The present study was initiated to help the simple and less expensive regeneration of activated carbons after saturation in rural area. In order to determine a regeneration time and the number of regeneration cycles, an adsorption test was necessary. Thus, 3h and 4 cycles of carbon regeneration are obtained after evaluation of the performance, percentage and adsorption capacity after each cycle. Regeneration percentages of 71.29, 54.05, 40.40, 28.06 % and 72.6, 69.84, 64.33, 34.98 %for respective concentrations of 30± 1.2 mg/L and 55 ± 1.6 mg/L are observed. Also, the performances of activated carbon 8.5, 10, 12, 20 g/L and capacities 24.04, 19.93, 14.9 and 10.35mg/g 35.7, 34.12, 31.43 and 17.09 mg/g respectively for dry season and rainy season were necessary to fix the number of cycles. The artisanal furnace with its ease of installation and its maximum temperature of 500±2°C is suitable for the regeneration of saturated activated carbon.
Presentation given by Professor Joe Wood from University of Birmingham on "Studies of Hydrotalcite Clays for CO2 Adsorption " in the Capture Technical Session on Solid Adsorption at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
Presentation given by Dr Hao Liu from University of Nottingham on "CO2 capture from NGCC Flue Gas and Ambient Air Using PEI-Silica Adsorbent" in the Capture Technical Session on Solid Adsorption at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas - presentation by Enzo Mangano in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Water Gas Shift Reaction Characteristics Using Syngas from Waste Gasification inventionjournals
The characteristics of a high temperature water gas shift reaction over a commercial Fe-based catalyst using syngas from waste gasification were investigated using lab equipment tests and found to be feasible for producing valuable chemical products. The CO conversion and H2/CO ratio were observed using various values for the gas hourly space velocity(GHSV), steam/CO ratio, and temperature. The CO conversion and H2/CO ratio increased with increasing temperature, increasing steam/CO ratio and decreasing SV. The CO conversion values were 32.95% and 46.84% and the H2/CO ratios were 1.8 and 2.09 with temperatures of 350 C and 400C, respectively, when the steam/CO ratio was 2.4 and SV was 458 h-1 . The H2/CO ratio and CO conversion were 1.42 and 30.14%, respectively, when the steam/CO ratio was 1.45, and increased with an increase in the steam/CO ratio. The H2/CO ratio increased to 2.36 and the CO conversion increased to 51.70% when the steam/CO ratio was 3.44. However, the increase in the CO conversion was insignificant when the steam/CO ratio was greater than 2.9.
Presentation given by Professor Joe Wood from University of Birmingham on "Studies of Hydrotalcite Clays for CO2 Adsorption " in the Capture Technical Session on Solid Adsorption at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
Presentation given by Dr Hao Liu from University of Nottingham on "CO2 capture from NGCC Flue Gas and Ambient Air Using PEI-Silica Adsorbent" in the Capture Technical Session on Solid Adsorption at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas - presentation by Enzo Mangano in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Water Gas Shift Reaction Characteristics Using Syngas from Waste Gasification inventionjournals
The characteristics of a high temperature water gas shift reaction over a commercial Fe-based catalyst using syngas from waste gasification were investigated using lab equipment tests and found to be feasible for producing valuable chemical products. The CO conversion and H2/CO ratio were observed using various values for the gas hourly space velocity(GHSV), steam/CO ratio, and temperature. The CO conversion and H2/CO ratio increased with increasing temperature, increasing steam/CO ratio and decreasing SV. The CO conversion values were 32.95% and 46.84% and the H2/CO ratios were 1.8 and 2.09 with temperatures of 350 C and 400C, respectively, when the steam/CO ratio was 2.4 and SV was 458 h-1 . The H2/CO ratio and CO conversion were 1.42 and 30.14%, respectively, when the steam/CO ratio was 1.45, and increased with an increase in the steam/CO ratio. The H2/CO ratio increased to 2.36 and the CO conversion increased to 51.70% when the steam/CO ratio was 3.44. However, the increase in the CO conversion was insignificant when the steam/CO ratio was greater than 2.9.
Study of stationary combustion source fine particulate matterEnrique Posada
This is a study of partiulate matter emisions in small boilers in the Aburra Valley region of Colombia. It correlates emission data with efficiency values and chemical composition
Presentation given by Enzo Mangano of the University of Edinburgh on "Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a very significant technique to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels. In this particular work, nickel is used as the active metal and ceria-zirconia (CZ) bi-metallic oxide is used as the support. The foremost challenge to this process is sooting or coking over the catalyst surface and blocking the active sites. For the economic viability of the catalyst, it is very significant to make it coke deposition resistant. This is the reason that the kinetic modeling of the deactivation is very important. Therefore, this paper is aimed to model the deactivation and activity of the catalyst. A rate model of the deactivation process is also developed using separable kinetics. A comparison with commercial catalyst is also reported to show that the Ni/CZ catalyst is much more stable towards the coking. Keywords –Coking, Deactivation, Methane, Separable kinetics, Steam reforming.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants - AMPGas, Enzo Mangano, University of Edinburgh - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx.
Preliminary Study on biogas production from POME by DBD plasmaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new technology to produce biogas using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system
from palm oil mill effluent (POME) was investigated. The batch experiments were examined at applied
voltages of 15, 20 and 25 kV. The results showed that the highest yields of hydrogen and methane were
achieved at an applied voltage of 25 kV after 1 hour were 2.42 and 1.32 mL/mL of POME, respectively.
The biogas was composed of 65% hydrogen and 35% methane. In order to make the results of this study
applicable to biogas plants, the effects of flowrate and consumed energy are important parameters that
should be further investigated in a future study.
Chemical Looping Combustion of Rice HuskIJERA Editor
A thermodynamic investigation of direct chemical looping combustion (CLC) of rice husk is presented in this paper. Both steam and CO2 are used for gasification within the temperature range of 500–1200˚C and different amounts of oxygen carriers. Chemical equilibrium model was considered for the CLC fuel reactor. The trends in product compositions of the fuel reactor, were determined. Rice husk gasification using 3 moles H2O and 0 moles CO2 per mole carbon (in rice husk) at 1 bar pressure and 900˚C was found to be the best operating point for hundred percent carbon conversion in the fuel reactor. Such detailed thermodynamic studies can be useful to design chemical looping combustion processes using different fuels.
PRESENTATION ON PLANT DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGENPriyam Jyoti Borah
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production.The reaction is conducted in a reformer vessel where a high pressure mixture of steam and methane are put into contact with a nickel catalyst. Catalysts with high surface-area-to-volume ratio are preferred because of diffusion limitations due to high operating temperature. Examples of catalyst shapes used are spoked wheels, gear wheels, and rings with holes. Additionally, these shapes have a low pressure drop which is advantageous for this application.
Microwave-Assisted hydrothermal carbonization and characterization of Amazoni...perrrrojosesoto
Microwave-Assisted hydrothermal carbonization and characterization of Amazonian biomass as an activated carbon for methane adsorption - ScienceDirect.pdf
Thermo catalytic decomposition of methane over Pd/AC and Pd/CB catalysts for ...IJERA Editor
Hydrogen production studies have been carried using Thermo Catalytic Decomposition (TCD) Unit. Thermo catalytic decomposition of methane is an attractive route for COx free production of hydrogen required in fuel cells. Although metal based catalysts produce hydrogen at low temperatures, carbon formed during methane decomposition reaction rapidly deactivates the catalyst. The present work compares the results of 10 wt% Pd supported on commercially available activated carbon and carbon black catalysts (samples coded as Pd10/AC and Pd10/CB respectively) for methane decomposition reaction. Hydrogen has been produced by thermo catalytic decomposition of methane at 1123K and Volume Hourly Space Velocity (VHSV) of 1.62 L/h g on the activity of both the catalysts has been studied. XRD of the above catalysts revealed, moderately crystalline peaks of Pd which may be responsible for the increase in catalytic life and formation of carbon fibers. Also during life studies (850°C and 54 sccm of methane) it has been observed that the activity of carbon black is sustainable for a longer time compared to that of activated carbon.
Study of stationary combustion source fine particulate matterEnrique Posada
This is a study of partiulate matter emisions in small boilers in the Aburra Valley region of Colombia. It correlates emission data with efficiency values and chemical composition
Presentation given by Enzo Mangano of the University of Edinburgh on "Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a very significant technique to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels. In this particular work, nickel is used as the active metal and ceria-zirconia (CZ) bi-metallic oxide is used as the support. The foremost challenge to this process is sooting or coking over the catalyst surface and blocking the active sites. For the economic viability of the catalyst, it is very significant to make it coke deposition resistant. This is the reason that the kinetic modeling of the deactivation is very important. Therefore, this paper is aimed to model the deactivation and activity of the catalyst. A rate model of the deactivation process is also developed using separable kinetics. A comparison with commercial catalyst is also reported to show that the Ni/CZ catalyst is much more stable towards the coking. Keywords –Coking, Deactivation, Methane, Separable kinetics, Steam reforming.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants - AMPGas, Enzo Mangano, University of Edinburgh - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx.
Preliminary Study on biogas production from POME by DBD plasmaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new technology to produce biogas using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system
from palm oil mill effluent (POME) was investigated. The batch experiments were examined at applied
voltages of 15, 20 and 25 kV. The results showed that the highest yields of hydrogen and methane were
achieved at an applied voltage of 25 kV after 1 hour were 2.42 and 1.32 mL/mL of POME, respectively.
The biogas was composed of 65% hydrogen and 35% methane. In order to make the results of this study
applicable to biogas plants, the effects of flowrate and consumed energy are important parameters that
should be further investigated in a future study.
Chemical Looping Combustion of Rice HuskIJERA Editor
A thermodynamic investigation of direct chemical looping combustion (CLC) of rice husk is presented in this paper. Both steam and CO2 are used for gasification within the temperature range of 500–1200˚C and different amounts of oxygen carriers. Chemical equilibrium model was considered for the CLC fuel reactor. The trends in product compositions of the fuel reactor, were determined. Rice husk gasification using 3 moles H2O and 0 moles CO2 per mole carbon (in rice husk) at 1 bar pressure and 900˚C was found to be the best operating point for hundred percent carbon conversion in the fuel reactor. Such detailed thermodynamic studies can be useful to design chemical looping combustion processes using different fuels.
PRESENTATION ON PLANT DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGENPriyam Jyoti Borah
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production.The reaction is conducted in a reformer vessel where a high pressure mixture of steam and methane are put into contact with a nickel catalyst. Catalysts with high surface-area-to-volume ratio are preferred because of diffusion limitations due to high operating temperature. Examples of catalyst shapes used are spoked wheels, gear wheels, and rings with holes. Additionally, these shapes have a low pressure drop which is advantageous for this application.
Microwave-Assisted hydrothermal carbonization and characterization of Amazoni...perrrrojosesoto
Microwave-Assisted hydrothermal carbonization and characterization of Amazonian biomass as an activated carbon for methane adsorption - ScienceDirect.pdf
Thermo catalytic decomposition of methane over Pd/AC and Pd/CB catalysts for ...IJERA Editor
Hydrogen production studies have been carried using Thermo Catalytic Decomposition (TCD) Unit. Thermo catalytic decomposition of methane is an attractive route for COx free production of hydrogen required in fuel cells. Although metal based catalysts produce hydrogen at low temperatures, carbon formed during methane decomposition reaction rapidly deactivates the catalyst. The present work compares the results of 10 wt% Pd supported on commercially available activated carbon and carbon black catalysts (samples coded as Pd10/AC and Pd10/CB respectively) for methane decomposition reaction. Hydrogen has been produced by thermo catalytic decomposition of methane at 1123K and Volume Hourly Space Velocity (VHSV) of 1.62 L/h g on the activity of both the catalysts has been studied. XRD of the above catalysts revealed, moderately crystalline peaks of Pd which may be responsible for the increase in catalytic life and formation of carbon fibers. Also during life studies (850°C and 54 sccm of methane) it has been observed that the activity of carbon black is sustainable for a longer time compared to that of activated carbon.
Pyroligneous Liquor Produced at Different Heating Rates in Pyrolysis of Eucal...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of two different heating rates (2.67 °C/min, 0.67 °C/min), reaching 500 °C as final temperature in pyrolysis, on the chemical composition of the pyroligneous liquor produced. Three pyrolysis sessions were performed for each heating rate on Eucalyptus urograndis wood chips in an oven-muffle connected to a gas-collecting system. The gravimetric yield was calculated, and the chemical compounds of pyroligneous liquors were identified through gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Heating rates did not affect the gravimetric yield of final products. However, qualitative differences were observed in the chemical composition of pyroligneous liquors produced. The presence of 1-hidroxy 2-propanone, 4-methylphenol (p-cresol), and 5-hidroxymethyl 2-furaldehyde compounds was detected only in the pyroligneous liquor produced at the highest heating rate (2.67 °C/min).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000527.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on open access journals of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalystinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Magnesium carbonate trihydrate, nesquehonite, is proposed as a precursor for the production of a construction material similar to plasterboard,
in a unique carbon capture and utilisation process [1]. The hardening process is thought to follow a similar mechanism to gypsum in the manufacture
of plasterboard, where the hardening is produced in the recrystallization of gypsum crystals. However, nesquehonite [2], during hardening,
converts into hydromagnesite, releasing CO2
and H2
O during the transformation. In this work, samples of nesquehonite were hardened by forcing
their conversion into hydromagnesite in enclosed cubes [3]. The influence of the curing temperature (50 ℃-80 ℃) and time (0-72 hours) on the
compressive strength has been studied and correlated to the conversion of nesquehonite into hydromagnesite [4]. Compressive strength values up
to 6MPa are easily achievable in the studied conditions and it was observed that at higher temperatures time has a detrimental effect on the strength.
The probable overpressure within the cubes, generated by released CO2
and water at the higher temperatures, is thought to be the main cause for
the loss of strength [5].
Chemical Looping Combustion of Rice HuskIJERA Editor
A thermodynamic investigation of direct chemical looping combustion (CLC) of rice husk is presented in this paper. Both steam and CO2 are used for gasification within the temperature range of 500–1200˚C and different amounts of oxygen carriers. Chemical equilibrium model was considered for the CLC fuel reactor. The trends in product compositions of the fuel reactor, were determined. Rice husk gasification using 3 moles H2O and 0 moles CO2 per mole carbon (in rice husk) at 1 bar pressure and 900˚C was found to be the best operating point for hundred percent carbon conversion in the fuel reactor. Such detailed thermodynamic studies can be useful to design chemical looping combustion processes using different fuels.
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx
Similar to Thermal regeneration of activated carbon saturated with nitrate ions from an artisanal furnace (20)
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-6, Issue-1, Jan- 2020]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.61 ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 457
using diclofenac. However, [5] noted that the choice of
NaCl electrolyte gives better results but remains limited
due to the production of toxic organochlorine compounds
generated. Overall, all of these methods are expensive.
Indeed, [13] reported a total consumption of 3.80 kWh
kgGAC-1 during the chemical regeneration of coal. In
view of the additional costs associated with coal
regeneration, an adaptation of one of the methods in rural
areas is the objective of this study. The originality of this
work lies in the use of an artisanal furnace especially for
the regeneration of activated carbon saturated. Indeed,
most research is focused on the production of activated
carbon at lower cost in rural areas but few studies have
focused on simplified and practicable regeneration in rural
areas. Thus, the thermal regeneration method will be
applied and the electric furnace will be replaced by a
small-scale furnace that is easily feasible in rural areas.
II. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Presentation of the artisanal oven
The artisanal furnace was built on the northern site of the
INP-HB (Figure 4). Several materials were used in its
construction. The main materials were clay, banco bricks
and a metal skeleton Fig. 1A. Unlike the modern kiln the
artisanal furnace was built around two chambers. The feed
chamber, rectangular in shape and with a volume of 15000
cm3
, was created to facilitate the supply of firewood to the
kiln, which was the source of energy to operate it. As for
the pyrolysis chamber in conical form and with a volume
of 100480 cm3
, it received the material to be carbonized.
The two chambers were separated by a metal plate. In
order to obtain hermetic conditions during carbonization
Fig. 1B, the pyrolysis chamber was equipped with a
closure.
Fig. 1: Skeleton of the traditional oven (A) and the
traditional oven (B)
2.2 Temperature evaluation
First, the oven temperatures were determined using a
thermometer in time steps of 30min to 210 min. Then,
from 210 min the time steps were varied from 15 min to
255 min or it became 20 min. Finally, the maximum
temperature of the oven was determined by constructing
the temperature versus time diagram.
2.3 Characterization of raw Borassus aethiopum activated
carbon (BA-AC)
2.3.1 Mineralogical composition
The mineralogical composition of the BA-AC
concerned the level of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen. This
was concerned C, H, and N in solid Biocombustibles. As
the BA-AC were not pre-dried, the moisture content was
determined and calculations were made on the gross basis
of the expressions below.
Csec = Cbrut x 100 / (100-Thum)
Nsec = Nbrut x 100 / (100-Thum)
Hsec = (Hbrut – 0,1119 x Thum) x 100 / (100-Thum)
Whith C is Carbon content, N indicate Nitrogen content, H
the Hydrogen content and Thum represent moisture content
of the sample
For the percentage of oxygen contained in Borassus
aethiopum activated carbon was evaluated according to the
Equation 1 [14].
%O= 100-%C-%N-%ash (1)
2.3.2. Determination of BA-AC texture
The textural determination of carbon led to the
Nitrogen adsorption experiment at a temperature of 77K to
25 °C. To do this, a BET meter was used (Quantachrome
Novamix version 11.03). Considering an initial pressure
p0, increasing pressure values were applied which allowed
the corresponding equilibrium pressure p to be etermined.
At each applied pressure value, a volume V of gas was
adsorbed. The adsorption isotherm was obtained by
constructing the function V(ads)= f(p/p0).
Where V(ads) was the volume of gas adsorbed and p/p0
the ratio of the pressure
Considering the adsorption isotherms, the BET surface
area was calculated using the equation 2
Where SBET is the specific surface area (m2
/g), Ɲ (A) is the
Avogadro number, am indicates the surface area occupied
by the N2 molecule (0.1627 nm2
/molecule of nitrogen), m
is the mass of the sample (g) and VM is the molar volume
of N2 at TPN (22414 cm3
/mole).
BA
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2.3.3 Activated carbon surface chemistry
The chemical functions on the surface of the coal
were determined using infrared spectroscopy to obtain the
spectrum shown in Fig. 3. Referring to the different
functional groupings on the coal surface a structure with
acidic groupings was proposed by [15] (Fig. 2). Based on
this structure, the BA-AC structure has been proposed
[15].
Fig. 2 : Fonction acide à la surface du charbon
Fig. 3: Fourier infrared spectrum to be transformed
2.3.4 pH at zero load point
The pH at zero load was determined using the
following methodology. First, 10 Erlenmeyer flasks
containing 50 mL of distilled water were selected. Then,
initial pH values (pHi) ranging from 2 to 12 were selected
after adjustment with hydrogen chloride (0.1M) or sodium
hydroxide (0.1M) solutions. To each Erlenmeyer flask, 50
mg of activated carbon was added. Then the whole was
stirred for 24 h at room temperature. Finally, the new pH
values were determined after 24 hours of stirring. The pH
of zero charge was obtained when pHi= pHf (Konan et al.,
2019).
2.4 Determining the regeneration time
The regeneration time required for saturated carbon
was tested in the laboratory. First, 300 g of saturated
activated carbon with nitrate ions was divided into 5
samples of 60 g. Then, each 60 g sample placed in a
hermetically sealed container was heated in the oven at
500 ± 1.15 °C for times ranging from 1h to 5h. Finally,
each sample formed a column that allowed a nitrate
adsorption test to be performed on two samples with
different concentrations of 30 ± 1.2 mg/L and 55 ± 1.6
mg/L determined previously in raw lakes water
respectively in dry season and rainy season. The
adsorption capacities and performances of the different
regenerated carbons were determined according to
equations 3 and 4, respectively [16].
(3)
Were N0 is adsorption capacities, Vb is the volume of
water treated before the breakthrough point and AER is
adsorbent exhaustion rate.
2.5 Number of regeneration cycles
Since activated carbon regeneration is not eternal,
the number of regeneration cycles was further tested in
laboratory. The carbon was regenerated by applying the
conditions of the column that gave the best adsorption
capacity when determining the regeneration time. A total
of four regeneration cycles (R1, R2, R3 and R4) were
carried out. The different adsorption capacities and
performance of the columns after each regeneration were
determined according to equations 3 and 4.
2.6 Evaluation of the regeneration percentage
The following method has been adopted. First, the
adsorption capacity of the raw activated carbon was
determined. Then the adsorption capacity of the
regenerated carbon was determined. Finally, the
regeneration percentages were calculated according to
equation (5) [13,17].
where %RE is the percentage of regeneration, qr is the
adsorption capacity of the regenerated carbon and qc is the
adsorption capacity of the raw activated carbon.
2.7 Evaluation of carbon loss after regeneration
First, 50 g of coal was weighed and then placed in
a container with a mass m0. The container was then placed
in an artisanal furnace at a temperature of 500 ± 1.15 °C.
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Finally, after 3 hours of regeneration, the container was
removed and weighed with its contents. The loss of carbon
was calculated according to equation (6).
2.8 Study of column breakthrough after regeneration
The regenerated charcoal was tested by continuous
adsorption of a raw lake water. Two nitrate concentrations
were used (C0=30 ± 1.2 mg/L; C0=55± 1.6 mg/L). This
water was used on the one hand to determine the
regeneration time and on the other hand to determine the
number of regeneration cycles. The logistic model
indicated by equation (7) was used to determine the
volumes treated at the breakthrough point t50.
With C0: Initial concentration; Ct: concentration at a given
instant and t50 the breakthrough time
2.9 Testing activated carbon on lake water to remove
turbidity after regeneration
Filters were designed and then combined in series
of 3,6 and 9. All filters in a series were identical. Their
characteristics are shown in Table 1 and fig. 4. The filters
were mounted on a device installed at Lac Dougba in Ivory
coast to conduct the tests on recycled activated carbon. For
each series of columns turbidity elimination tests in the
lake water were carried out after each regeneration over
two dry season.
Table. 1: Filter characteristics
Characteristics Dimensions
Outside diameter 22,5 cm
Inner diameter 20cm
Height 44.7 cm
Empty column volume 14035,8 cm3
Volume of coarse sand 1884 cm3
Volume of coal 7850 cm3
Volume of fine sand 1256 cm3
Fig. 4: Colonne test for turbidity removal
III. RESULTS
3.1 Assessment of artisanal oven temperature
From Fig. 5, it can be seen that the heating
temperatures of the furnace vary over time. When the
furnace is fed, it gradually heats up and then reaches its
maximum temperature of 500.67 °C, which remains
constant for 30 min, regardless of the feed supplied to the
furnace. Like the heating, the cooling of the furnace is
gradual. In view of the maximum temperature obtained,
this furnace can be used for the regeneration of certain
saturated activated carbons. Indeed, compared to the
studies of [8,18], this furnace can be used for the
regeneration of some saturated activated carbons. which
respectively varied the temperatures from 250 to 450 °C
and 20 to 600 °C from modern furnaces in order to remove
the dyes adsorbed by the coal, the artisanal furnace could
replace the modern furnace. It will be limited only if the
absorbed pollutant requires a destruction temperature
higher than the maximum temperature of 500 °C.
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Fig. 5: Determination of the temperature of the artisanal
furnace in operation
3.2 Some characteristics of raw BA-AC
3.2.1. Elemental composition of activated carbon
The elemental analysis of the activated charcoal
prepared in a traditional oven was carried out taking into
account four compounds (table 3). These were carbon,
nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Indeed, this analysis
reveals that the carbon is made up of 74 % carbon, 2.77 %
hydrogen, 0.69 % nitrogen and 19.48 % oxygen. However,
the percentage of 74 % carbon obtained shows that the
roast wood is rich in carbon and suitable for the production
of quality activated carbon [18]. This carbon percentage
falls well within the range [50; 90 %] recognized by
[19,20] as a means of judging the quality of a plant to
produce activated carbon. Indeed, these authors believe
that the carbon content of a plant must be in the range [50;
90 %] for it to be eligible for the production of activated
carbon. In addition, this percentage is well above those
found by [14] which are 33.48 % and 37.43 % respectively
for peanut shells and coconut shells. The branches of
Borassus aethiopum (BA) are therefore suitable for the
production of quality activated carbon.
Table. 2: Elemental composition of Borassus aethiopum
activated carbon
Elements Percentage (%)
N 0.69
C 74
H 2.77
O 19.48
3.2.2 Pore distribution and BET surface
Raw activated carbon before saturation and
saturated activated carbon were characterized. The
characteristics are listed in the table 3 below. Analysis of
the table shows that the specific surface area of coal
decreases when it is saturated. Indeed, the specific surface
area of 1431.61 m2
/g has increased to 83.58m2/g after
saturation. This decrease is simply due to the closure of the
pores of the carbon by the adsorbed pollutants. This
finding is consistent with that of [8]. These authors found
that after saturation of the carbon by BB9, the specific
surface area decreased from 1131 m2
/g to 679 m2
/g.
However, the saturated activated carbon is still
microporous with an ash content of 12.58 % and a pHzc of
5.46. This high ash content could be linked to the
deterioration of part of the carbon following the high
temperature applied to calcine the pollutants adsorbed by
the activated carbon. Also, the increase of the pHzc could
be induced by the ashes of the pollutants calcined during
regeneration. In addition, the ash of the regenerated carbon
is a mixture of part of the activated carbon and the
adsorbed pollutants. This finding on the transformation of
part of the carbon into ash corroborates [21] assertion. He
showed that regeneration makes the carbon friable due to
the regeneration temperature which degrades part of the
carbon into ash. The curves of adsorption/desorption of N2
from raw and regenerated carbon are shown respectively in
fig.6 and fig. 7. The shape of the two curves shows that the
regenerated activated carbon is always microporous and
mesoporous if we stick to the classification of IUPAC
which is type IV.
Table. 3: Characteristics of the raw activated carbon
before saturation
Parameters BA-AC
values
BA-AC
regeneration
values
SBET(m
2
/g) 1431.61 83.58
SEX(m
2
/g) 1432 85
Vp(nm) 1.85 1.849
Vt(nm) 0.971 4.844
Vmicr(nm) 0.279 0.199
Ash% 2.89 12.58
pHzc 5 5.46
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Fig. 6: Adsorption and desorption curve of raw BA-BC
Fig.7: Adsorption and desorption curve of saturated
activated carbon from BA-BC
3.2.3 BA-AC chemical surface
The analysis of the infrared spectrum provided the
information shown in table 1. Borassus aethiopum
activated carbon (BA-AC) contains O-H functional groups
corresponding to the 723cm-1
and 750cm-1
elongation
vibrations. So, referring to the claims of [22-23], the
possible chemical compounds would be the aromatic
compounds. As for the C-H functional group, it appeared
at wavelengths 1200 cm-1
and 3000 cm-1
. Then in
agreement with [15-24], the possible chemical compounds
are quinones. Also, chemical compounds such as
carboxylic acids and esters are present. This presence is
deduced from the presence of C=O functional groups
detected at 1300, 3500-4000 cm-1
and 1600-1800 cm-1
elongation vibrations in agreement with [15-25]. Finally,
at intervals of 1330-1530 cm-1
and 1000-1220 cm-1
indicating the presence of N-H and C-OH functional
groups respectively. Thus, according to [15], nitro groups
and phenolic groups are present. All functional groups
detected are summaries in table 3. Referring to the
structure proposed by [15] and the functional groupings
found on the surface of the BA-AC, a possible structure of
the BA-AC is proposed Fig. 8.
Table. 4: Functional groups and chemical compounds
Elongation
vibrations
(cm-1)
Functional
groupings
Possible
chemical
compounds
723, 750 O-H Aromatic
compounds
1200 ; 3000 C-H Quinones
1300 ; 3500-4000 C=O Esters
1600-1800 ; C=O Carboxylic
acids
1330–1530 N-H Nitro group
1000–1220 C-OH Phenolic
groups
Fig. 8: possible structure of BA-AC with acids groups
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3.2.4 Crystalline form of activated carbon
The Raman spectrum fig. 9 is used to determine the
degree of crystallization of the material. In general, two
peaks D and G appear on the Raman spectrum. The G
peak, which expresses the graphite content, and the D
peak, which expresses the diamond content, appear
respectively at wavelengths between 1350-1355 cm-1
and
1570-1585 cm-1
[26]. According to [26-27] it is possible to
know the textural property of a coal by making the ID/IG
ratio. In this study, the Raman spectrum shown in Figure 2
has two peaks. The first peak D appeared at wavelength
1348.99 cm-1
with intensity 8566.19 a.u. and the second
peak appeared at wavelength 1591.21cm-1
with intensity
9342.15 a.u. By determining the coefficient of the ID/IG
ratio the value of 0.917 is obtained. According to [28,29] a
high ID/IG ratio value implies an organized male carbon
structure and a defective activated carbon. Then according
to [26] which obtained ID/IG ratios ranging from 0.55 to
0.70, Borassus aethiopum carbon has high graphitization
[30-31]. Also, the G peak obtained at the wavelength of
1591.27cm-1 as noted by [32], the coal has an ordered
structure.
Fig. 9: Raman spectrum of BA-AC
3.2.5. Diffraction du charbon actif BA-AC
The diffraction of Borassus aethiopum carbon
activated with copper sulfate resulted in Fig. 10.
Observing the diffractogram, one finds Cu1.8S digenite
and tenorite (CuO). The presence of these two elements in
the coal makes it possible to understand that, despite the
fact that the washing water of the coal gave zero values to
the atomic absorption spectrometer, copper is present in
the coal. The presence of digenite and tenorite are related
to the copper present in the copper sulphate solution used
to impregnate the activated carbon. Indeed, during
activation the heated copper gives tenorite (CuO) of which
digenite (Cu1.8S) is the intermediate step. This finding
corroborates that of [33]who obtained copper oxide (CuO)
nanostructures by heating metallic copper.
Fig. 10: Spectre of BA-AC XRD
3. 3 Regeneration time
In order to retain the residence time required for
BA-AC in the furnace in order to acquire a good part of its
adsorbent power the fig. 11 A and Fig. 11 B are obtained.
To ensure the effectiveness of regeneration, a nitrate
adsorption test in synthetic solution was used to determine
the adsorption capacities and performance of the
regenerated activated carbon at different times. As
mentioned [16], between two activated carbons, the best
performing one has the lowest AER value. Therefore, by
comparing the adsorbent exhaustion rate (AER) 20, 12,
8.5, 12 and 15 of the carbons at the respective regeneration
times of 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h and 5h, and the different adsorption
capacities, 3h was selected. Figure 11 A shows that the
AERs decreased steadily with increasing time to reach a
minimum of 8.57 g/L from three hours’
regeneration time before gradually increasing to reach 15
g/L at a regeneration time of 5h. Also, the adsorption
capacities which are 8.56, 15.6, 19.15, 14.83 and 10.53
mg/g for C0=30± 1.2 mg/L as initial concentration and
20.43, 32.05, 35.47, 27.06 and 23.95 mg/g for C0=55± 1.6
mg/L corresponding respectively to times 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
h. In view of the AER and adsorption capacities which are
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better at the 3h regeneration time, this time was chosen as
the appropriate time for the whole study.
Fig. 11A: Comparative development of each AER
adsorption capacities during the determination of the
regeneration time
Fig. 11B: Comparative regeneration percentage during
the determination of the regeneration time during the
determination of the regeneration time
3.4 Number of regeneration cycles
Table 5A and table 5B show the evolution of the
adsorption capacities and the AERs obtained after each
regeneration cycle and figs (12A and 12B) show
respectively the regeneration adsorptions capacities and
regeneration percentages. According to Table V and
Figure 9 the adsorbent exhaustion rate (AER) increase
while the adsorption capacities gradually decrease from
the first regeneration cycle to the fourth regeneration
cycle. Adsorbent exhaustion rate (AER) values of 8.5, 10,
12 and 20 respectively for regeneration cycles 1,2,3 and 4
were obtained. This loss of performance of the carbon after
each regeneration results in a loss of adsorption capacity of
24.04, 19.93, 14.9 and 10.35 mg/g for dry season (30± 1.2
mg/L) and 35.7, 34.12, 31.43 and 17.09 mg/g for rainy
season (55 ± 1.6 mg/L). The table. 4 and figures 13 show
that the AER and adsorption capacities are in the opposite
order. [16,34] made similar remarks. In addition,[34]
reported capacities of 2.9 106 and 3.34 106 for AERs of
2.1 and 1.8 respectively. As for [16], they obtained
adsorption capacities of 3.72, 4.64 and 4.79 against EARs
of 2.7, 2.1 and 2 respectively. This decrease in capacity
was noted by [13]. In addition, [13,21] showed that
activated carbon loses its adsorptive capacity during
regeneration. Thus, [13] proposed a maximum of 5
regenerations. Activated carbon losses ranged from 9.54 %
to 23.58 % in the search for regeneration time. In the phase
of determining the number of regeneration cycles,
activated carbon losses varied from 8 % to 17.02 %. The
general observation is that Activated carbon losses
increase with the number of regeneration cycles and the
length of residence time. These losses are generally
beyond the loss range set by [7] which is 7 to 10 % when
using a modern furnace. These losses over the regeneration
cycles would be related to the use of an artisanal furnace
and to a deterioration of the activated carbon over the
regeneration cycles. Indeed, [21] showed that activated
carbon becomes more friable more it is regenerated.
Therefore, he recommends that the number of regeneration
cycles at less than 5.
Fig. 12A: Variation of adsorption capacity as a function of
regeneration cycles
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Fig. 12B: Variation of regeneration efficient as a function
of regeneration cycles
Table. 5: Characteristics of regeneration times and
regeneration cycles (dray season)
C0=30 ± 1.2 mg/L
T(h) BA-AC
Q(mg/g)
Q (mg/g) R %R
1
26.86
8.56 31.87
2 15.6 58.10
3 19.15 71.29
4 14.83 55.21
5 10.53 39.20
Regeneration cycles
1
26.87
24.04 71.29
2 19.93 54.05
3 14.9 40.40
4 10.35 28.06
Table. 6: Characteristics of regeneration times and
regeneration cycles (rainy season)
C0=55± 1.6 mg/L Loss
BA-AC
Q(mg/g)
Q
(mg/g)
R
%R AER
(g/L)
%P
48.86
20.43 41.81 20 9.54
32.05 65.61 12 13.02
35.47 72.6 8.5 15
27.06 55.39 12 22
23.95 63.81 15 23.58
Regeneration cycles
48.86
35.47 72.6 8.5 8
34.12 69.84 10 10.44
31.43 64.33 12 13.55
17.09 34.98 20 17.02
3. 5 Breakthrough characteristics of the logistic model
Continuous adsorption of nitrate after regeneration
gave the characteristics shown in the table5 and
breakthrough curve for two different concentrations. For
an initial concentration of 30 ± 1.2 mg/L, breakthrough
times of 76.11, 67.103, 58.66 and 42.68 min were obtained
for cycles 1, 2, 3 and the fourth regeneration cycle,
respectively. When initial concentration was 55± 1.6
mg/L, breakthrough times 61.51, 56.421, 48.717 and
37.724 min are obtained for regeneration cycles 1, 2, 3 and
4 respectively. This decrease in breakthrough times
over the regeneration cycles reflects a decrease in the
adsorbent capacity of the activated carbon. This loss of
adsorption power over the regeneration cycles was evoked
by [13] through the decrease in the regeneration
percentages. In addition, the observation relating to the
influence of concentration has attracted the attention of
several researchers. [16] obtained breakthrough times of
920 and 484.1 min respectively for concentrations of 10
mg/L and 20 mg/L. Also, [34] obtained breakthrough
times of 2479 and 1774 min respectively for initial
concentrations of 16000 CFU/mL and 65000 CFU/mL.
Similarly, [36] and [37] found that concentration has a
negative impact on breakthrough times. Indeed, the
breakthrough times 6395.3 min and 2252.7 min are
obtained respectively for concentrations of 30 and 50mg/L
by [36] during their study relating to the adsorption on
fixed column of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
contained in wastewater. As for [37], breakthrough times
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of 140 and 115 min corresponding respectively to
concentrations of 20 and 30 mg/L of hexavalent chromium
contained in wastewater.
Table. 7: Logistic parameters
[NO3
-
]
Q
(mL/min)
Cycles K t50 V(ml) R2
30±
1.2
mg/L
20
1 0.071 76.11 1400 0.87
2 0.072 67.10 1200 0.97
3 0.062 58.66 1000 0.99
4 0.070 42.68 600 0.99
55±
1.6
mg/L
20
1 0.07 61.51 1200 0.99
2 0.061 56.42 1000 0.97
3 0.071 48.72 800 0.99
4 0.083 37.72 600 0.96
2.6 Application of regenerated activated carbon for
removing turbidity in lake water
The series of filters used to test the coals after each
regeneration (R1, R2, R3, R4) yielded the breakthrough
curves in fig. 13, fig. 14 and fig. 15 for the series of 3, 6
and 9 filters respectively. Indeed, during the test, the filter
is considered to be pierced if the C/C0=0.1 which is the
ratio of the turbidity at the outlet of the filter to the initial
turbidity. Considering the series of 3 filters and the volume
of water treated at the point of breakthrough, volumes of
18, 10, 6, 4 and 2 m3
of water are freed from their turbid
state by passing respectively for the raw activated carbon,
the first regeneration, the second, third and fourth
regeneration. Similarly, with the series of 6 filters, the
volumes obtained are 32 m3
for the raw activated carbon,
28 m3
for the first regeneration, 16m3 for the second, 12
m3
for the third and 6 cm3
for the fourth regeneration. As
for the series of 9 filters, volumes of 72, 42, 36, 30 and 22
m3
with a turbidity in the filter water of less than 1 NTU
starting from the raw activated carbon at the fourth
regeneration. In view of these volumes, which decrease
with the regeneration of the carbon, this confirms the
comments of [21] who believes that the number of
regenerations, especially thermal regeneration, should be
less than 5. Also, with percentages of 100 % removal of
the turbidity obtained, filters with three materials (coarse
sand - granular activated carbon - fine sand) are more
efficient than filters with a single activated carbon and
those made up of two materials (sand and carbon). Indeed,
[38] could only obtain 65 % reduction in turbidity with an
activated carbon filter alone. As for [39], they were
obtained percentages ranging from 75 to 78 % by
associating a layer of sand with carbon.
Fig. 13: Breakthrough curves of 9 columns at turbidity
removal (turbidity=7,83 NTU ± 0,4; pH 6,49 ±0,2)
Fig. 14: Breakthrough curves of 6 columns at turbidity
removal (turbidity (7,83 NTU ± 0,4 ; pH 6,49 ±0,2)
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Fig. 15: Breakthrough curves of 9 columns at turbidity
removal (turbidity =7,83 NTU ± 0,4; pH 6,49 ±0,2)
IV. CONCLUSION
The adsorbent exhaustion rate (AER) 20, 12, 8.5,
12 and 15 g/L of the activated carbon at the respective
times of 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h and 5h as well as the adsorption
capacities of 8.56, 15.6, 19.15, 14.83 and 10.53 mg/g for
C0=30mg/L then 20.43, 32.05, 35.47, 27.06 and 23.95
mg/g for C0=55 mg/L made it possible to fix the time of
3h as the necessary regeneration time. 4 regeneration
cycles are obtained after evaluation of AERs 8.5, 10, 12,
20 and adsorption capacities 24.04, 19.93, 14.9 and 10.35
mg/L for dry season (30 mg/L) and 35.7, 34.12, 31.43 and
17.09 mg/L for rainy season (55mg/L). The four columns
tested during the regeneration cycles gave breakthrough
times 76.11, 67.103, 58.66 and 42.679min for C=30mg/L
and 61.51, 56.421, 48.717 and 37.724 min for C=55mg/L
according to the logistic model. In view of the regeneration
percentages during the regeneration cycles, which are
71.29, 54.05, 40.40, 28.06 % and 72.6, 69.84, 64.33, 34.98
% respectively for dry season (30 mg/L) and rainy season
(55 mg/L), the regeneration cycles deteriorate the quality
of the activated carbon if they are prolonged. It can
therefore be said that the artisanal furnace is a means of
prolonging the use of activated carbon. However, for
activated carbon that have adsorbed pollutants requiring
high calcination temperatures above 500 °C, the traditional
kiln will be inefficient because of its temperature limit of
500 °C.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank Mr David English phD student, for
reading and correcting the manuscript, thus contributing to
improve the paper quality.
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