The effects pin profile and shoulder geometry in friction stir spot welded polymer sheets were studied. Six different tool pin geometries were testedin friction stir spot welding(FSSW). The effects of tool shoulder diameter and shoulder cavity angle were also investigated. In the tests 4 mm thick high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) were used. All the welding operations were done at the room temperature. Lap-shear tensile tests were carried out to find the weld static strength. Weld cross section appearance observations were also examined. From the experiments the effect of pin profile and shoulder geometry on friction stir spot weld formation and weld strength were determined. The tapered cylindrical pin was found the optimum pin profile. 30 mm shoulder diameter and 6o shoulder cavity angle gave the best results.
Effect of the post weld heat treatments on the fatigue crack growth behavior ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of the post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in the welded zone of AA6063-T5 fabricated by the friction stir process was investigated. The FCG specimens are machined in which the loading axis is put perpendicular to the welding line and the initial notches are introduced in the welded zone. The experimental results showed the FCG rates are sensitive to the PWHT solutions. The FCG resistance in the welded zone could be fully restored to that of base metal by using PWHT. While the PWHT solution solely restores the precipitates dissolved and/or coarsened during welding process has a minor effect on the FCG rates, the PWHT solution remarkably recrystallizes the grain microstructure has a significant effect here.
Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Failure assessment, Fatigue crack propagation, Friction stir welding
The comparative study of die cushioning force in u bending process using feaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Simulation and experimental studies for lateral extrusion of square and penta...eSAT Journals
Abstract Recently, in different industries a surging trend has been observed in the demand of integral parts instead of assembled parts due to their increased strength. The components from lateral extrusion process are suitable for this purpose. Variations in load and flow direction of metal are greatly affected by the extruded geometry in this process. Keeping in view the above factors as an objective, an experimental die-punch set-up for lateral extrusion is designed and the process is simulated using finite element method both for estimation of load requirement and metal flow patterns. Experimental studies have been carried out to find the extrusion load and the direction of metal flow at different die geometry, taking lead as the billet material. The predictions both in extrusion load and the deformed configuration are in good agreement with the experiment qualitatively under different geometry conditions. Progressive flow of metal at different die geometry has also been studied. Index Terms: Die-punch, Finite element analysis, Forming load, Lateral extrusion, Metal flow pattern
Content Comparative Investigation on Tool Wear During End Milling of AISI H13...journalBEEI
Tool wear prediction plays a significant role in machining industry for proper planning and control machining parameters and optimization of cutting conditions. This paper aims to investigate the effect of tool path strategies that are contour-in and zigzag tool path strategies applied on tool wear during pocket milling process. The experiments were carried out on CNC vertical machining centre by involving PVD coated carbide inserts. Cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut were set to vary. In an experiment with three factors at three levels, Response Surface Method (RSM) design of experiment with a standard called Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed. Results obtained indicate that tool wear increases significantly at higher range of feed per tooth compared to cutting speed and depth of cut. This result of this experimental work is then proven statistically by developing empirical model. The prediction model for the response variable of tool wear for contour-in strategy developed in this research shows a good agreement with experimental work.
Effect of the post weld heat treatments on the fatigue crack growth behavior ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of the post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in the welded zone of AA6063-T5 fabricated by the friction stir process was investigated. The FCG specimens are machined in which the loading axis is put perpendicular to the welding line and the initial notches are introduced in the welded zone. The experimental results showed the FCG rates are sensitive to the PWHT solutions. The FCG resistance in the welded zone could be fully restored to that of base metal by using PWHT. While the PWHT solution solely restores the precipitates dissolved and/or coarsened during welding process has a minor effect on the FCG rates, the PWHT solution remarkably recrystallizes the grain microstructure has a significant effect here.
Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Failure assessment, Fatigue crack propagation, Friction stir welding
The comparative study of die cushioning force in u bending process using feaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Simulation and experimental studies for lateral extrusion of square and penta...eSAT Journals
Abstract Recently, in different industries a surging trend has been observed in the demand of integral parts instead of assembled parts due to their increased strength. The components from lateral extrusion process are suitable for this purpose. Variations in load and flow direction of metal are greatly affected by the extruded geometry in this process. Keeping in view the above factors as an objective, an experimental die-punch set-up for lateral extrusion is designed and the process is simulated using finite element method both for estimation of load requirement and metal flow patterns. Experimental studies have been carried out to find the extrusion load and the direction of metal flow at different die geometry, taking lead as the billet material. The predictions both in extrusion load and the deformed configuration are in good agreement with the experiment qualitatively under different geometry conditions. Progressive flow of metal at different die geometry has also been studied. Index Terms: Die-punch, Finite element analysis, Forming load, Lateral extrusion, Metal flow pattern
Content Comparative Investigation on Tool Wear During End Milling of AISI H13...journalBEEI
Tool wear prediction plays a significant role in machining industry for proper planning and control machining parameters and optimization of cutting conditions. This paper aims to investigate the effect of tool path strategies that are contour-in and zigzag tool path strategies applied on tool wear during pocket milling process. The experiments were carried out on CNC vertical machining centre by involving PVD coated carbide inserts. Cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut were set to vary. In an experiment with three factors at three levels, Response Surface Method (RSM) design of experiment with a standard called Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed. Results obtained indicate that tool wear increases significantly at higher range of feed per tooth compared to cutting speed and depth of cut. This result of this experimental work is then proven statistically by developing empirical model. The prediction model for the response variable of tool wear for contour-in strategy developed in this research shows a good agreement with experimental work.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF GRINDING AISI D3 STEELijmech
Grinding of hardened steels for the realisation of better surface quality of the workpiece is an essentiality
of high productivity environments. The surface grinding of high carbon high chromium steels like AISI D3
with a production level grinding wheel used in the industry is the driver of the present research article. The
experimentation is done in dry as well as pool cooling conditions to ascertain the better of the two
conditions in providing a better set of cutting forces and surface finish. A mathematical model for
evaluating the forces generated during grinding is evolved and on comparison of the results obtained from
the model with the ones from experimentation is found to be correlating. The usage of production level
vitrified grinding wheel has shown good results in terms of lower forces generated and good surface finish
during surface grinding. The results are optimised and the set of inputs which yield good surface finish and
low forces are given. Dry grinding of AISI D13 yields good surface finish than wet grinding. Surface finish
of 0.14 microns is achievable using dry grinding.
A Case study for near net Shape – Flashless forging for full yoke (Sleeve Yo...IJMER
Forging is a metal forming process commonly used in industry. Forging process is strongly
affected by the process parameters. In a progressive press forging process, an initial block of metal
(billet) is compressed between two dies halves in each stage to produce a complex part. The shape of
the initial billet is crucial in achieving the desired characteristics in the final forged part. The
metallurgical property as well as the geometry of the final product are strongly dependent on the shape
of initial work piece as well as on the perform shapes at each of the subsequent forming stages. The
major issue, which restricts imparting large deformation to the billet are the tensile stress, which later
results in cracking. Bulge is also undesirable from near net shape manufacturing point of view, as it
will require secondary processing like trimming Traditionally, an experienced designer uses his or her
expertise and design data handbooks for optimizing the initial billet shape. Design of the optimum
preform for near net shape forging is a crucial step in the design of many forging products In this study,
the same is arrived at using profile map, which is generated using the results of FE simulations of
varying geometrical and processing parameters.It is shown that preform map offers a powerful tool for
near net shape forging
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Influence of contact friction conditions on thin profile simulationVan Canh Nguyen
The paper presents the development of the Finite Element model for simulation of thin
aluminium profile extrusion of both solid and hollow shapes. The analysis has shown that the material
flow in simulation is very dependent on the friction model. Experimental and theoretical studies show
that friction traction on the interface between the tool and the deformed material can be represented as
a combination of adhesive friction force and the force that is required to deform surface asperities. In
aluminium extrusion we can clearly distinguish two different areas with respect to friction conditions
such as sticking and sliding and transient zones between them. The lengths of these zones are also
dependent on variation of the choke angle and actual thickness of the profile. To get these values the
material flow problem is to be coupled with the simulation of the tools deformation. A series of
experiments with specially designed tools have been done to investigate how the bearing length and
choke angle may influence the extension of different friction zones and by these means vary the
material flow pattern. The friction models have also been tested with industrial profiles of complex
shapes and have shown good correspondence to reality.
Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed through a die of the desired cross-section. A brief and concise review of the contributions made by the previous researchers in the area of extrusion process has been presented. Steel material and aluminium alloys are mostly used by researchers as die and billet material in extrusion process. FEM modeling of extrusion process is carried out by employing axisymmetric conditions in most cases. Meshing of the work piece is generally done by using axisymmetric quadrilateral elements. Experimental set-up and tools utilized in formation of extrusion process are presented and discussed. FEM results are presented in terms of variation of punch stroke, punch force.
In the current work, aluminum AA1050 plates has been successfully joined using friction stir
welding (FSW) technique. The effect of processing parameters such as tool rotation speed and travel speed
on the mechanical properties are investigated. Residual stress has been carried out using the destructive
cutting length method; the results found that common stresses are compressive type, which are formed due to
friction stir welding process. The results revealed that welding travel speed has a remarkable influence on the
resultant residual stress.
The present work aims to investigate the distribution of strains in incremental sheet
metal forming process using different geometries. Four shapes were used to develop the
strain paths: truncated cone, pyramid, dome, and circular generatrix are formed in
incremental sheet forming process. The difference in strain paths depends on the
difference in the geometric shapes of the formed parts. Circle grid analysis was used to
obtain strain paths along the parts. Strains distribution was evaluated by circular grid
system (CGS) where a pattern of a small circle was electrochemically etched on the sheet.
The sheet is deformed during forming and the deformation of the circle is measured and
analyzed to explore the behavior of strains distribution in incremental sheet metal
forming. The curvature of the part is a large or plane wall the strain mode is plane strain
stretching and became biaxial stretching or uniaxial tension with the rotational symmetric
surfaces.
Investigation of Extrusion of Lead experimentally from Round section through ...inventy
ABSTRACT :The changes of die angle, area reduction in dies, loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections has been investigated experimentally. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the forward extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various area reductions and calculations of different parameters (stress, strain etc.) in wet condition.
Keywords - Extrusion of Triangular section, Converging Dies at different area reductions, Friction Factor, Extrusion Pressure
Abstract:In a typical keyed shaft connection where shock or reversing loads are to be transmitted, the clearance between key and keyway required for fitting is a serious disadvantage. The impact loads, generate a continuous pounding between key and keyway. This pounding frequently leads to shaft failures. The present project work presents a Keyless coupling. The device provides an ultimate solution by incorporating all the advantages of interference fits, while eliminating mounting and removal problems. Analysis is carried using ANSYS. The obtained results are compared with standard values. The standard values are taken for RINGFEDER catalog. The keyless data is taken from RINGFEDER. Here it has made an attempt in analyzing keyless coupling. From the results it can be concluded that keyless coupling is most suitable.
Keywords:coefficient of thermal expansion, interference fit, virtual shrink, Contact surface, wedge principle.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Extrusion of Lead from Round Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract : An experimental investigation has been done on the changes of die angle, area reduction in dies,
loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections of different
length. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from
round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various
area reductions and finite element analysis of different parameters (stress, strain, velocity) both in dry and wet
condition.
Keywords - Converging dies, Extrusion of the equilateral triangular section, Extrusion Pressure
Tichomir G. Vasilev, Wear of bronze bearing bushes after finishing with burni...Tihomir Vasilev
The article published results of experimental studies of wear of bronze bearings bushes, after finishing with burnishing.
Research addresses two types of bronze alloys widely used in practice for making bronze bearings operate under boundary or mixed film friction.
Experimental and Fe Analysis of Eccentric Loaded Welded Joint StructureIJERA Editor
Arc welded structures are widely used in automobiles, constructions & power plants. As the main cause of weldment failure is design defect & overload, hence it is necessary to analyze the maximum stresses in the weldment. In this project experimentation is carried out on symmetrical and unsymmetrical eccentric loaded welded joint to determine the breaking stress in the weldment. The FE analysis & analytical estimation of breaking stress is also carried out to verify the experimental results. The stress distribution along weld size & throat thickness is evaluated and also compared with reported findings under same loading condition. Further eccentric loaded welded joint is analyzed under eccentric load by varying the gap between parent plates.
Almost one-third of older people experience fallscaused bymedical factors and/or frailty.Falls may lead to devastating results. The rapid increase in life expectancy has made fall-detection and analysis an important issue. In order to identify trends and the state of the art in fall risk and balance assessment in older people,this paper carries out a review of the literature in this field. The focus has been on works that studied various assessment tools developed for fall risk assessment in people above 65 years old. The reviewed papers are categorized into two large groups of Clinical Fall Risk Assessment Methods and Quantitative Fall Risk Analysis Methods. For the studies in the first group, in addition to the contribution and limitations of each cited work, thevalidity and reliability factors are highlighted. The majority of the works reported in the second group are still in the development stage and have not been applied in real clinical applications. Hence, issues such as sensitivity and specificity are not considered. The review reveals that despite the high number of studies, there is no consistent worldwide standard for fall risk and balance disorder analysis and assessment. Many of the methods proposed havenot been validated forlarge groups of subjects and the results are generalized without reliable evidence. High cost, complexity, and length of the procedure are the major drawbacks of many of the proposed methods. The frailty of older people can make routine gait analysis challenging. The results of the analysis of the current literature reveal a lack of any comprehensive, objective and accurate method.
A Novel Feature Selection with Annealing For Computer Vision And Big Data Lea...theijes
Numerous PC vision and medical imaging issues a confronted with gaining from expansive scale datasets, with a huge number of perceptions furthermore, highlights.A novel productive learning plan that fixes a sparsity imperative by continuously expelling variables taking into account a measure and a timetable. The alluring actuality that the issue size continues dropping all through the cycles makes it especially reasonable for enormous information learning. Methodology applies nonexclusively to the advancement of any differentiable misfortune capacity, and discovers applications in relapse, order and positioning. The resultant calculations assemble variable screening into estimation and are amazingly easy to execute. It gives hypothetical assurances of joining and determination consistency. Investigates genuine and engineered information demonstrate that the proposed strategy contrasts exceptionally well and other cutting edge strategies in relapse, order and positioning while being computationally exceptionally effective and adaptable.
High Gain Interleaved Cuk Converter with Phase Shifted PWMtheijes
DC-DC converters with ripple on input source current inject harmonics to the power system which in turn cause harmful to other connected devices. These converters with high efficiency and low input current ripple are essential in most common applications. Cuk converter provide reduction in the ripple of input and output current compared to other traditional converters which can be used for either step up or step down applications. Generally, a conventional cuk converter in continuous conduction mode brings in large current ripple on input side which in turn injects harmonics to the source. This undesirable input current ripple is mitigated by employing the interleaved cuk converter (ICC). Simulation results of ICC shows that the input ripple current has been reduced significantly from 7.5A to 1A compared to conventional cuk converter. The energy-transfer-capacitor in basic cuk converters is splitted into two capacitors. The rectifier diode is replaced by two diodes that form with the two capacitors a switched-capacitor circuit, which appears connected between the input and output inductances of the original converter. A hybrid circuit, presenting a higher DC voltage ratio than the classical Cuk circuit can be obtained. A high gain interleaved cuk converter is designed and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK for 40V with an input of 20V.
Identification and Selection of the Best Industrial Wastewater Treatment Tech...theijes
A bench scale model and treatability study was developed for chemical product “detergents, shampoos, toilet soaps and sanitary paper” industry to study the analysis of waste discharge. The main process lines used in the industry are fabric and home care production unit, soap production unit, and sanitary paper production unit. The main environmental problem of the industry is that the industrial wastewater resulting from the facility is not meeting the limits of the environmental regulations for the discharge of wastewater to the sewer network. Accordingly, the industry has to treat the wastewater prior to its discharge to the wastewater sanitary network. The main objectives of this study are management and control of liquid and solid wastes in the industry as well as selecting the different possible treatment trains for the waste water prior to its discharge to the sewer system in order to protect the environment and to gain benefits as much as possible from the wasted materials and identify opportunities for introducing pollution prevention measures and best method for waste minimization as cleaner production system. The study is taking into account all types of waste production including wastewater and solid waste during the production processes activities. Treatment Procedure is conducted through treatability study using two proposed streams of techniques; biological treatment technique (Anaerobic Treatment) and chemical treatment followed by biological treatment technique (Coagulation followed by Sedimentation). According to the different treatment alternatives conducted through the study, it is proved the biological method is not suitable for this type of waste, as the antifoaming chemicals and enzymes present in the wastewater leads to death of the microorganisms and accordingly the failure of the treatment system. As for the chemical treatment, it provided good results in both industrial wastewater mixed with domestic wastewater, and industrial wastewater alone. It also provided good results when using both ferric chloride and aluminum sulphate. It is concluded that the coagulation and Flocculation process followed by plain sedimentation is the most reliable alternative treatment method for this kind of industry using ferric chloride for the wastewater without domestic wastewater. The removal efficiency reached 72 to 79%, 86 to 96%, 83 to 88% and 86% for COD, TSS, Phosphorous, and Oil and Grease respectively.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF GRINDING AISI D3 STEELijmech
Grinding of hardened steels for the realisation of better surface quality of the workpiece is an essentiality
of high productivity environments. The surface grinding of high carbon high chromium steels like AISI D3
with a production level grinding wheel used in the industry is the driver of the present research article. The
experimentation is done in dry as well as pool cooling conditions to ascertain the better of the two
conditions in providing a better set of cutting forces and surface finish. A mathematical model for
evaluating the forces generated during grinding is evolved and on comparison of the results obtained from
the model with the ones from experimentation is found to be correlating. The usage of production level
vitrified grinding wheel has shown good results in terms of lower forces generated and good surface finish
during surface grinding. The results are optimised and the set of inputs which yield good surface finish and
low forces are given. Dry grinding of AISI D13 yields good surface finish than wet grinding. Surface finish
of 0.14 microns is achievable using dry grinding.
A Case study for near net Shape – Flashless forging for full yoke (Sleeve Yo...IJMER
Forging is a metal forming process commonly used in industry. Forging process is strongly
affected by the process parameters. In a progressive press forging process, an initial block of metal
(billet) is compressed between two dies halves in each stage to produce a complex part. The shape of
the initial billet is crucial in achieving the desired characteristics in the final forged part. The
metallurgical property as well as the geometry of the final product are strongly dependent on the shape
of initial work piece as well as on the perform shapes at each of the subsequent forming stages. The
major issue, which restricts imparting large deformation to the billet are the tensile stress, which later
results in cracking. Bulge is also undesirable from near net shape manufacturing point of view, as it
will require secondary processing like trimming Traditionally, an experienced designer uses his or her
expertise and design data handbooks for optimizing the initial billet shape. Design of the optimum
preform for near net shape forging is a crucial step in the design of many forging products In this study,
the same is arrived at using profile map, which is generated using the results of FE simulations of
varying geometrical and processing parameters.It is shown that preform map offers a powerful tool for
near net shape forging
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Influence of contact friction conditions on thin profile simulationVan Canh Nguyen
The paper presents the development of the Finite Element model for simulation of thin
aluminium profile extrusion of both solid and hollow shapes. The analysis has shown that the material
flow in simulation is very dependent on the friction model. Experimental and theoretical studies show
that friction traction on the interface between the tool and the deformed material can be represented as
a combination of adhesive friction force and the force that is required to deform surface asperities. In
aluminium extrusion we can clearly distinguish two different areas with respect to friction conditions
such as sticking and sliding and transient zones between them. The lengths of these zones are also
dependent on variation of the choke angle and actual thickness of the profile. To get these values the
material flow problem is to be coupled with the simulation of the tools deformation. A series of
experiments with specially designed tools have been done to investigate how the bearing length and
choke angle may influence the extension of different friction zones and by these means vary the
material flow pattern. The friction models have also been tested with industrial profiles of complex
shapes and have shown good correspondence to reality.
Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed through a die of the desired cross-section. A brief and concise review of the contributions made by the previous researchers in the area of extrusion process has been presented. Steel material and aluminium alloys are mostly used by researchers as die and billet material in extrusion process. FEM modeling of extrusion process is carried out by employing axisymmetric conditions in most cases. Meshing of the work piece is generally done by using axisymmetric quadrilateral elements. Experimental set-up and tools utilized in formation of extrusion process are presented and discussed. FEM results are presented in terms of variation of punch stroke, punch force.
In the current work, aluminum AA1050 plates has been successfully joined using friction stir
welding (FSW) technique. The effect of processing parameters such as tool rotation speed and travel speed
on the mechanical properties are investigated. Residual stress has been carried out using the destructive
cutting length method; the results found that common stresses are compressive type, which are formed due to
friction stir welding process. The results revealed that welding travel speed has a remarkable influence on the
resultant residual stress.
The present work aims to investigate the distribution of strains in incremental sheet
metal forming process using different geometries. Four shapes were used to develop the
strain paths: truncated cone, pyramid, dome, and circular generatrix are formed in
incremental sheet forming process. The difference in strain paths depends on the
difference in the geometric shapes of the formed parts. Circle grid analysis was used to
obtain strain paths along the parts. Strains distribution was evaluated by circular grid
system (CGS) where a pattern of a small circle was electrochemically etched on the sheet.
The sheet is deformed during forming and the deformation of the circle is measured and
analyzed to explore the behavior of strains distribution in incremental sheet metal
forming. The curvature of the part is a large or plane wall the strain mode is plane strain
stretching and became biaxial stretching or uniaxial tension with the rotational symmetric
surfaces.
Investigation of Extrusion of Lead experimentally from Round section through ...inventy
ABSTRACT :The changes of die angle, area reduction in dies, loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections has been investigated experimentally. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the forward extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various area reductions and calculations of different parameters (stress, strain etc.) in wet condition.
Keywords - Extrusion of Triangular section, Converging Dies at different area reductions, Friction Factor, Extrusion Pressure
Abstract:In a typical keyed shaft connection where shock or reversing loads are to be transmitted, the clearance between key and keyway required for fitting is a serious disadvantage. The impact loads, generate a continuous pounding between key and keyway. This pounding frequently leads to shaft failures. The present project work presents a Keyless coupling. The device provides an ultimate solution by incorporating all the advantages of interference fits, while eliminating mounting and removal problems. Analysis is carried using ANSYS. The obtained results are compared with standard values. The standard values are taken for RINGFEDER catalog. The keyless data is taken from RINGFEDER. Here it has made an attempt in analyzing keyless coupling. From the results it can be concluded that keyless coupling is most suitable.
Keywords:coefficient of thermal expansion, interference fit, virtual shrink, Contact surface, wedge principle.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Extrusion of Lead from Round Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract : An experimental investigation has been done on the changes of die angle, area reduction in dies,
loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections of different
length. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from
round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various
area reductions and finite element analysis of different parameters (stress, strain, velocity) both in dry and wet
condition.
Keywords - Converging dies, Extrusion of the equilateral triangular section, Extrusion Pressure
Tichomir G. Vasilev, Wear of bronze bearing bushes after finishing with burni...Tihomir Vasilev
The article published results of experimental studies of wear of bronze bearings bushes, after finishing with burnishing.
Research addresses two types of bronze alloys widely used in practice for making bronze bearings operate under boundary or mixed film friction.
Experimental and Fe Analysis of Eccentric Loaded Welded Joint StructureIJERA Editor
Arc welded structures are widely used in automobiles, constructions & power plants. As the main cause of weldment failure is design defect & overload, hence it is necessary to analyze the maximum stresses in the weldment. In this project experimentation is carried out on symmetrical and unsymmetrical eccentric loaded welded joint to determine the breaking stress in the weldment. The FE analysis & analytical estimation of breaking stress is also carried out to verify the experimental results. The stress distribution along weld size & throat thickness is evaluated and also compared with reported findings under same loading condition. Further eccentric loaded welded joint is analyzed under eccentric load by varying the gap between parent plates.
Almost one-third of older people experience fallscaused bymedical factors and/or frailty.Falls may lead to devastating results. The rapid increase in life expectancy has made fall-detection and analysis an important issue. In order to identify trends and the state of the art in fall risk and balance assessment in older people,this paper carries out a review of the literature in this field. The focus has been on works that studied various assessment tools developed for fall risk assessment in people above 65 years old. The reviewed papers are categorized into two large groups of Clinical Fall Risk Assessment Methods and Quantitative Fall Risk Analysis Methods. For the studies in the first group, in addition to the contribution and limitations of each cited work, thevalidity and reliability factors are highlighted. The majority of the works reported in the second group are still in the development stage and have not been applied in real clinical applications. Hence, issues such as sensitivity and specificity are not considered. The review reveals that despite the high number of studies, there is no consistent worldwide standard for fall risk and balance disorder analysis and assessment. Many of the methods proposed havenot been validated forlarge groups of subjects and the results are generalized without reliable evidence. High cost, complexity, and length of the procedure are the major drawbacks of many of the proposed methods. The frailty of older people can make routine gait analysis challenging. The results of the analysis of the current literature reveal a lack of any comprehensive, objective and accurate method.
A Novel Feature Selection with Annealing For Computer Vision And Big Data Lea...theijes
Numerous PC vision and medical imaging issues a confronted with gaining from expansive scale datasets, with a huge number of perceptions furthermore, highlights.A novel productive learning plan that fixes a sparsity imperative by continuously expelling variables taking into account a measure and a timetable. The alluring actuality that the issue size continues dropping all through the cycles makes it especially reasonable for enormous information learning. Methodology applies nonexclusively to the advancement of any differentiable misfortune capacity, and discovers applications in relapse, order and positioning. The resultant calculations assemble variable screening into estimation and are amazingly easy to execute. It gives hypothetical assurances of joining and determination consistency. Investigates genuine and engineered information demonstrate that the proposed strategy contrasts exceptionally well and other cutting edge strategies in relapse, order and positioning while being computationally exceptionally effective and adaptable.
High Gain Interleaved Cuk Converter with Phase Shifted PWMtheijes
DC-DC converters with ripple on input source current inject harmonics to the power system which in turn cause harmful to other connected devices. These converters with high efficiency and low input current ripple are essential in most common applications. Cuk converter provide reduction in the ripple of input and output current compared to other traditional converters which can be used for either step up or step down applications. Generally, a conventional cuk converter in continuous conduction mode brings in large current ripple on input side which in turn injects harmonics to the source. This undesirable input current ripple is mitigated by employing the interleaved cuk converter (ICC). Simulation results of ICC shows that the input ripple current has been reduced significantly from 7.5A to 1A compared to conventional cuk converter. The energy-transfer-capacitor in basic cuk converters is splitted into two capacitors. The rectifier diode is replaced by two diodes that form with the two capacitors a switched-capacitor circuit, which appears connected between the input and output inductances of the original converter. A hybrid circuit, presenting a higher DC voltage ratio than the classical Cuk circuit can be obtained. A high gain interleaved cuk converter is designed and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK for 40V with an input of 20V.
Identification and Selection of the Best Industrial Wastewater Treatment Tech...theijes
A bench scale model and treatability study was developed for chemical product “detergents, shampoos, toilet soaps and sanitary paper” industry to study the analysis of waste discharge. The main process lines used in the industry are fabric and home care production unit, soap production unit, and sanitary paper production unit. The main environmental problem of the industry is that the industrial wastewater resulting from the facility is not meeting the limits of the environmental regulations for the discharge of wastewater to the sewer network. Accordingly, the industry has to treat the wastewater prior to its discharge to the wastewater sanitary network. The main objectives of this study are management and control of liquid and solid wastes in the industry as well as selecting the different possible treatment trains for the waste water prior to its discharge to the sewer system in order to protect the environment and to gain benefits as much as possible from the wasted materials and identify opportunities for introducing pollution prevention measures and best method for waste minimization as cleaner production system. The study is taking into account all types of waste production including wastewater and solid waste during the production processes activities. Treatment Procedure is conducted through treatability study using two proposed streams of techniques; biological treatment technique (Anaerobic Treatment) and chemical treatment followed by biological treatment technique (Coagulation followed by Sedimentation). According to the different treatment alternatives conducted through the study, it is proved the biological method is not suitable for this type of waste, as the antifoaming chemicals and enzymes present in the wastewater leads to death of the microorganisms and accordingly the failure of the treatment system. As for the chemical treatment, it provided good results in both industrial wastewater mixed with domestic wastewater, and industrial wastewater alone. It also provided good results when using both ferric chloride and aluminum sulphate. It is concluded that the coagulation and Flocculation process followed by plain sedimentation is the most reliable alternative treatment method for this kind of industry using ferric chloride for the wastewater without domestic wastewater. The removal efficiency reached 72 to 79%, 86 to 96%, 83 to 88% and 86% for COD, TSS, Phosphorous, and Oil and Grease respectively.
Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Healthy Subjects with or With...theijes
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by a constellation of interconnected physiological, biochemical, clinical, and metabolic factors that directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all cause mortality. It is estimated that around a quarter of the world’s adult population have MetS and they are twice as likely to die from and three times as likely to have a heart attack or stroke compared with people without the syndrome. Data from a total of 401 healthy individuals was analysed and there it was found the prevalence of MetS and there were evaluated the risk factors of CVD in people with MetS. The prevalence of MetS resulted 22%. It was found that in the group of people with MetS there was insulin resistance and a lower insulin sensitivity comparing to the group without MetS. There were studied the modifiable and the nonmodifiable cardiovascular risk factors including : age, gender, BMI, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glycaemia, blood pressure. As a conclusion to this study was found that in the group of people with MetS, were present a significant number of CVD risk factors including modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors
Teaching Mathematics Based On “Mathematization” Of Theory of Realistic Mathem...theijes
Theory of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) was originated in The Netherlands in 1970. It was developed from Freudenthal’ point of view which considered mathematics as human activity. This theory suggested that teaching mathematics should begin with realistic context; the teacher guides his students to reinvent knowledge by process of mathematization. In this paper, we present our research results obtained from application of RME into try-out of teaching linear function in Vietnamese schools
Impact of Soil Moisture Conservation Practices and Nutrient Management Under ...theijes
A field experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth , Akola during the year 2014-15 with a view to study the moisture conservation techniques and nutrient requirement for cotton variety AKH-081 which is suitable genotype recommended for High Density Planting System for Vidharbha condition of Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice with twelve treatments. The plot size was 6.0 x 4.5 meters spacing at 60 x 10 cm with 1.66 lakh plants per hectare. Three moisture conservation techniques consisting flat sowing, opening of furrow at 40-60 days after sowing and sowing on Broad Bed Furrow (BBF) 3 rows marked at 60 cm along with nutrient management levels RDF (60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1) ,RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1, 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) and 125 % RDF +2.5 kg Zn ha-1. The growth parameters viz. Plant height and sympodia was significantly influenced due to different moisture conservation techniques. BBF exihibited highest Plant height, Sympodia and Dry matter over the other parameter. The plant height, sympodia and dry matter per plant was increased significantly with increased in nutrient levels with micronutrients for high density planting system of cotton. Nutrients with different levels significantly influenced the yield attributes i.e Boll weight and Seed cotton yield under high density planting system. Significantly highest Seed cotton yield of (1786 kg ha-1) and was recorded with 125 % RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with 125 % RDF. The highest gross monetary return, net monetary returns and benefit cost ratio was recorded with 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) + 2.5 Kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) which is the need of higher plant density. The highest WUE (3.02 kghamm-1) was noticed in 125 % RDF + Zn.
Performance Analysis of a SIMO-OFDM System Using Different Diversity Combinin...theijes
The motive of any wireless communication system is to reduce BER for the corresponding SNR. Through this OFDM based receiver diversity system we analyze BER for different diversity combining techniques such as EGC, MRC, SC in a rayliegh faded environment. This model serves two benefits: first noise limited system performance is improved by combating ISI through OFDM and second use of diversity combining which helps combat multipath fading. We also try to achieve an optimum trade-off between BER improvement and increase in number of receiver antennas. This is just to make less-complex receiver as it requires only one DFT processor.
RADAR (RAdio Detection and Ranging) use modulated waveforms and directive antennas to transmit electromagnetic energy into a specific volume in space to search for targets. The targets within the volume reflect echoes back to the radar which are further processed to extract target information. A better SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) to for radar surveillance is achieved. The results are provided by Matlab simulation.
Phishing Websites Detection Using Back Propagation Algorithm: A Reviewtheijes
Phishing is an illicit modus operandi employing both societal engineering and technological subterfuge to theft client’s private identity data and monetary account credentials. Influence of phishing is pretty radical as it engrosses the menace of identity larceny and financial losses. This paper elucidates the back propagation paradigm to instruct the neural network for phishing forecast. We execute the root-cause analysis of phishing and incentive for phishing. This analysis is intended at serving developers the effectiveness of neural networks in data mining and provides the grounds proving neural networks in phishing detection.
FTIR Spectrum of BiFeO3 Ceramic Produced By Sol-Gel Method Based On Variation...theijes
High purity BiFeO3 (BFO) powder was synthesized by sol-gel method using bismuth nitrate, iron nitrate as sources and citric acid as fuel. The calcination treatment of the citric acid gel was at 160oC and 200oC for 4 hours respectively. Sintering treatment was varied at 600oC for 4, 6 and 8 hours respectively. The powder has been characterized by Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) to know reference temperatures of calcination and sintering, X Ray Diffraction (XRD) test to confirm BFO phase and Fourier Trasform Infra Red (FTIR) to identify chemical bonds in a molecule by producing an infrared absorption spectrum. TGA/DTA results show that loss of mass and heat flow is at 160oC approximately, it is used as reference of calcination temperature. XRD results show that the BFO powder sintered at 600oC for 8 hours exhibits no secondary phase, Bi2O3. Meanwhile, FTIR Spectrum shows that powder had single phase BFO is having wave number 1385 cm-1 (C-H), 1560 cm-1 (C-C) and 2930 cm-1 (C-H).
The Recycling of Steel and Brass Chips to Produce Composite Materials via Col...theijes
In this study a novel method of direct conversion of brass (CuZn30) and steel (S355JR) chips into finished product without melting is introduced as an alternative to melting process. CuZn30 Brass and S355JR steel chips were used as constituents of composite materials. The chips were cold pressed at room temperature and were subjected to liquid phase sinterization. Hardness, compression and three point bending tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the obtained composite materials and compared with cast CuZn30 brass. The produced composite materials are shown to have comparable mechanical properties with bulk brass. It is also shown that the proposed method can be considered as an alternative to conventional production methods such as melting, extrusion ect. with relatively low costs.
Environmental Monitoring Model of Health, Parasitological, And Colorimetric C...theijes
The sanitary quality of water was evaluated in two micro basins, Bacaxá and Capivari belonging to the Lakes Basin St. John in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for colimetric and parasitological analysis. Analyses were performed seasonally over a year and the levels of Escherichia coli were within the recommended only in the summer of 2012 and fall, and inappropriate with levels above recommended in winter, spring and summer of 2013 in both the micro basins. Through our observations, we compare the average values of the levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli between both rivers. Initially, the samples indicate a similarity between the distributions of coliforms and Escherichia coli. However, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test samples indicate that the distributions are different. In parasitological analysis it was observed that in Capivari was detected a greater presence of filarial larvae. Anthropogenic influences mainly by the presence of sewage is being able to compromise the health quality of the micro basins studied carrying a significant pollutant load to the Juturnaíba reservoir. The monitoring of the sanitary quality of the watersheds that supply the population may indicate when it is necessary to adopt more effective measures in the treatment of water supply of cities.
Applying K-Means Clustering Algorithm to Discover Knowledge from Insurance Da...theijes
Data mining works to extract information known in advance from the enormous quantities of data which can lead to knowledge. It provides information that helps to make good decisions. The effectiveness of data mining in access to knowledge to achieve the goal of which is the discovery of the hidden facts contained in databases and through the use of multiple technologies. Clustering is organizing data into clusters or groups such that they have high intra-cluster similarity and low inter cluster similarity. This paper deals with K-means clustering algorithm which collect a number of data based on the characteristics and attributes of this data, and process the Clustering by reducing the distances between the data center. This algorithm is applied using open source tool called WEKA, with the Insurance dataset as its input
Experimental Study on Corrosion of Wire Rope Strands under Sulfuric Acid Attacktheijes
A corrosive medium is typically found in the working environment of a wire rope. The wire rope structure has certain characteristics such as complex details, high working stress, and extremely difficult control. Thus, corrosion is the key problem related to the use of wire ropes. The corrosion behaviors of strands extracted from wire rope of type 19x7 in acid medium was investigated in this paper. The results obtained from tensile tests on virgin and corroded specimens show a decrease in strength as function of immersion hours. This progressive decrease of strength allowed us to quantify the damage. Thereafter, and with the establishment of the Damage-Reliability relationship, three stages of damage are distinguished and the value of the critical life fraction is identified (βC = 0.62).
Kinetics, Isotherm And Thermodynamics Studies of Swiss Blue Dye Desorption fr...theijes
Chloroform desorption of Swiss blue dye from saturated activated carbon prepared from hamburger seed shell via microwave technique has been studied and the kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic data determined. Initial solid loading concentrations of the activated carbon after saturation were 123.72mg/g, 248.58mg/g, 373.28mg/g, and 498.11mg/g using 100mg/l, 200mg/l, 300mg/l, and 400mg/l initial concentration of Swiss blue dye respectively. The kinetic data were fitted to first order, second order, pseudo first order, pseudo second intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models. The data fitted pseudo second order perfectly due to the high correlation coefficient. The isotherm data was fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dublin-Radushkevich (D-R), Temkin, Flory-Huggins, Redlich-Peterson and Toth models. The data fitted well to Freundlich model. Activation energy for desorption process was calculated at different initial solid phase concentration. Arrhenius relationship was developed to represent the rate constant dependency on temperature at different initial solid phase concentrations. Thermodynamic parameters calculated confirmed the process as endothermic, feasible and spontaneous. The process had increased disorder as temperature was increased.
Applying IPA on Services Quality for Farm Irrigation Engineering - A Case S...theijes
The purpose of development Irrigation Association in Taiwan is to service farmers, improve irrigation and drainage facilities and get the most out of the economy for all members. Therefore, this study takes a case of Kaohsiung Irrigation Association as object, and explores the effect on the service quality to maintain the sustainable development of agriculture. The research takes the service quality scale of Kaohsiung Irrigation Association as the questionnaire and applies importance-performance analysis (IPA) to view the demand on service quality. Through 22 factors and 5 phases to analysis the questionnaire by statistical method including difference analysis, independent T test, one-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis. The result shows that the background parameters and five phases have significant effects such as level of education and position. The analysis of IPA is found that 17 factors in the first quadrant mean that members and users will have confidence and extreme recognition and identity on service quality of water conservancy. The results will explore the important issues of concern on service quality in Kaohsiung Irrigation Association, and could give as a reference to improve the future of construction and provide the ability to play a good role in supervision to strengthen the quality and service efficient in farmers' organizations.
Influence of Temperature on Corrosion Characteristics of Metals in Used Cooki...theijes
Biodiesel has become a rapid growing liquid biofuel across the world as a substitute for fossil fuel. Corrosion of metals in biodiesel poses a great threat as this can affect durability of engine parts with which it comes in contact. This study aims at investigating influence of temperature on the corrosion characteristics of metals in used cooking oil methyl ester. The corrosion characteristics of copper-magnesium alloy, mild steel, aluminium, and stainless steel in used cooking oil methyl ester, commercial diesel and diesel- methyl ester blends were studied and the results of corrosion rates obtained in methyl ester and diesel methyl ester blends were compared with that obtained in commercial diesel. Static immersion tests of each metal were carried out in B0, B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100 fuels at room temperature (25-30 °C) for 965 hours, 40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C, and 100 °C for 8 hours. At the end of the test, the corrosion rates of each metal were investigated by converting loss in weight into corrosion rate. Results showed that the corrosion rate of each metal sample increased as temperature increased. Also, Copper-magnesium alloy presented highest corrosion rates in all test fuels.
Impact of Abattoir Wastes on the Physicochemical Properties of Soils within P...theijes
The impact of abattoir wastes on the physicochemical properties of soils within Port Harcourt metropolis has been investigated. Soil samples from twelve different abattoir locations within Port Harcourt metropolis labeled ABP1 to ABP12 were analyzed for possible contamination of physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. Theywere equally compared with a control site of no abattoir activities (ABPc) as well as WHO and FEPA standard set limits. The soil temperature which was carried out in-situ gave an average value of 30.00C. The mean values of the physicochemical parameters revealed that pH and electrical conductivity had average values of 7.00 and 78.33µScm-1 respectively. Chloride, salinity and nitrates had average values of 335.00mgKg-1 , 601.74mgKg-1 and 39.30mgKg-1 respectively. These values were slightly higher than both the control site as well as the standard set limit byWHO. Thus, indicating the possibility of contamination/pollution from the abattoir activities. However, average the values for the phosphates, sulphates and heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, Cr) though slightly higher than those of the control site (ABPc) were all within the standard set limits by WHO and FEPA. Statistical correlation equally showed positive correlations between chloride and salinity (1.0000), phosphate and cadmium (0.9939), conductivity and iron (0.9485). Also, negative correlations were equally observed between sulphate/chloride and sulphate/salinity with same values of -0.9192. Therefore abattoir activities within Port Harcourt metropolis imparts negatively on the arable soil and measures should be put in place for proper control.
Effects and defects of the polypropylene plate for different parameters in fr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Polypropylene is one of the thermoplastic materials used in the lot of engineering applications such as marine, aerospace, automotive, toys and etc. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state method of used for joining metals. FSW process was successfully extended to join thermoplastic materials. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the mechanism of friction stir welding joints of polypropylene plates. In this study, the role of FSW tool pin profile, rotational speed and welding speed are analyzed with respective to the quality of the joints. This research outlines the method of welding and optimization of FSW process parameters for polypropylene material by Taguchi optimization methodology. Experiments were performed at rotational speed of 1500, 1750, 2000 and 2250 rpm, Welding speeds of 30, 40, 50 and 60 mm/min, and tool pin profiles of Triangular, square, Threaded and taper pin profiles. The experiments are conducted in CNC vertical machining centre with special fixture. Microstructural characteristics were evaluated by using optical microscopy and hardness are observed in weld joints. The micro structure and Rockwell hardness of the welded region was created by threaded pin profile with welding speed of 40 and 50 mm/min and rotational speed of 2250 and 1500 rpm act as right friction stir welding parameters to avoid defects in joining of polypropylene materials. Index Terms: Polypropylene, Microstructure, Hardness, Pin profile, Speed, Feed, and Weld zone
Effects and defects of the polypropylene plate for different parameters in fr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
PROBABILISTIC DESIGN AND RANDOM OPTIMIZATION OF HOLLOW CIRCULAR COMPOSITE STR...IAEME Publication
This study represents simulation of hollow circular composite beam by using Monte Carlo method i.e. direct sampling. A three dimensional transient analysis of large displacement type has been carried out. Finite element analysis of hollow circular composite structure has been carried out and uncertainty in bending stress is analyzed. More over optimization of selected design variables has been carried out by using random optimization method.
TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM PLATES (5083) WELDED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING IAEME Publication
Using arc welding, gas welding and other welding process, it is very difficult to weld the aluminum alloys. Friction stir welding, on the other hand, can be used to join most Al alloys and
better surface finishing is achieved. Although the work piece does heat up during friction stir weld, the temperature does not reach the melting point.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of welding parameters and tool shape on properties of friction stir we...IJERA Editor
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a widely used solid state joining process for soft materials such as aluminium alloys because it avoids many of the common problems of fusion welding. It has many benefits when applied to welding of aluminum alloys. FSW process parameters such as welding speed, rotational speed and tool geometry play vital roles in the weld quality. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of different welding speeds, rotational speeds and tool pin profile on the weld quality of a AA6061 aluminum alloy. A friction stir welding tool consists of rotating shoulder and pin that heats the working piece by friction and moves a softened alloy around it to form a joint. In this research work the effect of the tool shape and welding parameters (rotating speed and welding speed) on the mechanical properties of an aluminium plates will be investigated experimentally. The induced heat during the welding process played the main role in the mechanical and appearance of the joints, which is related to the welding parameters.
Effect of various process parameters on friction stir welded jointeSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and ZnS added ADP (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate) single crystals have been grown at room temperature by the free evaporation method. A total of six crystals have been grown and characterized structurally, chemically, thermally, optically, mechanically and electrically by using the suitable standard methods. Results obtained indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the ADP crystal matrix. ZnS addition is found to increase the SHG efficiency significantly. All the grown crystals exhibit good optical transmission in the entire visible region. Results of AC and DC electrical measurements indicate a normal dielectric behaviour for all the six crystals grown. The electrical parameters, viz., DC electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and AC electrical conductivity are found to increase with the increase in temperature. The optical, mechanical and electrical parameters are found to vary nonlinearly with the impurity (ZnS) concentration. Keywords: ADP crystal, Crystal growth, Doped crystals, Physical properties, X-ray diffraction.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Pin Profile and Shoulder Geometry Effects in Friction Stir Spot Welded Polymer Sheets
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 5 || Issue || 6 || Pages || PP -29-36 || 2016 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 29
Pin Profile and Shoulder Geometry Effects in Friction Stir Spot
Welded Polymer Sheets
Mustafa Kemal Bilici1
, Ahmet Irfan Yükler2
, Memduh Kurtulmuş1
1
Marmara University Applied Science High School, Goztepe Campus, Istanbul, 34722
2
Marmara University Technology Faculty, Goztepe Campus, Istanbul, 34722, TURKEY
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------
The effects pin profile and shoulder geometry in friction stir spot welded polymer sheets were studied. Six
different tool pin geometries were testedin friction stir spot welding(FSSW). The effects of tool shoulder
diameter and shoulder cavity angle were also investigated. In the tests 4 mm thick high density polyethylene
(HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) were used. All the welding operations were done at the room temperature.
Lap-shear tensile tests were carried out to find the weld static strength. Weld cross section appearance
observations were also examined. From the experiments the effect of pin profile and shoulder geometry on
friction stir spot weld formation and weld strength were determined. The tapered cylindrical pin was found the
optimum pin profile. 30 mm shoulder diameter and 6o shoulder cavity angle gave the best results.
Keywords: Friction stir spot welding of polymers, FSSW welding tool, FSSW welding tool geometry
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Date of Submission: 02 June 2016 Date of Accepted: 27 June 2016
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I. INTRODUCTION
In 2001, friction stir spot welding (FSSW) was developed in the automotive industry to replace resistance spot
welding for aluminum sheets [1]. FSSW of metals is a solid-state welding process. The friction stir spot welding
(FSSW) process has been successfully applied to thermoplastic sheets since 2003[2]. The FSSW process of
thermoplastics consists of four phases; plunging, stirring, solidifying and retracting as shown in Figure 1[3].
The rotating tool is plunged into the attached work pieces with force to a certain depth. In the stirring phase the
tool doesn’t plunge. Frictional heat is generated in the plunging and the stirring phase and thus, the material
adjacent to the tool is heated and melted [3]. The melted upper and lower work piece materials mix together in
the stirring phase. When a predetermined amount of melt is obtained, the tool rotation stops. The tool is held for
a while in the work pieces to solidify the liquid material under tool pressure and to form the nugget which joins
the work pieces. The holding time of the tool was named as the dwell time. Then the tool is retracted. FSSW of
polymers is not a solid-state welding process, it is a fusion welding method.
Figure 1: Four phases of friction stir spot welding process:
(a) plunging, (b) stirring, (c) solidifying and (d) retracting [3].
During FSSW the heat is generated at the interface of rotating tool and the work piece due to friction. The tool
geometry and welding parameters effect heat generation, joint formation and strength of welds in FSSW[4]. The
tool consists of two parts [5]: the shoulder and the pin.The pin generates friction heat, deforms the material
around it and stirs the heated material [6]. The size of the pin [7], the pin angle [8], pin thread orientation [9],
pin length [10] and pin profile [11] were found important in nugget formation.The shoulder of the tool generates
heat during the welding process, forges the heated material, prevents material expulsion and assists material
movement around the tool [12]. The size of the shoulder and its concavity are also important in friction stir spot
welding [13].
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The weld zone of a FSSW joint is schematically shown in Figure 2a[4]. The resulting weld has a characteristic
keyhole in the middle of the joint as shown in Figure 2a. From the appearance of the weld cross section, two
particular points can be identified: (1) The thickness of the weld nugget (X) and (2) The thickness of the upper
sheet under the shoulder indentation (Y). The thickness of the weld nugget is an indicator of the weld bond area
(Figure 2b). The weld bond area increases with the nugget thickness. The size of the thickness of the weld
nugget and the weld bond area determine the strength of a FSSW joint [3]. The size of the upper sheet thickness
under the shoulder indentation also determines the strength of a FSSW joint [14].
Figure 2 (a) Schematic illustration of the cross section of a friction stir spot weld; (b), geometry of the weld
bond area [4]: X, nugget thickness; Y, the thickness of the upper sheet [14].
In this study we intended to investigate the effects of welding tool geometry on weld properties of high density
polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) FSSW joints. In this paper, we focused on the effects of the pin
profile, the tool shoulder diameter and the shoulder angle on weld nugget formation and the weld strength.
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
In this investigation, 4 mm thick HDPE and PP sheets were used. The specimens were welded in a milling
machine. A spot weld joint was obtained in the middle of the specimen. Figure 3 illustrates a magnified cross
sectional view of the SAE 1050 steel tool used in the welding. The tool dimensions are shown in Figure 3. In all
tools the shoulder diameter was 30 mm and concavity angle was 6 degrees. Six different tool pin profiles
(straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, triangular, square and hexagonal) were used to
fabricate the joints (Figure 4). Each tool has a 5.5 mm pin length and 7.5 mm pin size. The tapered pin had a 15o
pin angle. In straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical and threaded cylindrical pins, the pin size was determined
by measuring the bottom diameter of the pin.The threaded cylindrical pin was produced by a standard M8 thread
cylindrical pin was formed and then, the pin of the tool was milled to a 7.5 mm diameter. In triangular, square
and hexagonal pins, the pin size was determined by calculating the diameter of the cross section area that was
formed by the turning pin. The tool dimensions and their ranges employed in this study are given in Table 1. In
every welding the rotating tool plunged into the workpieces with a 3.3 mm/s constant plunge rate down to the
0.2 mm depth at an accuracy of ±0.02 mm. The welding parameters were chosen according to the published
FSSW results of HDPE and PP sheets[3,4,15-21]. All the welding operations were done at the room
temperature. At each welding condition 6 lap shear test specimens were produced. Five of them were
mechanically tested and the sixth one was metallographically examined. The axial load of the six different
welding tools were measured using a KISTLER 9443B dynamometer platform and a KISTLER 5019B
amplifier, which was coupled with a data acquisition system so that axial force outputs during spot welding
were logged on a desktop computer.
Welded lap-shear specimens were tested on an Instron machine at a constant crosshead speed of 5 mm/s. The
load and displacement were simultaneously recorded during the test. The lap-shear strength was obtained by
averaging the strengths of five individual specimens, which were welded with identical welding parameters.
Weld cross section appearance observations of the joints were done with a video spectral comparator at
12.88magnification. For macro structure studies, thin slices (30 μm) were cut from the welded specimens using
a Leica R6125 model rotary type microtome. These thin slices were investigated using VSC-5000 model video
spectral comparator. The photographs of the cross sections were obtained.
Table 1 Welding parameters and their ranges.
Parameters Units Ranges
3. Pin Profile And Shoulder Geometry Effects In Friction Stir Spot Welded Polymer Sheets
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Tool geometry 6 types
Shoulder diameter millimeter (mm) 15-35
Shoulder concavity angle degrees 0-12
Figure 3: Friction stir spot welding tool design showing geometric parameters.
Figure 4: FSSW tool profile and pin size (d): (a) straight cylindrical, (b) tapered cylindrical
(c) threaded cylindrical, (d) square, (e) triangular and (f) hexagonal.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A vertical force is created in the tool during the plunging and stirring phases of the welding operation. This
vertical force is called the welding force [22]. The welding force of the 7.50 mm diameter straight cylindrical
pin, the 7.50 mm tapered cylindrical pin, 7.50 mm threaded cylindrical pin and. 7.5 mm diagonal length square
pin was shown in Figure 5. The force was zero before the tool plunged into the upper sheet. The force increased
with the plunging of the tool as shown in Figure 5. Then, the force decreased with the stirring phase and the
retracting phase. The maximum load was obtained at the end of the plunging period. The maximum load was
3850 N for the straight cylindrical pin, 4775 N for the tapered cylindrical pin, 3120 N for the threaded
cylindrical pin and 2160 N for the square pin. The tapered cylindrical pin gave the biggest welding force
therefore, the highest friction heat generated with this pin. The heat produced in the weld area is directly
proportional to the welding force [23]. A higher welding force produces more heat and a bigger weld bonded
area which causes a high weld strength [14,24]. Therefore, the tapered pin produced a higher welding force than
the threaded straight cylindrical pin[13]. In the stirring phase, the temperature of the material in the vicinity of
the pin increases and the friction coefficient of the material decreases [14], and thus the welding force decreases
[22]. Both pins showed a decrease in welding force during the stirring period. The welding force became zero
with the end of the dwell time (Figure 5).
4. Pin Profile And Shoulder Geometry Effects In Friction Stir Spot Welded Polymer Sheets
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Figure 5: Welding force of HDPE sheets (a) the tapered cylindrical pin, (b) the straight cylindrical pin
(c) the threaded cylindrical pin and (d) the square pin.
The effect of the tool pin profile on weld strength of HDPE welds was shown in Figure 6. The tapered pin gave
the best strength. This joint was broken with an average force of 3580 N. The straight cylindrical pin profile
gave the poorest strength. The importance of the tool pin profile in PP welds was shown in Figure 7. In these
tests, each pin had a 7.5 mm pin diameter. The tapered cylindrical pin had a 15° pin angle. The maximum
fracture load was obtained with the tapered cylindrical pin (4032 N). The straight cylindrical pin profile gave the
lowest fracture load (3305 N). PP and HDPE welds gave the same result. The reason of this difference between
the pins can be easily explained with the weld nugget thicknesses of HDPE welds which are shown in Figure 8.
Figure 6: The effect of the tool pin profile on weld strength of HDPE welds.
Figure 7: The effect of the tool pin profile on weld strength of PP welds.
5. Pin Profile And Shoulder Geometry Effects In Friction Stir Spot Welded Polymer Sheets
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Figure 8 Effect of pin angle on weld nugget formation HDPE welds (a) straight cylindrical pin,
(b) 15o
pin angled tapered cylindrical pin and (c) threaded straight cylindrical pin.
The nugget thickness of the straight cylindrical is 6.1 mm, the nugget thickness of the threaded straight
cylindrical pin is 6.4 mm and the nugget thickness of the 15° tapered cylindrical pin is 7.0 mm(Figure 8). These
photographs show that the tapered pin produced the biggest weld bonded area and the straight cylindrical
produced the smallest weld bonded area. The lap-shear fracture force of a FSSW joint is directly proportional to
the nugget thickness and the weld bonded area [22]. In FSSW the generated heat in the operation determines the
weld size. The more heat produced the bigger weld size is obtained. The straight cylindrical pin produced the
least friction heat and the smallest, so it gave the minimum lap-shear fracture load. The threaded straight
cylindrical pin mixes the heated material better than the straight cylindrical pin therefore, more friction heat was
generated with this pin. A bigger weld size and a higher lap-shear fracture load was obtained with the threaded
straight cylindrical pin. In FSSW of thermoplastics the welding force increases with the pin angle [4]. The
tapered pin produces more friction heat and a bigger nugget thickness than the threaded straight cylindrical pin
as shown in Figure 8. The heat produced in the weld area is directly proportional to the welding force [23]. A
higher welding force produces more heat and a bigger weld bonded area which causes a high weld strength [14,
24]. Therefore, the tapered pin produced a higher welding force than the threaded straight cylindrical pin [13].
Therefore, the strength of the 15° tapered pin was higher than that of the threaded straight cylindrical pin (Figure
6, 7).
Figure 9 illustrates the effect of the shoulder diameter on the lap-shear fracture load and Figure 10 illustrates the
nugget formation in PP welds. Figure 11 illustrates the effect of the shoulder diameter on the lap-shear fracture
load and Figure 12 illustrates the nugget formation in HDPE welds. Tapered cylindrical pin geometry used in
these welds. All the tools had a 6o
shoulder cavity angle, 15° pin angle, 7.5 mm pin diameter and 5.5 mm pin
length. The shoulder diameter was varied between 10 and 35 mm. In both polymers the lap-shear tensile force
increased with the shoulder diameter up to 30 mm.The fracture load increased with the shoulder diameter up to
30 mm diameter, because more friction heat[13] and a bigger nugget thickness[26] was produced as shown in
Figure 10 and 12. The best facture load was obtained with the 30 mm shoulder diameter. Then the lap-shear
fracture load reduced slightly with the increased shoulder diameter. In polymer FSSW friction heat generated at
the vicinity of the pin and under the tool shoulder [23,25]. The heat generated by the shoulder increases with the
shoulder diameter[25]. If the shoulder diameter enormously enlarges excessive heat generates and the nugget
thickness increases. But this increase doesn’t bring a benefit in weld strength.The reason of the strength
decrease was due to the chain scission [27]. Chain scission lowers the strength of a thermoplastic material [28].
If a molten thermoplastic material is heated to a high temperature and then a high pressure is applied to it, a
decrease in the molecular weight of the material occurs [27]. The mechanical properties of thermoplastics
decrease with lowering the molecular weight [29]. In FSSW the welding tool produces a compressive pressure
in the weld zone [30]. In FSSW of thermoplastics the material in the weld area melts [3]. Very high
temperatures were recorded in FSW of plastics [31,32]. High melt temperatures and high welding forces cause
chain scission in the welding zone of the plastics which lowers the weld strength [33].
6. Pin Profile And Shoulder Geometry Effects In Friction Stir Spot Welded Polymer Sheets
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Figure 9: Effect of tool shoulder diameter on weld strength of PP welds which were welded with the same
welding parameters.
Figure 10: The effect of the shoulder diameter on the weld cross sections of PP welds which were welded with
the same welding parameters (a) 20 mm shoulder diameter and (b) 30 mm shoulder diameter.
Figure 11: Effect of tool shoulder diameter on weld strength of HDPE welds which were welded with the same
welding parameters.
Figure 12: Effect of the shoulder diameter on the joint cross section of HDPE welds which were welded with
the same welding parameters (a) 15 mm shoulder diameter tool and (b) 30 mm shoulder diameter tool.
7. Pin Profile And Shoulder Geometry Effects In Friction Stir Spot Welded Polymer Sheets
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The effect of the shoulder concavity angle on the weld strength of PP welds was shown in Figure 13 and HDPE
welds was shown in Figure 14. The effect of shoulder concavity angle on HDPE weld nugget formation is
shown in Fig. 15. In these welds the tool had a 30 mm shoulder diameter, 15° pin angle, 7.5 mm pin diameter
and 5.5 mm pin length. The nugget thickness was 0.4 mm for 0o
shoulder concavity angle, and the nugget
thickness was 2.5 mm for 3o
shoulder concavity angle and 6.7 mm for the 6o
shoulder concavity angle(Figure 15).
When the shoulder concavity angle is 0o, liquid material was expelled out. Therefore, the weld strength was
very low(Figure 13 and 14).The fracture load increased with the shoulder angle. The best load was obtained
with the 6° shoulder angle. Increasing the shoulder angle beyond the 6° angle the weld strength decreased. More
friction hear was generated with bigger shoulder cavity which caused chain scission and strength loose.
Figure 13: The effect of the shoulder angle on the lap-shear fracture load of PP welds.
Figure 14: Effect of shoulder concavity angle on lap-shear fracture load of HDPE welds.
Figure 15: Effect of the shoulder concavity angle on the joint cross section: (a) 0o
shoulder concavity angle and
(b) 3 o
shoulder concavity angle and 6 o
shoulder concavity angle.
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