microwave cavity consisted of 100mls round bottom flask into which the samples was loaded, and a
quartz quick fit connection coller which joined the flask with the outlet connection. Quartz was selected as
reactor of choice because is a good material to be used in microwave reactors, it resist temperatures, transparent
to microwaves and can resist thermal shock much better than traditional laboratory glass such as pyrex [13].
However, the reactor was not completely invulnerable and was found to show signs of devitrification after
extended use. Thus, periodic replacement of the reactor was done.
2.5 DESORPTION STUDY
Desorption studies were also conducted by batch mode similar to adsorption studies. Known initial
concentrations (100-400mg/l) of the Swiss blue dye solution were used to equilibrate the adsorbent. The dye
loaded activated carbon was immersed in the initial solution of the dye for 24hours to ensure that the active sites
were fully saturated. After equilibrium, the saturated adsorbent was washed with distilled water in order to
3. Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue Dye Desorption from Spent...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 49
remove un- adsorbed traces of the dye adhering on the surface and dried over night. The initial solid loading
concentration of Swiss blue dye on the saturated activated carbon qi (mg/g) was calculated using equation 1.
𝑞𝑖
𝑚𝑔
𝑔
=
𝐶 𝑜 −𝐶 𝑒
𝑚
𝑉 (1)
qi is the initial solid phase dye concentration (mg/g) and can be calculated using equation 1, Co is the initial dye
concentration used in equilibrating the adsorbent (mg/l), m is the mass of the adsorbent (g), V is the volume of
the eluent (L), Ce is the Swiss blue dye concentration in solution (mg/l) at equilibrium,
2.5.1 DESORPTION KINETICS FOR SWISS BLUE DYE REMOVAL FROM SPENT ACTIVATED
CARBON
For the desorption kinetics, 25ml of chloroform solution was taken in 250ml of stopper corked conical flask. It
was then heated in a temperature controlled water bath shaker to certain temperature range (303-323K) and
150rpm. After attaining the required experimental temperature, 0.02g of Swiss blue dye saturated activated
carbon at different initial loading concentrations was put into the flask. The samples were withdrawn at
specified time intervals (20-280mins) and were analysed by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at maximum
wavelength of 661nm. The amount of Swiss blue dye remaining on the adsorbent, qt (mg/g) was calculated
using a mass balance equation;
𝑞𝑡
𝑚𝑔
𝑔
= 𝑞𝑖 −
𝑉 (𝐶𝑡− 𝐶𝑖 )
𝑚
(2)
Where Ci is the initial dye concentration on the eluant before desorption (mg/l), Ct is the Swiss blue dye
concentration in solution (mg/l) at any time.
2.5.2 DESORPTION EQUILIBRIUM STUDIES FOR SWISS BLUE DYE REMOVAL FROM
SPENT CARBON
For the desorption equilibrium, 25ml of chloroform solution was taken in 250ml of stopper corked conical flask.
It was then heated in a temperature controlled water bath shaker to certain temperature range (303-323K) and
150rpm. After attaining the required experimental temperature, 0.02g of Swiss blue dye saturated activated
carbon at different initial loading concentrations was put into the flask. The samples were withdrawn at the end
of equilibrium time of five hours and were analysed by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at maximum wavelength of
661nm. The amount of Swiss blue dye remaining on the adsorbent at equilibrium, qe (mg/g) was calculated
using a mass balance equation;
𝑞 𝑒
𝑚𝑔
𝑔
= 𝑞𝑖 −
𝑉 (𝐶 𝑒− 𝐶𝑖 )
𝑚
(3)
Where Ce is the Swiss blue dye concentration in solution (mg/l) at equilibrium, Ci is the initial dye concentration
on the eluant before desorption (mg/l), qi is the initial solid phase concentration and can be calculated using
equation 1.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
a. EFFECT OF INITIAL SWISS BLUE DYE CONCENTRATIONS ON THE SOLID LOAD
CONCENTRATIONS OF SWISS BLUE DYE.
To study the desorption process of the spent activated carbon, it was saturated with Swiss blue dye at different
initial concentrations of 100-400mg/l for 24 hours to make sure that the pores were fully saturated. After the
saturation, the concentrations of the dye on the adsorbent were calculated as the initial solid load concentrations.
These solid load concentrations were used to carry out desorption kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic studies.
Fig. 1 shows the results of initial solid load concentrations at various initial Swiss blue dye concentrations for
the prepared activated carbon. It was observed that initial solid load increased with increase in initial Swiss blue
dye concentrations. This can be attributed to the fact that increase in Swiss blue dye concentrations increased the
mass transfer driving force necessary to favour the uptake of dye, thereby increasing the initial solid load
concentrations.
4. Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue Dye Desorption from Spent...
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 50
Figure 2. Initial solid phase concentration at various initial Swiss blue dye concentration
b. DESORPTION KINETICS OF SWISS BLUE DYE REMOVAL FROM SWISS BLUE DYE
LOADED ACTIVATED CARBON
Desorption of Swiss blue dye from the activated carbon was described by mass transfer from the activated
carbon to the solvent [14]. The kinetic data was obtained at different initial solid phase concentration, and was
fitted to different kinetic models. The kinetic models verified were first order, pseudo first order, second order,
pseudo second order and Elovich model. These models were based on the concentration of Swiss blue dye on
the solvent (ct) and the amount of dye remaining on the activated carbon after desorption (qt).
The kinetic parameters of desorption of Swiss blue dye for the models are shown on Table 1.
The correlation coefficients (R2
) of different models showed that the data fitted well to pseudo second order
model with correlation coefficient almost 1.0 for all the initial solid phase concentration used. The data equally
fitted well to the intra particle diffusion model. This finding was in agreement with the works done by Sarici-
Ozdemir [15] on desorption kinetics behaviour of methylene blue dye on to activated carbon and Kim and Kim
[14] on the apparent adsorption kinetics of phenols in organic solvents from spent activated carbons saturated
with phenol. This result was contrary to the work done by Tseng et. al., [16] on the kinetics and equilibrium of
desorption of removal of copper from magnetic polymer adsorbent. They found out that pseudo first order fitted
desorption data well.
The validity of pseudo second order was equally ascertained by the values of the predicted solid phase
concentration (qed predicted). It was observed that the qed. predicted using pseudo second order equation were
very close to the initial solid phase concentration used for the experiment (qe experiment) for all the initial solid
phase concentrations.
Further examination of the values of desorption rate constants for pseudo second order model (KP2) in Table 1,
showed that KP2 decreased with increase in initial solid phase concentrations. This might be due to gradual
increase in desorption resistance of the dye from activated carbon as the initial solid phase concentration
increased [17].
The validity of pseudo second order model showed that driving force of desorption might be the difference
between the equilibrium concentration in a solvent with the adsorbed amount of dye in activated carbons at a
time and the bulk concentration of dye in solvent [14].
It was equally observed that the kinetic data equally fitted well to intra particle diffusion model. The intra
particle diffusion was equally used to identify the mechanism of desorption and the rate controlling step. The
linear plots at various initial solid phase concentrations do not pass through the origin, which shows that the
intra particle diffusion was not the only rate controlling step and the boundary layer diffusion controlled the he
desorption to some extent. The value of the intercept (C) which related to the boundary layer resistance
increased with increase in initial solid phase concentration. These values were close to the initial solid phase
concentration and showed that thickness of the boundary layer increased as the initial solid phase concentration
increased. This showed that as the initial solid phase concentration increased, the contribution of the boundary
layer in the rate limiting step increased [15].
Table 1. Kinetics parameters for desorption of Swiss blue dye from spent Microwave prepared activated carbon
from hamburger seed shell
Initial dye conc. (mg/l) 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00
Initial solid phase conc. qe exp mg/g 123.72 248.58 373.28 498.11
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
100 200 300 400
qi(mg/g)
Initial Swiss blue dye concentrations (mg/l)
5. Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue Dye Desorption from Spent...
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First Order Model
CAO (mg/l) 2.442 3.196 4.577 5.551
K1 (min-1
) 0.002 0.001 0.00 0.00
R2
0.669 0.642 0.715 0.888
Pseudo First Order Model
qe calc (mg/g) 0.0645 0.0704 0.1144 0.0425
Kp1 (min-1
) -0.033 -0.037 -0.032 -0.822
R2
0.808 0.892 0.794 0.822
Second Order Model
CAO (mg/l) 2.415 3.175 4.762 5.587
K2 (min-1
) 0.002 0.001 0.0004 0.0001
R2
0.669 0.62 0.715 0.888
Pseudo Second Order Model
qe calc (mg/g) 125.0 250.0 400.0 500.0
-Kp2 (min-1
) 0.009 0.006 0.004 0.003
R2
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Intra particle Diffusion
C(g/mg) 125.6 249.4 347.7 400.3
Kd (mg/m.min-1
) -0.531 -0.342 -0.452 -0.532
R2
0.918 0.884 0.928 0.952
Elovich Model
B(g/mg) -0.835 -0.894 -1.675 -1.370
R2
0.926 0.897 0.876 0.910
(a)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
lnCt
t
123.7170mg/g
248.5825mg/g
373.2792mg/g
498.1079mg/g
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
ln(qe-qt)
t
123.7170mg/g
248.5825mg/g
373.2792mg/g
498.1079mg/g
7. Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue Dye Desorption from Spent...
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Figure 2. Kinetic plots of Swiss blue dye desorption from spent activated carbon (a) First order, (b) Pseudo first
order, (c) Second order, (d) Pseudo second order, (e) Elovich, (f) Intra particle diffusion
3.3 Desorption Kinetics Of Swiss Blue Dye At Different Temperatures
In order to obtain the activation energy and frequency factor for the desorption process, the kinetic data were
obtained at different temperatures of 303K, 313K and 323K. The data were fitted to pseudo second order model
that was considered the best kinetic model. The plots of the pseudo second model at different temperature are
shown in Figures 3. It was observed from the pseudo second order kinetic parameters on table 2 that the rate
constant and correlation coefficients for the model increased with increase in temperature. This suggested that
increase in temperature favoured the desorption process. The correlation coefficients (R2
) were unity for all the
initial solid loading concentrations. The rate constants that allowed the best fit to experimental kinetic data (for
pseudo second order) of Swiss blue dye concentration in chloroform were applied to Arrhenius equation to
determine the activation energy and frequency factor. The relationship between the rate constants and solution
temperature was expressed by Arrhenius equation 4 [14], [19], [20].
𝐾𝑑 = 𝐴𝑑 exp(
−𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑅𝑇
) (4)
Where Ad is the frequency factor or temperature independent factor (min-
)
Edes is the activation energy (J/mol) for desorption process, R is the gas constant (8.314J/mol.K) and T is the
solution temperature (K).
The activation energy measures the magnitude of the forces required to overcome during desorption process
[17]. It determines the chance of the adsorbent dye molecules overcoming the potential barrier to desorption.
Transformation of the equation into linear form gave
𝐼𝑛𝐾𝑑 = 𝐼𝑛𝐴𝑑 −
𝐸𝑑𝑠
𝑅𝑇
(5)
Plot of InKd Vs 1/T gave slope of
−𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑅
and intercept of InAd. The properness of the Arrhenius equation was
checked by a plot of InKd vs. 1/T on Figure 4. The squares of the linear correlation coefficients (R2
) for all the
initial solid phase concentration were greater than 0.9. Therefore, the Arrheius relationship could be justifiable
for representing the temperature dependency expression of Kd [14]. Furthermore, the excellent temperature
dependency expression of Kd might indirectly support the properness of Kd values as well as that of the
desorption pseudo second order model. The activation energy, frequency factors and the correlation coefficients
of Arrhenius plot is showed in table 3.
When Kd values of Swiss blue dye were expressed as an experimental function of temperature, the equation at
different initial Swiss blue dye concentration used for saturation becomes;
100mg/l;
𝐾𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
= 14355.67 exp
−1463.5
𝑇
(6)
200mg/l;
𝐾𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
= 185164.52 exp
−2350.1
𝑇
(7)
300mg/l;
𝐾𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
= 790167.3 exp
−2832.5
𝑇
(8)
400mg/l;
𝐾𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1
= 115844.03 exp
−2304
𝑇
(9)
As a result of using equations (6-9), the desorption kinetics of Swiss blue dye removal from spent activated
carbons using chloroform would be predicted at certain temperatures.
8. Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue Dye Desorption from Spent...
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 3. Pseudo second order model plots for Swiss blue dye desorption at different temperatures (a) 303K, (b)
313K, (c) 323K.
Table 2. Pseudo second order parameters at different temperature
303K
qe (exp)(mg/g) 123.59 248.29 369.28 460.70
qe (calc.)(mg/g) 114.942 238.1 333.33 434.78
-Kd x10-4
(min-1
) 86.0 126.0 143.0 177.0
R2
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
313K
qe (exp)(mg/g) 123.59 248.29 369.28 460.70
qe (calc.)(mg/g) 114.942 238.1 333.33 434.78
-Kd x10-4
(min-1
) 757.0 882.0 110.0 128.0
R2
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
323K
qe (exp)(mg/g) 123.59 248.29 369.28 460.70
qe (calc.)(mg/g) 114.942 238.1 333.33 434.78
-Kd x10-4
(min-1
) 64.0 78.0 80.0 111.0
R2
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0
1
2
3
0 100 200 300
t/qt
t
123.5913mg/g
248.2943mg/g
369.2771mg/g
460.7038mg/g
0
1
2
3
0 100 200 300
t/qt
t
123.5913mg/g
248.2943mg/g
369.2771mg/g
460.7038mg/g
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 100 200 300
t/qt
t
123.5913mg/g
248.2943mg/g
369.2771mg/g
460.7038mg/g
9. Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue Dye Desorption from Spent...
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Figure 4. Arrhenius plots for desorption of Swiss blue dye from spent activated carbon
Table 3. Arrhenius parameters for desorption of Swiss blue dye from spent microwave prepared activated
carbon from hamburger seed shell
Initial solid phase conc. (mg/g) 123.72 248.58 373.28 498.11
Ad (min-1
) 8112.0 2833.87 989.20 1198.23
Edes (J/mol) 3652.67 7425.4 4959.72 5737.57
R2
1.0 0.9998 0.929 0.9526
3.4 Desorption Isotherm Of Swiss Blue Dye From Spent Activated Carbon
When the spent activated carbons were desorbed using chloroform, it was observed that the concentration of
Swiss blue dye in the solvent increased with time, whereas the amount of Swiss blue dye on the adsorbents
decreased with time. The equilibrium state at which the concentration of Swiss blue dye in the solvent remained
constant with time shortly varied at different initial solid phase concentration and temperatures. At equilibrium,
the relationship between the concentration of Swiss blue dye in the chloroform (Ce) and the remaining amount
on the adsorbents (qe) was expressed like the Lagmuir, Freundlich, Dublin-Radushkevich (D-R), Temkin, Flory-
Huggins, Redlich-Peterson (S- P) and Toth-isotherm equations. Desorption data were applied to the linear plots
of these isotherm models to describe desorption of Swiss blue dye from the spent adsorbents. The desorption
parameters obtained from the model plots (Figure 5) is listed in table 4.
The regression coefficients (R2
) value for Freundlich model were comparatively higher suggesting that
desorption of Swiss blue dye from the spent activated carbons were well described by Freundlich model. The
applicability of Freundlich model confirmed that heterogeneous sites were actively involved for the adsorption
process. This indicates that the adsorption sites on the surface of the adsorbents may possess different potential
energies to form surface complex [16]. These results were in agreement with the previous study on adsorption of
Swiss blue dye on the adsorbents.
These results were in agreement with the work done by Tseng et. al.,[16] on the kinetics and equilibrium
desorption for removal of copper from magnetic polymer adsorbent, Kim and Kim [14] on apparent desorption
kinetics of phenol in organic solvents from spent activated carbon saturated with phenol, and Chu et. al. [21] on
desorption of vitamin E from silica based adsorbent. Contrary to these results, Muhammad et. al., [19] reported
the applicability of Lagmuir model for desorption of β-carotene from mesoporus carbon coated monolith. Sip
and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models equally recorded high correlation coefficients (R2
). These models were
three parameters obtained from Freundlich isotherm constant that recorded high correlation coefficients (R2
).
The applicability of Freundlich model for the desorption process showed that at equilibrium, the concentration
of Swiss blue dye in the chloroform (Ce) is directly proportional to the remaining Swiss blue dye on the
adsorbents (qe). It was equally observed from the results that the equilibrium constants for Freundlich isotherm
decreased with increase in temperature. This shows that increase in temperature favoured the desorption
process, thus the amount of Swiss blue dye remaining on the adsorbents decreased with increase in temperature.
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
0.00305 0.0031 0.00315 0.0032 0.00325 0.0033 0.00335
lnKd
1/T
123.5913mg/g
248.2943mg/g
369.2771mg/g
460.7038mg/g
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Temperature (K) 303 313 323
Langmuir Model
-b(mg/g) 43.4783 27.0270 12.3450
-KL(L/mg) 0.23 0.24 0.24
R2
0.857 0.968 0.914
Freundlich Model
N 6.993 9.434 20.408
Kf(mg/g) (mgl-1
)-1/nF 0.751 0.657 0.582
R2
0.950 0.998 0.910
Dublin-Radushkevich (D-R) Model
BD 0.987 1.334 2.705
E(J/mol) 0.712 0.612 0.430
R2
0.992 0.996 0.910
Temkin Model
A(L/mol) 0.3320 0.1264 0.2760
B 1.401 1.091 0.573
R2
0.995 0.953 0.843
Flory-Huggins Model
KFH(L/mol) 0.518 0.406 0.287
nFH 1.153 1.106 1.031
R2
0.999 1.0 0.999
Redlich-Peterson Model
KR(mg/g)(mg/L)-1/nF 0.751 0.657 0.582
R2
0.901 0.975 0.916
Sip Model
Ks(mg/g)(mg/l) 0.751 0.657 0.582
Β(L/mg) 6.998 9.468 18.820
αs(L/mg) 29.93 10.63 4.85
R2
0.977 0.977 0.906
Toth Model
-KT(l/mg) 0.23 0.24 0.24
aT 0.665 0.5180 2.7350
T 0.1280 0.0968 0.0510
R2
0.950 0.998 0.910
3.5 Thermodynamics Study For Desorption Of Swiss Blue Dye From Spent Activated Carbons
The thermodynamic parameters (ΔHdes, ΔSdes and ΔGdes) were obtained from the combination of Arrhenius
equation [19], [14], [20] and Freundlich equilibrium constant (Ke) expressed as an exponential function of
temperature [14], [22], [23].
When rate constant Kd is described by the Arrhenius equation, we have it that [14], [19], [20];
𝐾𝑑 = 𝐴𝑑 exp
−𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑅𝑇
(10)
Equally, at equilibrium, the relationship between the concentration of the Swiss blue dye in chloroform (Ce) and
the adsorbed amount on the activated (qe) might be expressed like the Freundlich isotherm equation.
𝑞𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒(𝐶𝑒) 𝑛
(11)
Ke was expressed as an exponential function of temperature as
𝐾𝑒 𝑇 = 𝐾 𝑂exp(
𝛾
𝑇
) (12)
Linearization of equation 4.41 gives
𝐼𝑛𝐾𝑒 = 𝐼𝑛𝐾 𝑂 + 𝛾
1
𝑇
(13)
γ(K) and KO(mg/g)(mg/l)-n
are constants in eqn. (13), Ke is Freundlich isotherm constant (mg/g)(mg/l)-n
and T is
temperature (K).
Plot of InKe against 1/T in equation 13 gave InKo as intercept and γ as slope. Table 5 show the parameters
obtained from plot of InKe against 1/T while Fig. 6 shows the plots.
It was observed that correlation coefficients (R2
) were approximately 1.0. This proved the validity of equation
13.
To further understand the nature of the desorption process, Schroeder and Gottfried (2002) [19] stated that
differences between activation energy (ΔEdes) and enthalpy change (ΔHdes) are in practice often negligible.
Therefore, they assumed that ΔEdes = ΔHdes. They equally stated that the frequency factor (Ad) in the Arrhnius
equation can be equated to the entropy term as follows ;
𝐴𝑑 =
𝐾 𝑑 𝑇
𝛾
exp
ΔSdes
𝑅
(14)
Entropy of desorption can be extracted from the frequency factor (Ad) above as;
13. Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue Dye Desorption from Spent...
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ΔSdes = R.
𝐼𝑛𝐴𝑑 .𝛾
𝐾 𝑑 𝑇
) (15)
Where R is the universal gas constant (J/mol.K), γ is constant from equation (13) (K), T is the temperature (K),
and Kd is the pseudo second order rate constant (1/min).
Change in the standard free energy (ΔGdes) can be calculated from the enthalpy (ΔSdes) using the following
relation [24];
ΔGdes = ΔHdes − TΔSdes (16)
The thermodynamic parameters obtained at different initial solid phase concentration and temperatures are
shown in table 6.
It was observed from the results that the enthalpy change for desorption process at different temperatures were
positive, indicating endothermic reaction. This means that increase in temperature favoured the desorption
process. Desorption process consumed energy from the surrounding in overcoming the activation barrier needed
before desorption takes place. Positive entropy (ΔS) observed at different initial solid phase concentration
suggested that the desorption process had disorder at various conditions studied. The entropy values increased as
reaction temperature was increased with exception of few. This suggested that the reaction gets more disorder as
temperature was increased confirming the endothermic nature of the reaction. The negative Gibbs free energy
(ΔG) observed on the entire initial solid phase concentration at various temperatures confirmed the process to be
spontaneous and feasible. Increase in temperature increased the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) with exception of few.
This showed that the desorption process becomes more spontaneous as the temperature was increased.
Figure 6. Freundlich constant against reciprocal of temperature for Swiss blue dye desorption from spent
activated carbon.
Table 5. Parameters of Freundlich equilibrium constant (Ke) expressed as an exponential function of
temperature for desorption of spent activated carbon
Parameters MPAHS
KO((mg/g)(mg/l)-n
) 0.0103
γ(K) 1911.7
R2
1.0
Table 6. Thermodynamic parameters for desorption of Swiss blue dye from spent microwave prepared activated
carbon from hamburgar seed shell.
Initial solid
phase conc.
(mg/g)
ΔHdes
(KJ/mol)
ΔSdes (J/mol.K) - ΔGdes(KJ/mol)
303K 313K 323K 303K 313K 323K
123.5913 3.652 133.99 134.12 134.20 36.95 36.99 37.01
248.2943 7.425 123.22 123.73 124.18 29.91 30.06 30.20
369.2771 4.959 113.95 113.83 114.45 29.57 29.53 29.72
460.7038 5.737 114.51 114.66 115.16 28.96 29.00 29.16
IV. CONCLUSION
This work has studied the chemical desorption of Swiss blue dye loaded activated carbon prepared from
hamburger seed shell via microwave technique. Microwave heating method had proved its effectiveness in
activating hamburger seed shell. The activated carbon was saturated with 100mg/l, 200mg/l, 300mg/l and
400mg/l of Swiss blue dye concentrations. It was observed that increase in Swiss blue dye concentrations
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0.00305 0.0031 0.00315 0.0032 0.00325 0.0033 0.00335
LnKed
1/T
14. Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue Dye Desorption from Spent...
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increased the initial solid phase concentration of the adsorbent. The chemical desorption was achieved using
chloroform. The kinetic data obtained at different initial solid phase concentrations was fitted to first order,
second order, pseudo first order, pseudo second order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models, and pseudo
second order was found to fit the data more appropriately. Based on the high correlation coefficient obtained,
Arrhenius relationship was justified to represent the rate constant dependency on temperature. Isotherm data was
fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Flory-Huggins, D-R, R-P, and Toth models, and was observed that the
data fitted well to Freundlich model. Thermodynamic parameters calculated suggested the desorption to be
feasible, spontaneous and exothermic in nature.
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